{"license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"map":{"slug":"k12-btam-survey","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","source":{"file":"The-State-of-Behavioral-Threat-Assessment-and-Management-in-K-12-Public-Schools.pdf","pages":163,"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"generated_at":"2026-10-30T15:42:56Z","counts":{"claims":2560,"concepts":107,"links":7074,"pages":163,"sections":25},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey"},"sections":[{"id":"s01","slug":"title-and-copyright","title":"Title and Copyright","order":1,"pages":[1,3],"summary":"Report pages 1–3: 9 claims on pp. 1–3 (fact 9).","claim_ids":["p001-01","p001-02","p001-03","p002-01","p002-02","p002-03","p003-01","p003-02","p003-03"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/title-and-copyright"},{"id":"s02","slug":"about-this-report","title":"About This Report","order":2,"pages":[4,5],"summary":"Report pages 4–5: 30 claims on pp. 4–5 (fact 23, statement 2, evidence 2, conjecture 1, definition 2).","claim_ids":["p004-01","p004-02","p004-03","p004-04","p004-05","p004-06","p004-07","p004-08","p004-09","p004-10","p004-11","p004-12","p004-13","p004-14","p004-15","p004-16","p004-17","p004-18","p004-19","p004-20","p005-01","p005-02","p005-03","p005-04","p005-05","p005-06","p005-07","p005-08","p005-09","p005-10"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report"},{"id":"s03","slug":"summary","title":"Summary","order":3,"pages":[6,9],"summary":"Report pages 6–9: 68 claims on pp. 6–8 (fact 36, statement 8, evidence 3, conclusion 13, conjecture 7, definition 1).","claim_ids":["p006-01","p006-02","p006-03","p006-04","p006-05","p006-06","p006-07","p006-08","p006-09","p006-10","p006-11","p006-12","p006-13","p006-14","p006-15","p006-16","p006-17","p006-18","p006-19","p006-20","p006-22","p006-23","p007-01","p007-02","p007-03","p007-04","p007-05","p007-06","p007-07","p007-08","p007-09","p007-10","p007-11","p007-12","p007-13","p007-14","p007-15","p007-16","p007-17","p007-18","p007-19","p007-20","p007-21","p007-22","p007-23","p007-24","p007-25","p007-26","p007-27","p007-28","p007-29","p007-30","p007-31","p007-32","p007-33","p008-01","p008-02","p008-03","p008-04","p008-05","p008-06","p008-07","p008-08","p008-09","p008-10","p008-11","p008-12","p008-13"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary"},{"id":"s04","slug":"contents","title":"Contents","order":4,"pages":[10,13],"summary":"Report pages 10–13: no claims.","claim_ids":[],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/contents"},{"id":"s05","slug":"figures-and-tables","title":"Figures and Tables","order":5,"pages":[14,19],"summary":"Report pages 14–19: no claims.","claim_ids":[],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/figures-and-tables"},{"id":"s06","slug":"ch-1-introduction","title":"Ch 1: Introduction","order":6,"pages":[20,25],"summary":"Report pages 20–25: 98 claims on pp. 20–25 (fact 26, statement 33, evidence 18, conclusion 2, conjecture 7, definition 12).","claim_ids":["p020-01","p020-02","p020-03","p020-04","p020-05","p020-06","p020-07","p020-08","p020-09","p020-10","p020-11","p020-12","p020-13","p020-14","p021-01","p021-02","p021-03","p021-04","p021-05","p021-06","p021-07","p021-08","p021-09","p021-10","p021-11","p021-12","p021-13","p021-14","p021-15","p021-16","p021-17","p021-18","p021-19","p022-01","p022-02","p022-03","p022-04","p022-05","p022-06","p022-07","p022-08","p022-09","p022-10","p022-11","p022-12","p022-13","p022-14","p022-15","p022-16","p022-17","p022-18","p022-19","p022-20","p022-21","p023-01","p023-02","p023-03","p023-04","p023-05","p023-06","p023-07","p023-08","p023-09","p023-10","p023-11","p023-12","p023-13","p023-14","p023-15","p023-16","p023-17","p023-18","p024-01","p024-02","p024-03","p024-04","p024-05","p024-06","p024-07","p024-08","p024-09","p024-10","p024-11","p024-12","p024-13","p024-14","p024-15","p024-16","p024-17","p024-18","p024-19","p024-20","p024-21","p025-01","p025-02","p025-03","p025-04","p025-05"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction"},{"id":"s07","slug":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","title":"Ch 2: Which Schools Have Implemented BTAM?","order":7,"pages":[26,31],"summary":"Report pages 26–31: 108 claims on pp. 26–31 (fact 66, statement 25, evidence 7, conclusion 1, conjecture 7, definition 2).","claim_ids":["p026-01","p026-02","p026-03","p026-04","p026-05","p026-06","p026-07","p026-08","p026-09","p026-10","p026-11","p026-12","p026-13","p026-14","p026-15","p026-16","p026-17","p027-01","p027-02","p027-03","p027-04","p027-05","p027-06","p027-07","p027-08","p027-09","p027-10","p027-11","p027-12","p027-13","p027-14","p027-15","p027-16","p027-17","p027-18","p027-19","p027-20","p027-21","p027-22","p028-01","p028-02","p028-03","p028-04","p028-05","p028-06","p028-07","p028-08","p028-09","p028-10","p028-11","p028-12","p028-13","p028-14","p028-15","p028-16","p028-17","p028-18","p029-01","p029-02","p029-03","p029-04","p029-05","p029-06","p029-07","p029-08","p029-09","p029-10","p029-11","p029-12","p029-13","p029-14","p029-15","p029-16","p029-17","p029-18","p029-19","p029-20","p030-01","p030-02","p030-03","p030-04","p030-05","p030-06","p030-07","p030-08","p030-09","p030-10","p030-11","p030-12","p030-13","p030-14","p031-01","p031-02","p031-03","p031-04","p031-05","p031-06","p031-07","p031-08","p031-09","p031-10","p031-11","p031-12","p031-13","p031-14","p031-15","p031-16","p031-17"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam"},{"id":"s08","slug":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","title":"Ch 3: When Did Schools Establish BTAM Teams?","order":8,"pages":[32,37],"summary":"Report pages 32–37: 82 claims on pp. 32–36 (fact 58, statement 11, conclusion 2, conjecture 9, definition 2).","claim_ids":["p032-01","p032-02","p032-03","p032-04","p032-05","p032-06","p032-07","p032-08","p032-09","p032-10","p032-11","p033-01","p033-02","p033-03","p033-04","p033-05","p033-06","p033-07","p033-08","p033-09","p033-10","p033-11","p033-12","p033-13","p033-14","p033-15","p033-16","p034-01","p034-02","p034-03","p034-04","p034-05","p034-06","p034-07","p034-08","p034-09","p034-10","p034-11","p034-12","p034-13","p034-14","p034-15","p034-16","p034-17","p034-18","p034-19","p034-20","p035-01","p035-02","p035-03","p035-04","p035-05","p035-06","p035-07","p035-08","p035-09","p035-10","p035-11","p035-12","p035-13","p035-14","p035-15","p035-16","p035-17","p035-18","p035-19","p036-01","p036-02","p036-03","p036-04","p036-05","p036-06","p036-07","p036-08","p036-09","p036-10","p036-11","p036-12","p036-13","p036-14","p036-15","p036-16"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams"},{"id":"s09","slug":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","title":"Ch 4: What Is the Scope of Schools' BTAM Programs?","order":9,"pages":[38,39],"summary":"Report pages 38–39: 35 claims on pp. 38–39 (fact 18, statement 7, evidence 2, conclusion 1, conjecture 3, definition 4).","claim_ids":["p038-01","p038-02","p038-03","p038-04","p038-05","p038-06","p038-07","p038-08","p038-09","p038-10","p038-11","p038-12","p038-13","p038-14","p039-01","p039-02","p039-03","p039-04","p039-05","p039-06","p039-07","p039-08","p039-09","p039-10","p039-11","p039-12","p039-13","p039-14","p039-15","p039-16","p039-17","p039-18","p039-19","p039-20","p039-21"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs"},{"id":"s10","slug":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","title":"Ch 5: How Are Schools Operationalizing BTAM?","order":10,"pages":[40,51],"summary":"Report pages 40–51: 207 claims on pp. 40–50 (fact 143, statement 24, evidence 10, conclusion 10, conjecture 14, definition 6).","claim_ids":["p040-01","p040-02","p040-03","p040-04","p040-05","p040-06","p040-07","p040-08","p040-09","p040-10","p040-11","p040-12","p040-13","p040-14","p040-15","p040-16","p041-01","p041-02","p041-03","p041-04","p041-05","p041-06","p041-07","p041-08","p041-09","p041-10","p041-11","p041-12","p041-13","p041-14","p041-15","p041-16","p041-17","p041-18","p042-01","p042-02","p042-03","p042-04","p042-05","p042-06","p042-07","p042-08","p042-09","p042-10","p042-11","p042-12","p042-13","p042-14","p042-15","p042-16","p042-17","p042-18","p042-19","p042-20","p042-21","p042-22","p042-23","p042-24","p043-01","p043-02","p043-03","p043-04","p043-05","p043-06","p043-07","p043-08","p043-09","p043-10","p043-11","p043-12","p043-13","p043-14","p043-15","p043-16","p043-17","p043-18","p043-19","p044-01","p044-02","p044-03","p044-04","p044-05","p044-06","p044-07","p044-08","p044-09","p044-10","p044-11","p044-12","p044-13","p044-14","p044-15","p044-16","p044-17","p044-18","p044-19","p044-20","p044-21","p045-01","p045-02","p045-03","p045-04","p045-05","p045-06","p045-07","p045-08","p045-09","p045-10","p045-11","p045-12","p045-13","p045-14","p045-15","p045-16","p045-17","p045-18","p045-19","p045-20","p045-21","p045-22","p045-23","p045-24","p046-01","p046-02","p046-03","p046-04","p046-05","p046-06","p046-07","p046-08","p046-09","p046-10","p046-11","p046-12","p046-13","p046-14","p046-15","p046-16","p047-01","p047-02","p047-03","p047-04","p047-05","p047-06","p047-07","p047-08","p047-09","p047-10","p047-11","p047-12","p047-13","p047-14","p047-15","p047-16","p047-17","p047-18","p047-19","p048-01","p048-02","p048-03","p048-04","p048-05","p048-06","p048-07","p048-08","p048-09","p048-10","p048-11","p048-12","p048-13","p048-14","p048-15","p048-16","p049-01","p049-02","p049-03","p049-04","p049-05","p049-06","p049-07","p049-08","p049-09","p049-10","p049-11","p049-12","p049-13","p049-14","p049-15","p049-16","p049-17","p049-18","p050-01","p050-02","p050-03","p050-04","p050-05","p050-06","p050-07","p050-08","p050-09","p050-10","p050-11","p050-12","p050-13","p050-14","p050-16","p050-17"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam"},{"id":"s11","slug":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","title":"Ch 