Appendix IV: Prevent Mass Violence and Behavior Indicators

Research has found that mass shooters don’t just snap. They spend time thinking about violence and they plan, prepare, and often display indicators before their attacks.

This means there are opportunities to identify someone who is on a pathway to violence - and prevent their attack.

Studies have also proven that before most mass attacks, someone observed concerning behaviors that were signs the person was on a path to violence.

The people who noticed were often family, friends, schoolmates, coworkers, neighbors, or associates.

You may be in a unique position to observe these signs in someone you know. Educating yourself on what to look for can be the key to preventing an attack of mass violence in your community.

No single behavior means someone will commit violence, but research has identified behaviors that may indicate a person is moving towards violence.

The earlier a person’s concerning behaviors are noticed, the more options are available to get that person help.

Together with other concerning behaviors, new or inappropriate interest in weapons may increase concern for violence against others.

Comments, jokes, or threats about violent plans | • Angry outbursts or physical aggression • Repeated or detailed fantasies about violence | • Increasingly troublesome interactions with others • Comments about hurting themselves or others | • Obsessive interest in prior attackers or attacks • Creating a document, video, suicide note, or other item to explain or claim credit for future violence | • Bizarre or unexpected change in appearance, including dress or hygiene • Seeing violence as a way to solve their problems • Unusual difficulty coping with stress • Reduced interest in hobbies and other activities • Worsening performance at school or work • Increasing isolation from family, friends, or others • Asking questions about or testing security at a possible target • Changing vocabulary, style of speech, or how they act in a way that reflects a hardened point of view or new sense of purpose associated with violent extremist causes, particularly after a catalyzing event

If you are worried that someone you know may be displaying concerning behaviors, the most important thing is to tell someone. Be the key to preventing violence by talking to someone you trust.

This could be a school administrator, employee assistance peer, coach, religious leader, or someone else you respect.

A positive outcome is possible when people work together to assist someone who is struggling.

If you believe someone is planning or preparing for violence, think about contacting police, visiting your nearest FBI field office, or reporting it at tips.FBI.gov.

Law enforcement can work with other professionals to provide needed resources to individuals in or approaching crisis before violence is pursued.