Incidents by Location Category

In “A Study of Active Shooter Incidents in the United States Between 2000 and 2013”, the FBI identified seven main location categories: commerce, education, government, health care, house of worship, open space, and residence.

These categories highlight environments most affected and inform prevention and response efforts.

| COMMERCE includes open and closed businesses like retail stores, restaurants, office space, and warehouses;

Commerce 4 14

| EDUCATION includes pre-K schools through institutions of higher learning (IHL);

| GOVERNMENT includes military and non-military properties such as military bases, government owned property and courthouses;

Open Space Government 3 6 7 12

| HEALTH CARE includes hospitals and clinics;

| HOUSE OF WORSHIP includes various religious sites such as churches, mosques, synagogues, and temples;

Education | 4 4

| OPEN SPACE includes outdoor public areas like streets and parks;

House of Worship 1 3

| RESIDENCE includes private homes and apartments.

In 2024 and 2025, active shooter incidents occurred in all categories except health care facilities and residences.

In 2025, 41% of incidents occurred in the commerce location category, compared to 17% in 2024. Among these 14 incidents, more than 75% occurred in businesses open to the public such as retail stores and restaurants.

Casualties by Location Category Killed (51) | Wounded (115)

Meanwhile, incidents occurring in the open space location category, which historically accounted for nearly half of active shooter incidents in recent years, dropped to 21% of the incidents in 2025.

Alternatively, government, education, and house of worship location categories accounted for only 38% of incidents in 2025 but resulted in more than half of all casualties.

Tracking data across location categories may help focus resources and strategies to prevent and respond to active shooter incidents.

Incidents: 14 | Casualties: 68 (30 killed, 38 wounded) | Mass Killings: 6

In 2025, the commerce location category had the most active shooter attacks (14) across industries like entertainment, manufacturing, retail, and recreation.

This was a substantial increase from 17% of the incidents in 2024 to over 40% in 2025.

These attacks often occurred in spaces open to pedestrian traffic during business hours, such as restaurants, bars, large stores, and casinos, as well as spaces closed to pedestrian traffic such as warehouses and office buildings.

In 2025, shootings at commerce locations were responsible for nearly 60% of all fatalities and 41% of total casualties.

This category also had the highest fatality rate, with an average of 2.1 fatalities per incident, compared to 1.5 fatalities overall in 2025.

Additionally, most mass killings (six) occurred in commerce locations open to the public.

In seven incidents, shooters had a connection to the location and/or a victim.

Three of them were insider threats —shooters who were current employees, and four were either former employees or patrons of the location but not deemed insider threats.

All insider threat attacks occurred at warehouses/plant/trade businesses.

At Southern Hens Inc. in Moselle, Mississippi, a security guard killed the shooter before casualties occurred.

At KDC/One warehouse in New Albany, Ohio, a civilian disarmed the shooter, who then fled and was caught the next day at a different location.

At Mission Landscape Supplies in San Antonio, Texas, an employee shot coworkers and then died by suicide before law enforcement arrived.

Large retail sites also experienced shootings. At Target #95 in Austin, Texas, the shooter fired at people in the parking lot before fleeing in a stolen vehicle and was apprehended at a different location.

Similarly, at Harris Teeter #332 in Crozet, Virginia, the shooter opened fire in the parking lot but was killed by an off-duty federal agent.

Neither shooter had prior ties to their victims or locations.

Connection (50%) 7 No Connection (50%) 7

Multiple incidents occurred in restaurants and bars.

Shooters at The Owl Bar in Montana, and Alas Locas Bar in Texas, were patrons who fled after their attack; The Owl Bar shooter evaded capture for seven days, while the Alas Locas shooter remains the only suspect still at large as of the publication of this report.

At American Fish Company in North Carolina, the shooter arrived by boat, fired on patrons, and fled but was apprehended.

At Sky Meadow Country Club in New Hampshire, a civilian disarmed the shooter, a former employee by striking him with a chair. The shooter left the immediate area and was apprehended by law enforcement.