6: What BTAM Models Do Schools Use?","order":11,"pages":[52,53],"summary":"Report pages 52–53: 33 claims on pp. 52–53 (fact 26, statement 3, evidence 2, conclusion 1, definition 1).","claim_ids":["p052-01","p052-02","p052-03","p052-04","p052-05","p052-06","p052-07","p052-08","p052-09","p052-10","p052-11","p052-12","p052-13","p052-14","p052-16","p052-17","p052-18","p053-01","p053-02","p053-03","p053-04","p053-05","p053-06","p053-07","p053-08","p053-09","p053-10","p053-11","p053-12","p053-13","p053-14","p053-15","p053-16"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use"},{"id":"s12","slug":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","title":"Ch 7: Why Did Schools Adopt Specific BTAM Models?","order":12,"pages":[54,57],"summary":"Report pages 54–57: 52 claims on pp. 54–57 (fact 37, statement 7, conclusion 1, conjecture 7).","claim_ids":["p054-01","p054-02","p054-03","p054-04","p054-05","p054-06","p054-07","p054-08","p054-09","p054-10","p054-11","p054-12","p054-13","p055-01","p055-02","p055-03","p055-04","p055-05","p055-06","p055-07","p055-08","p055-09","p055-10","p055-11","p055-12","p055-13","p055-14","p055-15","p056-01","p056-02","p056-03","p056-04","p056-05","p056-06","p056-07","p056-08","p056-09","p056-10","p056-11","p056-12","p056-13","p056-14","p056-15","p056-16","p056-17","p057-01","p057-02","p057-03","p057-04","p057-05","p057-06","p057-07"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models"},{"id":"s13","slug":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","title":"Ch 8: How Do BTAM Teams Assess Risk of Harm?","order":13,"pages":[58,61],"summary":"Report pages 58–61: 71 claims on pp. 58–61 (fact 41, statement 10, evidence 4, conclusion 1, conjecture 6, definition 9).","claim_ids":["p058-01","p058-02","p058-03","p058-04","p058-05","p058-06","p058-07","p058-08","p058-09","p058-10","p058-11","p058-12","p058-13","p059-01","p059-02","p059-03","p059-04","p059-05","p059-06","p059-07","p059-08","p059-09","p059-10","p059-11","p059-12","p059-13","p059-14","p059-15","p059-16","p059-17","p059-18","p060-01","p060-02","p060-03","p060-04","p060-05","p060-06","p060-07","p060-08","p060-09","p060-10","p060-11","p060-12","p060-13","p060-14","p060-15","p060-16","p060-17","p060-18","p060-19","p060-20","p060-21","p060-22","p060-23","p060-24","p060-25","p061-01","p061-02","p061-03","p061-04","p061-05","p061-06","p061-07","p061-08","p061-09","p061-10","p061-11","p061-12","p061-13","p061-14","p061-15"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm"},{"id":"s14","slug":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","title":"Ch 9: How Do BTAM Teams Develop Intervention Plans?","order":14,"pages":[62,69],"summary":"Report pages 62–69: 105 claims on pp. 62–68 (fact 66, statement 9, evidence 6, conclusion 6, conjecture 12, definition 6).","claim_ids":["p062-01","p062-02","p062-03","p062-04","p062-05","p062-06","p062-07","p062-08","p062-09","p062-10","p062-11","p063-01","p063-02","p063-03","p063-04","p063-05","p063-06","p063-07","p063-08","p063-09","p063-10","p063-11","p063-12","p063-13","p063-14","p063-15","p063-16","p063-17","p063-18","p063-19","p064-01","p064-02","p064-03","p064-04","p064-05","p064-06","p064-07","p064-08","p064-09","p064-10","p064-11","p064-12","p064-13","p064-14","p064-15","p064-16","p064-17","p065-01","p065-02","p065-03","p065-04","p065-05","p065-06","p065-07","p065-08","p065-09","p065-10","p065-11","p065-12","p065-13","p065-14","p065-15","p065-16","p065-17","p066-01","p066-02","p066-03","p066-04","p066-05","p066-06","p066-07","p066-08","p066-09","p066-10","p066-11","p066-12","p066-13","p066-14","p066-15","p066-16","p067-01","p067-02","p067-03","p067-04","p067-05","p067-06","p067-07","p067-08","p067-09","p067-10","p067-11","p067-12","p067-13","p067-14","p067-15","p067-16","p067-17","p067-18","p067-19","p068-01","p068-02","p068-03","p068-04","p068-05","p068-06"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans"},{"id":"s15","slug":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","title":"Ch 10: How Do BTAM Teams Monitor Intervention Plans?","order":15,"pages":[70,73],"summary":"Report pages 70–73: 54 claims on pp. 70–72 (fact 32, statement 7, evidence 1, conclusion 4, conjecture 6, definition 4).","claim_ids":["p070-01","p070-02","p070-03","p070-04","p070-05","p070-06","p070-07","p070-08","p070-09","p070-10","p070-11","p070-12","p070-13","p070-14","p070-15","p070-16","p071-01","p071-02","p071-03","p071-04","p071-05","p071-06","p071-07","p071-08","p071-09","p071-10","p071-11","p071-12","p071-13","p071-14","p071-15","p071-16","p072-01","p072-02","p072-03","p072-04","p072-05","p072-06","p072-07","p072-08","p072-09","p072-10","p072-11","p072-12","p072-13","p072-14","p072-15","p072-16","p072-17","p072-18","p072-19","p072-20","p072-21","p072-22"],"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans"},{"id":"s16","slug":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","title":"Ch 11: How Are Schools Using BTAM to Respond to Student Behavior?","order":16,"pages":[74,93],"summary":"Report pages 74–93: 444 claims on pp. 74–92 (fact 290, statement 45, evidence 11, conclusion 11, conjecture 20, definition 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12: What Do Principals Think Are the Effects of Their BTAM Programs?","order":17,"pages":[94,99],"summary":"Report pages 94–99: 90 claims on pp. 94–98 (fact 57, statement 5, evidence 3, conclusion 2, conjecture 7, definition 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13: Sustaining and Improving BTAM Programs over Time","order":18,"pages":[100,107],"summary":"Report pages 100–107: 147 claims on pp. 100–106 (fact 103, statement 4, evidence 4, conclusion 3, conjecture 12, definition 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14: Discussion and Implications","order":19,"pages":[108,111],"summary":"Report pages 108–111: 64 claims on pp. 108–110 (fact 33, statement 5, conclusion 14, conjecture 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Claim p003-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p003-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p003-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/title-and-copyright#p003-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-01","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"In 2024 NTAC tasked HSOAC with a study of BTAM practices in K–12 schools","quote":"In 2024, the U.S. Secret Service’s National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) tasked the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC) with conducting a study to advance the field’s understanding of behavioral threat assessment and management practices in K–12 schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About This Report para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.12745,0.14381,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.16148,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17916,0.53415,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-02","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Report examines K–12 BTAM implementation using a survey of 1,746 school leaders","quote":"In this co-branded HSOAC-NTAC report, we take a comprehensive look at how K–12 schools are implementing and using behavioral threat assessment and management programs as part of their violence prevention efforts, using data from a survey administered to a nationally representative sample of 1,746 school leaders.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prevention","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About This Report para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.67145,0.17916,0.20105,0.01788],[0.12745,0.19684,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21451,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.23219,0.55386,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-03","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Primary audiences: school and district administrators, school safety partners, community organizatio","quote":"The primary audiences for this research include school- and district-level administrators, school safety partners, and community-based organizations (such as local law enforcement).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About This Report para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.68911,0.23219,0.18335,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24987,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26754,0.31134,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-04","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"conjecture","title":"School-related associations and stakeholder groups may also be interested","quote":"School-related associations and stakeholder groups may also be interested in this report.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About This Report para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.45212,0.26754,0.42045,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28522,0.18376,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-05","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Research sponsored by the U.S. Secret Service; conducted in RAND HSRD's Infrastructure, Immigration,","quote":"This research was sponsored by the U.S. Secret Service and conducted in the Infrastructure, Immigration, & Security Operations Program of the RAND Homeland Security Research Division (HSRD), which operates the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About This Report para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.15033,0.3029,0.72223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32057,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33825,0.4579,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-06","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"definition","title":"The American Educator Panels (AEP) are nationally representative samples of teachers, school leaders","quote":"The American Educator Panels (AEP) are nationally representative samples of teachers, school leaders, and K–12 public school districts across the country.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About This Report para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.15033,0.35593,0.72224,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37361,0.34671,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-07","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"The panels are a member of AAPOR's Transparency Initiative","quote":"The panels are a proud member of the American Association for Public Opinion Research’s Transparency Initiative.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About This Report para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.48028,0.37361,0.39227,0.01788],[0.12745,0.39128,0.39912,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-08","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"evidence","title":"Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296, § 305; 6 U.S.C. § 185) authorizes FFRDCs","quote":"The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-296, § 305, as codified at 6 U.S.C. § 185) authorizes the Secretary of Homeland Security, acting through the Under Secretary for Science and Technology, to establish one or more federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) to provide independent analysis of homeland security issues.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About HSOAC para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.12745,0.50997,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52765,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54532,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.563,0.1901,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-09","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"RAND operates HSOAC for DHS under contract 70RSAT22D00000001","quote":"RAND operates the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC) as an FFRDC for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) under contract 70RSAT22D00000001.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About HSOAC para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.32538,0.563,0.54714,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58068,0.73337,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-10","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"definition","title":"HSOAC provides independent and objective analyses and advice to the government","quote":"The HSOAC FFRDC provides the government with independent and objective analyses and advice in core areas important to the department in support of policy development, decisionmaking, alternative approaches, and new ideas on issues of significance.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About HSOAC para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.15033,0.59835,0.70102,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61603,0.7059,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63371,0.35398,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-11","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"HSOAC also supports other federal, state, local, tribal, public and private organizations","quote":"HSOAC also works with and supports other federal, state, local, tribal, and public- and private-sector organizations that make up the homeland security enterprise.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About HSOAC para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.48934,0.63371,0.35907,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65138,0.73216,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66906,0.03387,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-12","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"HSOAC research is undertaken by mutual consent with DHS and organized as discrete tasks","quote":"HSOAC’s research is undertaken by mutual consent with DHS and organized as a set of discrete tasks.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About HSOAC para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.16923,0.66906,0.66216,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68674,0.03482,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-13","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Report presents research under task 70US0924F1DHS2132, BTAM Implementation Research","quote":"This report presents the results of research and analysis conducted under 70US0924F1DHS2132, “Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management Implementation Research.”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About HSOAC para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.17024,0.68674,0.66498,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70441,0.52271,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-14","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"statement","title":"Results do not necessarily reflect official DHS opinion or policy","quote":"The results presented in this report do not necessarily reflect official DHS opinion or policy.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About HSOAC para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.66415,0.70441,0.19565,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72209,0.43376,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-15","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Publication URL: www.rand.org/t/RRA3658-1","quote":"For more information on this publication, see www.rand.org/t/RRA3658-1.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About HSOAC para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.55382,0.73977,0.3187,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75744,0.19829,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-16","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"NTAC was established in 1998 as a component of the U.S. Secret Service","quote":"The National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) was established as a component of the U.S. Secret Service in 1998 to provide research and guidance in direct support of the Secret Service’s protective mission and to others with public safety responsibilities.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About NTAC para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.12745,0.84078,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85845,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87613,0.27858,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-17","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"evidence","title":"Presidential Threat Protection Act of 2000 authorized NTAC to research threat assessment and targete","quote":"Through the Presidential Threat Protection Act of 2000, Congress formally authorized NTAC to conduct research on threat assessment and various types of targeted violence;","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","targeted-violence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About NTAC para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.41414,0.87613,0.45838,0.01788],[0.12745,0.89381,0.74111,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-18","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"AEP survey panels: more information at www.rand.org/aep","quote":"For more information about any one of the survey panels, visit www.rand.org/aep.