Two shootings occurred at casinos and resorts.

At the Grand Sierra Resort in Nevada, a shooter was apprehended after exchanging gunfire with law enforcement but died three days later from injuries.

At Kickapoo Lucky Eagle Casino Hotel in Texas, a former patron began shooting with a rifle, fled, and was caught the next morning.

Closed (21%) | Open (79%)

Small retail incidents occurred at a Walgreens and a Chevron station in California. The Walgreens attacker was caught on-site, while the Chevron shooter, involved in multiple shootings across Nevada and California earlier that evening, fled and was captured elsewhere.

This was the only multi-location commerce incident in 2025.

At 345 Park Avenue, in New York City, a shooter opened fire in the lobby, killing several people including a law enforcement officer and a security guard, then moved to a higher floor. The shooter died by suicide as law enforcement approached.

In commerce incidents, most shooters used a single firearm. Handguns were used in eight of 14 attacks (one shooter used two handguns) and rifles were used exclusively in six incidents.

In at least three incidents, the shooter reloaded, including the Grand Sierra Resort shooter who experienced a handgun malfunction before initial shots were fired.

Handgun 9

Civilian, law enforcement, and security intervention was a key factor in several shooter resolutions.

Rifle 6

Firearm reload and malfunction data were not available for all incidents.

For example, civilians disarmed/subdued shooters at locations such as KDC/One Warehouse and Sky Meadow Country Club, both shooters were apprehended.

At 345 Park Avenue, an injured victim alerted coworkers on another floor about the attack.

In another incident, an off-duty law enforcement officer shopping at Harris Teeter confronted the shooter, killing him at the scene.

In two other incidents, security personnel intervened before responding officers arrived: Southern Hens Inc., and Grand Sierra Resort.

Shooter ages in the commerce location category ranged from 21 to 45 years old. Notably, eight shooters were between 25 and 34 years old. The average age of shooters in this category was 30 years old.

In commerce incidents, eight of 14 shooters fled the scene; six were apprehended at different locations, one died by suicide off-site, and one remains at large.

Of the six who remained at the scene, two were killed by law enforcement, two were apprehended, one was killed by security personnel, and one died by suicide before law enforcement arrived.

The commerce location category represented the largest share of active shooter incidents in 2025, marking the highest percentage recorded since 2021, with a disproportionate number of fatalities and mass killings.

Incidents: 7 | Casualties: 14 (7 killed, 7 wounded) | Mass Killings: 0

In 2025, seven open space active shooter incidents accounted for nearly 21% of all incidents, down from 50% in 2024.

These shootings occurred in public outdoor areas and resulted in below-average casualties compared to other location categories.

Seven individuals were killed (including one law enforcement officer) and seven others were wounded (including one law enforcement officer). Attacks in open spaces caused 14% of fatalities and 8% of total casualties.

The average fatality rate was 1.0 per incident, which was lower than the

The average casualty rate was 2.0, which was less than the average of 4.9 in all incidents in 2025.

No mass killings occurred in open spaces.

Four of seven open space attacks occurred along roadways, with two involving multiple locations.

During the C.F. Harvey Parkway/NC 11 incident in North Carolina, the suspect targeted Amazon drivers at multiple locations before crashing his vehicle.

Similarly, the shooter in Memphis, Tennessee, carried out attacks in various parts of the city. Both suspects were apprehended at different locations without incident.

Single-location incidents included the Interstate 5, milepost 15 shooting, where the shooter was apprehended on-site after shooting at passing vehicles.

In Maine, the shooter killed the driver (family member) of the vehicle he was traveling in, causing it to crash. He exited the vehicle, shot at passing drivers, and died by suicide before law enforcement arrived.

Recreational/Natural Area | 1

Two incidents took place in Washington, D.C.’s business districts. One occurred near the Capital Jewish Museum where the shooter opened fire on event attendees, and the other occurred at 17th and I Streets NW where a shooter fired at U.S. National Guard members on patrol. Both shooters were apprehended on scene.