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About This Report para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.53361,0.39128,0.33897,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40872,0.21245,0.01812]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-19","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"statement","title":"To use AEP data or read related AEP publications, email aep@rand.org or visit www.rand.org/aep","quote":"If you are interested in using AEP data for your own surveys or analysis or in reading other publications related to the AEP, please email aep@rand.org or visit www.rand.org/aep.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About This Report para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.34705,0.40896,0.52557,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42664,0.68919,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p004-20","page":4,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"HSRD information: www.rand.org/hsrd","quote":"For more information on HSRD, see www.rand.org/hsrd.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About HSOAC para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":4,"rects":[[0.15033,0.73977,0.39482,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 4). Claim p004-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p004-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p004-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p005-01","page":5,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"NTAC authorized to train, facilitate information-sharing, consult on cases, and promote standardizat","quote":"provide training on threat assessment and violence prevention; facilitate information-sharing among agencies with protective and public safety responsibilities; provide case consultation on threat assessment investigations and for agencies building threat assessment units; and develop programs to promote standardization of federal, state, and local threat assessment processes.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 5 part and the sentence begins on page 4 (claim p004-17). 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(2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p005-02","page":5,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"NTAC staff: multidisciplinary social science researchers and regional program managers","quote":"NTAC’s staff is composed of a multidisciplinary team of social science researchers and regional program managers who support partners in law enforcement, schools, government, and other organizations to combat targeted violence impacting communities across the United States.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","targeted-violence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About NTAC para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":5,"rects":[[0.15033,0.15814,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.45556,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p005-03","page":5,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"HSOAC thanks the participating educators","quote":"The HSOAC team is extremely grateful to the educators who agreed to participate in this panel.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Acknowledgments","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":5,"rects":[[0.12745,0.29451,0.66203,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p005-04","page":5,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Educators' time and willingness to share experiences were invaluable","quote":"Their time and willingness to share their experiences were invaluable for this effort and for helping the team understand how to better support their hard work in schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Acknowledgments","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":5,"rects":[[0.79789,0.29451,0.07462,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31218,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32986,0.33182,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p005-05","page":5,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Thanks to Dopp, Wagner, Kim, Lu and Colvin for design, management, data and programming help","quote":"The HSOAC team thanks RAND colleagues Alex Dopp for consultation on implementation science during survey design; Lisa Wagner and Brian Kim for assisting with survey management; Ruolin Lu for serving as the data manager for this survey; and Tim Colvin for programming the survey.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Acknowledgments","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":5,"rects":[[0.46688,0.32986,0.40564,0.01788],[0.12745,0.34754,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.36521,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38289,0.1123,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p005-06","page":5,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Thanks to Dorothy Seaman for sampling and weighting","quote":"The HSOAC team also thanks Dorothy Seaman for producing the sampling and weighting for these analyses.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Acknowledgments","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":5,"rects":[[0.24664,0.38289,0.62603,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40057,0.12294,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p005-07","page":5,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Thanks to Tina Petrossian and David Grant for support and AEP management","quote":"HSOAC greatly appreciates the administrative support provided by Tina Petrossian and AEP management provided by David Grant.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Acknowledgments","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":5,"rects":[[0.25912,0.40057,0.61341,0.01788],[0.12745,0.41824,0.3008,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p005-08","page":5,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Thanks to Meagan Cahill and Andrea Phillips for review and feedback","quote":"The HSOAC team also thanks Meagan Cahill and Andrea Phillips for their review and feedback, which helped improve this work.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Acknowledgments","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":5,"rects":[[0.43595,0.41824,0.4366,0.01788],[0.12745,0.43592,0.45664,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p005-09","page":5,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"Thanks to Cindy Lyons and Maria Vega for overseeing publication","quote":"Finally, HSOAC is grateful for the efforts of Cindy Lyons and Maria Vega in overseeing the publication of this report.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Acknowledgments","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":5,"rects":[[0.59199,0.43592,0.28054,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4536,0.51691,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p005-10","page":5,"section":"about-this-report","type":"fact","title":"NTAC information: www.secretservice.gov/ntac","quote":"For more information on NTAC, see www.secretservice.gov/ntac.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About NTAC para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":5,"rects":[[0.15033,0.21117,0.4473,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 5). Claim p005-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p005-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-this-report#p005-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-01","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"School violence and threats remain a significant concern in K–12 education","quote":"School violence and threats remain a significant concern in K–12 education.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.12745,0.14381,0.51247,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-02","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"definition","title":"BTAM is a widely adopted approach using multidisciplinary teams to evaluate and respond to concernin","quote":"To enhance the safety of children in schools, behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) has become a widely adopted approach to preventing violence and other harmful outcomes by bringing together multidisciplinary teams to systematically evaluate and appropriately respond to concerning student behaviors or threats.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.64699,0.14381,0.22553,0.01788],[0.12745,0.16148,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17916,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.19684,0.6226,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-03","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"evidence","title":"BTAM helps manage safety risks and reduce reliance on suspensions or expulsions","quote":"By appropriately assessing risk of harm and providing tailored interventions, BTAM helps schools manage safety risks while supporting student well-being and reducing reliance on suspensions or expulsions, which research shows can have lasting negative effects and may not effectively reduce the risk of school violence.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.75825,0.19684,0.11428,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21451,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.23219,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24987,0.58868,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-04","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"NTAC sponsored a multiyear HSOAC research effort on BTAM practices and implementation in K–12 school","quote":"As part of its long-standing effort to improve and foster the adoption of BTAM as a strategy to prevent targeted violence, the National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) has sponsored a multiyear research effort carried out by the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC) that is focused on BTAM practices and their implementation in K–12 schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","targeted-violence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.15033,0.26754,0.72234,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28522,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3029,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32057,0.3245,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-05","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Joint effort included a nationally representative survey of 1,746 principals","quote":"To provide a comprehensive picture of BTAM implementation, the practices that schools are using to identify and manage potential threats to schools, and the potential solutions to strengthen BTAM across the United States, the joint HSOAC-NTAC research effort included a nationally representative survey of 1,746 principals across the country implementing BTAM practices at their schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.15033,0.33825,0.72223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35593,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37361,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.39128,0.52383,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-06","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Survey asked about implementation, team composition, incidents referred, and operating, sustaining a","quote":"Survey respondents were asked questions about the initial implementation of their school’s BTAM program, the composition of their BTAM team, and the types of incidents referred to and addressed by their BTAM team, as well as a broad set of questions about operating, sustaining, and improving BTAM practices at their schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.65887,0.39128,0.21359,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40896,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42664,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44431,0.57036,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-07","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Each respondent also answered scenario-based questions","quote":"Each survey respondent also answered a set of scenario-based questions representative of incidents they might experience at their schools, for more insight into how their schools use BTAM as a violence prevention tool.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.7063,0.44431,0.16616,0.01788],[0.12745,0.46199,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47967,0.60976,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-08","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Survey data are the first of their kind to look comprehensively at BTAM operationalization","quote":"The data collected in this survey are the first of their kind to look comprehensively at how BTAM is being operationalized in schools across the country.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.74549,0.47967,0.12697,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49734,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51502,0.18023,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-09","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Survey was fielded in January 2025","quote":"The survey was fielded in January 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.63452,0.5327,0.23817,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55037,0.03303,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-10","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"evidence","title":"Prior studies were specific to one model, confined to single states, or based on small interview or ","quote":"Although several studies have sought to understand the impact of threat assessment programs on various school-level outcomes, including violence prevention, to date these reports have been specific to a single threat assessment model; confined to understanding trends in single states; or based on interviews or surveys of a small number of individuals.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.15033,0.56805,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58573,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6034,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62108,0.22515,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-11","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"statement","title":"Primary goal: use a nationally representative sample of administrators to understand BTAM implementa","quote":"Therefore, the primary goal of this report is to draw on a nationally representative sample of school administrators to understand how BTAM is being implemented and operationalized across the country.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.36062,0.62108,0.51193,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63876,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65643,0.16022,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-12","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"BTAM adoption is becoming a nearly ubiquitous practice across U.S. schools","quote":"Adoption of BTAM as part of school safety efforts is becoming a nearly ubiquitous practice across U.S. schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (bullets, continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.16233,0.6888,0.71022,0.01835],[0.1634,0.70647,0.08661,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-13","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"evidence","title":"A decade ago fewer than half of schools had BTAM teams","quote":"This level of effort marks a dramatic increase from a decade ago, when fewer than half of schools had BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":["p021-01"],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (bullets, continued next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Federal SSOCS / School Pulse Panel national estimates of schools with a BTAM team","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(n = undeterminable of undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"ssocs_national_estimate","base_page":21,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Prior-study estimate (Figure 1.1, p021); N not printed on this page."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.25851,0.70694,0.61414,0.01788],[0.1634,0.72462,0.18078,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-14","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Main challenge now is effective and consistent implementation, not adoption","quote":"The main challenge now is not encouraging adoption but rather ensuring effective and consistent implementation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (bullets, continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.3534,0.72462,0.5192,0.01788],[0.1634,0.74229,0.27408,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-15","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"statement","title":"Schools should focus on refining practices and sustaining programs","quote":"Schools should focus on refining practices and sustaining programs, with ongoing support as needed to institutionalize best practices and build long-term capacity.