Business District Roadway 2 4

One incident took place in Idaho, where the shooter started a fire on Canfield Mountain, and then fired upon responding firefighters, killing two and wounding one. The shooter exchanged gunfire with responding law enforcement before dying by suicide.

Handgun Rifle | 2 5

Two of the seven incidents involved the use of multiple firearms. In the North Carolina and Maine incidents, the shooters used both a handgun and a rifle during the attacks.

Shooters in both Washington, D.C. attacks reloaded their handguns; however, reload data for other open space incidents was unavailable.

Most shooters in this category (five) were apprehended—three on scene and two elsewhere.

In one incident targeting uniformed National Guard members, the attacker was shot, stabbed, and restrained by fellow guardsmen before responding law enforcement apprehended him.

Two other shooters died by suicide: one in Maine, before police arrived, and another in Idaho, after exchanging gunfire with law enforcement.

Shotgun | 2

Suicide at the scene after LE arrived Suicide at the scene before LE arrived Apprehended by LE at another Location Apprehended by LE at the scene 1 1 2 3

The shooters in this category were between 20 and 34 years old, with an average age of 28 years old.

In 2025 the open space location category included a diverse array of outdoor attacks with the majority occurring on roadways.

Additionally, in over 70% of these incidents, law enforcement apprehended the shooter.

Incidents: 6 | Casualties: 16 (3 killed, 13 wounded) | Mass Killings: 0

In 2025, active shooter incidents in the government location category occurred in both local and federal government facilities including a sheriff’s office, a public library, a military base, and federal campuses.

Overall, six of 34 active shooter incidents (18%) occurred in government spaces, which increased from 13% in 2024.

These events predominantly occurred at federal government facilities; however, two targeted local government locations.

Attackers at government locations killed three (including one law enforcement officer) and wounded 13 (including three law enforcement officers).

The average fatality rate was 0.5 per incident, lower than the average of 1.5 in all incidents in 2025.

Government location incidents accounted for nearly 10% of the total casualties, with an average of 2.7 per incident, which is about half the overall average of 4.9 for all location categories combined.

Of the six incidents, none met the threshold for a mass killing.

Over half of the active shooter incidents (four) in the government location category took place at federal facilities.

Two occurred at Department of Homeland Security facilities: one at the Border Patrol Annex in Texas, and the other at the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Field Office in Texas.

At the Border Patrol facility, as the shooter opened fire, a civilian employee arriving at work attempted to intervene by firing towards the shooter from his vehicle.

The shooter then attempted to enter the facility and exchanged gunfire with responding officers before he was killed at the scene.

At the ICE field office, the shooter fired from a nearby elevated position and died by suicide as law enforcement arrived on scene.

Although the incident at 17th and I Street NW, Washington, D.C., was included in the open space location category, it is important to highlight the shooter specifically targeted government personnel. During this incident, uniformed members of the National Guard on duty in Washington, D.C., were attacked.

Similarly, the incident at Canfield Mountain in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, was an attack on local firefighters, a group of local government employees.

Civilians | Law Enforcement 3 10 1 2 Killed | Wounded

One incident occurred at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) headquarters in Georgia, where the shooter fired from an elevated

During the attack, the shooter used multiple firearms and exchanged gunfire with responding law enforcement.

The shooter ultimately died by suicide.

One incident occurred at the 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team complex in Georgia, where a soldier opened fire on fellow service members.

Unarmed military personnel intervened by disarming and restraining the shooter before he was apprehended by military police.

This was the only incident in the government location category which met the definition of an insider threat.

Two incidents occurred at local government facilities.

At the Jackson County Public Library in Indiana, a shooter opened fire inside the library during operating hours. The attack ended after a civilian tackled the shooter and restrained him until police arrived.

An improvised explosive device and smoke bombs were found at the scene.

At the Shoshone County Sheriff’s Office (SCSO) in Idaho, an attacker shot civilians outside the SCSO building, then entered and fired at law enforcement officers inside the station. After a standoff, the shooter exchanged gunfire with responding officers and was killed at the scene.