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (bullets, continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.44487,0.74229,0.42768,0.01788],[0.1634,0.75997,0.7013,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-16","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"conjecture","title":"State-level BTAM policies are likely helping schools implement BTAM","quote":"State-level policies related to BTAM, whether through legislation or non-codified policy, are likely helping schools implement BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (bullets, continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.16233,0.77718,0.71029,0.01835],[0.1634,0.79486,0.25058,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-17","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Schools in states with early mandates or encouragement are further along, with more standardized mee","quote":"Schools in states with early mandates or policy encouragement for BTAM are further along in implementation, with more standardized meeting schedules and written procedures.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (bullets, continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.42445,0.79532,0.44809,0.01788],[0.1634,0.813,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.83068,0.10303,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-18","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"conjecture","title":"Progress may be due to earlier access to training and funding","quote":"This progress may be due to earlier access to training and funding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (bullets, continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.27474,0.83068,0.46098,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-19","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"conjecture","title":"State-level support appears to play a key role in advancing BTAM practices","quote":"State-level support appears to play a key role in advancing BTAM practices.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (bullets, continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.74387,0.83068,0.12864,0.01788],[0.1634,0.84835,0.38361,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-20","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"conjecture","title":"Responses suggest schools scope BTAM programs to the most severe, high-risk cases","quote":"Responses suggest that schools are appropriately scoping their BTAM programs to focus on the most severe and high-risk cases of student behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (bullets, continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.16233,0.86557,0.7103,0.01835],[0.1634,0.88324,0.37317,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-22","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Report gives a picture of the state of BTAM in K–12 public schools in 2025","quote":"This report takes an in-depth look at the results of that survey, providing a picture of the state of BTAM in K–12 public schools across the country in 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.31387,0.51502,0.55856,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5327,0.49875,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p006-23","page":6,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"The first-of-its-kind survey revealed the following key highlights","quote":"This first-of-its-kind survey revealed the following key highlights:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":6,"rects":[[0.29456,0.65643,0.45156,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 6). Claim p006-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p006-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p006-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-01","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Concerns about BTAM use for minor behavioral issues have not materialized, per principal reports","quote":"behavioral issues have not materialized, at least according to our principal reports.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 7 part and the sentence begins on page 6. Full sentence (pages 6–7): “Concerns that BTAM might be used for minor behavioral issues have not materialized, at least according to our principal reports.”","concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.1634,0.08744,0.57442,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-02","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Schools maintain clear referral thresholds focused on serious safety concerns","quote":"Schools are maintaining clear thresholds for referring cases to BTAM teams, focusing on serious safety concerns.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["referral-and-reporting","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.74662,0.08744,0.12593,0.01788],[0.1634,0.10511,0.66897,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-03","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Focused approach helps preserve the integrity of the threat assessment process","quote":"This focused approach helps preserve the integrity of the threat assessment process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.84117,0.10511,0.03137,0.01788],[0.1634,0.12279,0.53715,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-04","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Most schools incorporate individualized interventions into threat management plans","quote":"Most schools are incorporating individualized interventions into plans developed as part of the threat management process, tailoring supports to meet the specific needs and circumstances of students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.16233,0.14,0.71018,0.01835],[0.1634,0.15768,0.70915,0.01835],[0.1634,0.17536,0.03874,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-05","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Schools use a variety of interventions to address underlying causes","quote":"Schools are using a variety of interventions to address underlying causes of student behavior rather than relying on a single solution.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.21236,0.17582,0.66017,0.01788],[0.1634,0.1935,0.26867,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-06","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Scenario responses show interventions matched to case complexity","quote":"Scenario-based responses show that interventions are matched to the complexity of each case.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.43999,0.1935,0.43253,0.01788],[0.1634,0.21117,0.21013,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-07","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Individualized approach is appropriate for the diverse needs seen in BTAM cases","quote":"This individualized approach is appropriate for the diverse needs seen in BTAM cases.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.3822,0.21117,0.49032,0.01788],[0.1634,0.22885,0.10506,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-08","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"BTAM efforts generally reflect commitment to supportive measures over exclusionary discipline or law","quote":"School BTAM efforts generally reflect a commitment to using supportive measures that address root causes of concerning behaviors rather than relying primarily on exclusionary discipline practices or referrals to law enforcement.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.16233,0.24606,0.71019,0.01835],[0.1634,0.26374,0.70915,0.01835],[0.1634,0.28142,0.25851,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-09","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Schools prioritize counseling, trusted relationships and skill-building over restrictive measures","quote":"Survey results show that schools prioritize such interventions as mental health counseling, building trusted relationships with adults, and skill-building services over restrictive measures.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.43048,0.28188,0.44208,0.01788],[0.1634,0.29956,0.70911,0.01788],[0.1634,0.31723,0.14005,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-10","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Even in the most severe scenarios, supportive interventions were the largest share of responses","quote":"Even in the most severe scenarios presented to principals, supportive interventions consistently composed the largest share of response strategies.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.31312,0.31723,0.55942,0.01788],[0.1634,0.33491,0.46251,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-11","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Over 75 percent rarely or never use exclusionary discipline; 80 percent rarely or never arrest or pr","quote":"Over 75 percent said they rarely or never use exclusionary discipline, and 80 percent rarely or never arrest or prosecute students referred to BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Summary sentence restating Chapter 9 Figure 9.2 (p067, n = 1,379, teams answering the exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions)"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.63387,0.33491,0.2386,0.01788],[0.1634,0.35259,0.70924,0.01788],[0.1634,0.37026,0.11081,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-12","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Pattern demonstrates BTAM teams function as intended: prevention focused on early intervention and s","quote":"This pattern demonstrates that BTAM teams function as intended—as a preventative approach focused on early intervention and support rather than punishment that helps students address underlying issues while keeping them connected to school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.28244,0.37026,0.59008,0.01788],[0.1634,0.38794,0.70916,0.01788],[0.1634,0.40562,0.3978,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-13","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Approach aligns with best practices and supports positive student outcomes","quote":"This approach aligns with best practices and supports positive student outcomes.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.56855,0.40562,0.30407,0.01788],[0.1634,0.42329,0.24375,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-14","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Parents are a key part of schools' behavioral threat management processes","quote":"Parents are a key part of schools’ behavioral threat management processes.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.16233,0.44051,0.52693,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-15","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Only 20 percent of schools directly involve parents in intervention planning; most consult them","quote":"Although only 20 percent of schools directly involve parents in intervention planning, most consult with them during the process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1379","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Summary restates Table A.43 (p133): teams answering the parent/guardian involvement question, n = 1,379"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.69714,0.44097,0.17538,0.01788],[0.1634,0.45865,0.70505,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-16","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"One-third of schools identify lack of parent participation as a significant challenge","quote":"Parent engagement is seen as crucial to the success of intervention plans, with one-third of schools identifying a lack of parent participation as a significant challenge.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parent-unwillingness","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering the BTAM program challenges question (Figure 13.3; Table A.56)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"challenges_1376","base_page":103,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share from the BTAM challenges figure (Figure 13.3 / Table A.56); its note prints n = 1,376 on p103."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.1634,0.47632,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.494,0.42205,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-17","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Highlights the importance of family buy-in for effective BTAM implementation","quote":"This highlights the importance of family buy-in for effective BTAM implementation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.59287,0.494,0.27967,0.01788],[0.1634,0.51168,0.29624,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-18","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Principals believe BTAM has a net positive impact on safety and school climate","quote":"Principals around the country believe that BTAM is having a net positive impact on improving safety at their schools and also helping to create more positive school climates.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","effect-school-safety"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.16233,0.52889,0.71017,0.01835],[0.1634,0.54657,0.57924,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-19","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Principals report reductions in crime, violence and self-harm and view BTAM as preferable to exclusi","quote":"Principals report reductions in crime, violence, and self-harm and view BTAM as preferable to exclusionary discipline.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.75307,0.54703,0.11946,0.01788],[0.1634,0.56471,0.70518,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-20","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Many principals believe BTAM contributes to a safer, more supportive school environment","quote":"Many said they believe that BTAM contributes to a safer and more supportive school environment.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Summary highlights (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.1634,0.58238,0.67875,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-21","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Survey also identified opportunities for future focus","quote":"Despite these strong overarching messages, our survey results also identified opportunities for future focus.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.15033,0.61521,0.72228,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63289,0.03681,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-22","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Principals identified five key challenges","quote":"In particular, principals identified the following five key challenges:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.17223,0.63289,0.46406,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-23","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Most schools have adopted BTAM but there is considerable variability in models used","quote":"Even though most schools have adopted BTAM practices, there is still considerable variability in the models they use.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.16233,0.66525,0.7102,0.01835],[0.1634,0.68293,0.11444,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-24","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Schools often blend national programs with local practices, leading to differences in implementation","quote":"Schools often blend elements from national programs with local practices, leading to significant differences in implementation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["locally-developed-models","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.28638,0.6834,0.58621,0.01788],[0.1634,0.70107,0.28724,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-25","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Flexibility allows local adaptation but creates inconsistencies and challenges in measuring effectiv","quote":"Although this flexibility allows adaptation to local needs, it also creates inconsistencies and challenges in measuring effectiveness.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.45905,0.70107,0.41344,0.01788],[0.1634,0.71875,0.47868,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-26","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"statement","title":"Greater coherence and guidance are needed to ensure fidelity while allowing local adaptation","quote":"Greater coherence and guidance are needed to ensure fidelity to evidence-based frameworks while allowing for local adaptation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.64984,0.71875,0.22268,0.01788],[0.1634,0.73643,0.65447,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-27","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Considerable variability in BTAM member training across schools","quote":"There is considerable variability in training for BTAM members across schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["standardization-gaps","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.16233,0.75364,0.57307,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-27","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-27","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-27, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-27","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-27, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-27\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-27</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-27","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-28","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Fewer than half of schools provide annual training; many offer it only as needed","quote":"Fewer than half of schools provide annual training, and many only offer it as needed, which may limit