Federal | 4

Local | 2

Half of the shooters in this category used multiple firearms.

The shooter at the Border Patrol Annex used two firearms (a rifle and a handgun), the shooter at the CDC used six firearms (three handguns, two rifles, and a shotgun), and the shooter at the SCSO used four firearms (two handguns, a shotgun, and a rifle).

However, the incidents at Jackson County Public Library, the 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team Complex, and the ICE Field Office involved a single, shotgun, handgun, and rifle, respectively.

All shooters in this location category reloaded their firearms during the attacks, with the exception of Jackson County Public Library, where the shooter experienced a shotgun malfunction.

Handgun Rifle Shotgun | 3 5 7

Members of the targeted population intervened in half of the attacks.

For example, at the Jackson County Public Library, the shooter injured one person before he was tackled and restrained by a civilian which ended the attack. Similarly, at the military installation in Georgia, unarmed soldiers subdued the shooter.

At the Border Patrol Annex, a civilian employee fired at the shooter prior to law enforcement arrival.

Yes | 3 No | 3

Firearm malfunction data was only available for incidents at Jackson County Public Library in Indiana and Border Patrol Annex in Texas.

All incidents in this location category ended at the scene.

The shootings at Jackson County Public Library and the 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team complex were the only two incidents where shooters were apprehended by law enforcement (both involved civilian intervention).

At the Border Patrol Annex and SCSO, law enforcement killed the shooters during an exchange of gunfire.

At the CDC, the shooter exchanged gunfire with law enforcement, before dying by suicide.

At the ICE field office, the shooter died by suicide before law enforcement arrived.

Shooter ages in this category ranged from 18 to 77 years old.

Most shooters were between 25 and 34 years old, similar to both commerce and open space location categories.

The average age of shooters in this category was 35 years old.

Suicide at the scene before LE arrived 1

2025 recorded the highest number of incidents in this category from data reported since 2000.

While overall casualties were low compared to other location categories, 50% of law enforcement casualties (four) occurred in these attacks.

Suicide at the scene after LE arrived Killed by LE at the scene Apprehended by LE at the scene 1 2 2

Incidents: 4 | Casualties: 25 (5 killed, 20 wounded) | Mass Killings: 0

In 2025, four active shooter attacks (12%) occurred in high schools (grades nine through 12) and institutions of higher learning (IHL).

This number is consistent with the previous reporting year.

The education category had a fatality rate of 1.25, which was lower than the overall rate of 1.5 and accounted for 10% of all deaths.

This category also represented 15% of the total casualties, with an average of 6.3 casualties per incident which is higher than the overall average of 4.9 per incident across all location types.

The education category resulted in five deaths and 20 injuries, with no attacks classified as mass killings.

The Annunciation Roman Catholic Church attack was categorized as a house of worship incident because it occurred inside the church.

It should be noted that the majority of victims were school-aged children (pre-K through eighth grade) attending a back-to-school mass during the school day.

Two of the four incidents in this category took place in high schools.

One occurred at Antioch High School in Tennessee, where a 17 year old student opened fire inside the school cafeteria.

The second incident took place at Evergreen High School in Colorado, where a 16 year old student opened fire inside and outside the building. The suspect died by suicide after law enforcement arrived. Both shooters were current students and considered insider threats.

The remaining two incidents occurred at an IHL.

In the Florida State University (FSU) shooting, a 20 year old student, classified as an insider threat, opened fire outside and inside campus buildings. The shooter was injured at the scene by law enforcement and apprehended.

This was the only incident in this category where the shooter was taken into custody.

At the Brown University attack in Rhode Island, a 48 year old former student opened fire in the physics and engineering building before fleeing the scene. Two days later, the shooter killed another individual in Massachusetts and subsequently died by suicide. He was located five days after the initial attack.

20 5 Killed | Wounded

Most of the shooters in this category used a single firearm with the exception of the FSU shooter, who attempted to use a shotgun, but switched to a handgun after a malfunction. Notably, no rifles were used.

High School Institutions of Higher Learning 2 2

Three shooters reloaded their firearms. At Evergreen High School, the shooter reloaded five times. The FSU shooter fired multiple rounds from a handgun, reloading twice. It is believed the Brown University shooter reloaded his handgun multiple times and evidence indicated he experienced firearm malfunctions.

Law enforcement response time varied in this category. At Antioch High School, an on-site SRO responded immediately and at FSU, campus police responded within one minute.

Incidents relying on dispatched officers, like Brown University and Evergreen High School, averaged a three-minute and 10-second response time.

Current Student Former Student 1 3

Three shooters in this location category died by suicide, two at the scene and one at another location. The FSU attacker was shot by law enforcement and apprehended.

Handgun | 4 Shotgun | 1

This victim was not included in the overall casualty count for 2025, because this crime was not part of the Brown University attack.

Shooter ages ranged from 16 to 48 years old. Among the three shooters who were current students, two were under 18, and one was 20 years old. The 48 year old Brown University shooter was a former student. The overall average age was 25, but 18 among current students. |

In 2025, the education location category had higher average casualties per incident than other locations. No citizen interventions were reported. | Apprehended

Incidents: 3 | Casualties: 43 (6 killed, 37 wounded) | Mass Killings: 1

In 2025, there were three incidents in the house of worship location category, the fewest (9%) among all location categories.

However, house of worship attacks tripled, increasing from one in 2024 to three in 2025.

This category had an average fatality rate of 2.0, which was higher than the overall average of 1.5 per incident in 2025, representing 12% of all fatalities.

These attacks accounted for nearly 26% of total casualties, averaging 14.3 per incident, which was higher than the overall average of 4.9.

One of the incidents was a mass killing.

At CrossPointe Community Church in Michigan, the shooter began firing outside as service began but was killed by armed security after civilian intervention.

At The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan, the shooter rammed his truck into the building, began shooting at congregants, set a fire, and continued shooting until law enforcement killed him.

In Minnesota at the Annunciation Roman Catholic Church, the attacker barricaded exit doors and fired from outside through windows during a back-to-school mass. He died by suicide before law enforcement arrived.

Both the Annunciation and CrossPointe shooters had ties to the attack locations, as former members or attendees.

This attack had the highest fatalities (4) in the category.

This attack had the highest casualties (30) in 2025.

All three church shootings involved rifles; however, the Annunciation Church shooter also used a handgun and shotgun.

Based on available data, he experienced at least one firearm malfunction and reloaded during the attack.

Two of the three incidents involved other weapons and devices.

The shooter at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints used his vehicle to initiate the attack and had improvised explosive devices (IED) while the Annunciation Church shooter had a smoke bomb.

Handgun | 1

Rifle 3

Two shootings involved intervention prior to law enforcement response.

During The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints incident, a congregant fired his personal weapon at the shooter but was wounded in return gunfire.

At CrossPointe Community Church, a congregant struck the shooter with his vehicle and armed church security personnel exchanged gunfire with the attacker, killing him.

Shotgun | 1

Suicide | 1

Incident duration and law enforcement response details were available for two of the three shootings.

Law enforcement estimated that from the first shot fired to incident resolution, the Annunciation church attack lasted approximately two minutes, whereas the incident at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints lasted three minutes and 43 seconds.

The average law enforcement response, from dispatch to arrival on scene was two minutes and 59 seconds, with the shortest being one minute and 58 seconds at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Killed 2

All shooters in this category died at the scene.

Two were killed after civilian intervention—one by armed security at CrossPointe church and one by law enforcement at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

The Annunciation church shooter died by suicide before law enforcement arrived.

The age of shooters in this category ranged between 23 and 40 years old, the average was 31 years old.

Although shootings at houses of worship made up a small portion of the total incidents in 2025, this category had a disproportionately high number of casualties.

While the shooter had a smoke bomb, this was not considered an improvised explosive device by law enforcement.