team members’ skills in such key areas as risk assessment and bias mitigation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-content","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering the BTAM training-frequency question (Figure 5.4)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"figure_5_4_1376","base_page":48,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.4 note (p048) prints n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.74438,0.7541,0.12817,0.01788],[0.1634,0.77178,0.70925,0.01788],[0.1634,0.78946,0.42184,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-28","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-28","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-28, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-28","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-28, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-28\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-28</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-28","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-29","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Training gaps are especially pronounced in urban and high-poverty schools","quote":"Training gaps are especially pronounced in urban and high-poverty schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.59301,0.78946,0.27956,0.01788],[0.1634,0.80713,0.23756,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-29","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-29","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-29, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-29","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-29, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-29\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-29</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-29","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-30","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"statement","title":"Addressing training disparities with additional funding and support is essential","quote":"Addressing these disparities with additional funding and support is essential for effective violence prevention.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.40846,0.80713,0.46399,0.01788],[0.1634,0.82481,0.28417,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-30","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-30","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-30, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-30","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-30, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-30\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-30</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-30","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-31","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Lack of standardization across critical BTAM team functions and operations","quote":"There is a lack of standardization across critical BTAM team functions and operations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.16233,0.84202,0.6423,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-31","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-31","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-31, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-31","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-31, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-31\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-31</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-31","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-32","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Significant variability in team structure, meeting frequency, information-gathering, case reviews an","quote":"There is significant variability in how BTAM teams are structured; how often they meet; and how they conduct information-gathering, case reviews, and program evaluations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["standardization-gaps","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.81497,0.84249,0.05758,0.01788],[0.1634,0.86016,0.70913,0.01788],[0.1634,0.87784,0.43345,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-32","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-32","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-32, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-32","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-32, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-32\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-32</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-32","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p007-33","page":7,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Most schools rely on informal approaches; about half lack formal policies or SOPs","quote":"Although some schools use structured processes, most rely on informal approaches, and about half lack formal policies or standard","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 7 part and the sentence continues on page 8. Full sentence (pages 7–8): “Although some schools use structured processes, most rely on informal approaches, and about half lack formal policies or standard operating procedures.”","concepts":["assessment-process-types","policy","sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1400,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1400)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1400","base_page":128,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.34 (written SOPs), official teams column N = 1,400"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":7,"rects":[[0.60528,0.87784,0.26722,0.01788],[0.1634,0.89552,0.6542,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-33","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-33","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-33, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-33","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 7). Claim p007-33, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-33\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p007-33</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p007-33","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-01","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"conjecture","title":"Inconsistency suggests many BTAM programs are not yet fully integrated or institutionalized","quote":"This inconsistency suggests that many BTAM programs are not yet fully integrated or institutionalized, highlighting the need for clearer tools and resources to support systematic and effective team operations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.27516,0.08744,0.59746,0.01788],[0.1634,0.10511,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.12279,0.141,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-02","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Considerable variation in how teams deliver interventions and develop management plans","quote":"There is considerable variation in how BTAM teams deliver interventions and develop management plans for students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.16233,0.14,0.71022,0.01835],[0.1634,0.15768,0.12902,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-03","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Most teams focus on individualized interventions; wide differences in decisionmaking, resource use a","quote":"Although most teams focus on individualized interventions, there are wide differences in decisionmaking processes, resource use, and application of decision support tools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.30131,0.15814,0.57124,0.01788],[0.1634,0.17582,0.63584,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-04","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"conjecture","title":"Lack of consistency can affect quality and effectiveness of interventions","quote":"This lack of consistency can affect the quality and effectiveness of interventions, especially as many schools have only recently adopted BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.80839,0.17582,0.06425,0.01788],[0.1634,0.1935,0.70906,0.01788],[0.1634,0.21117,0.20263,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-05","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"statement","title":"Clearer guidance and best practices are needed for effective and fair interventions","quote":"Clearer guidance and best practices are needed to ensure that interventions are implemented effectively and fairly across schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.37465,0.21117,0.4979,0.01788],[0.1634,0.22885,0.40055,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-06","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Most schools conduct some review, but many lack deep or systematic continuous improvement","quote":"Although most schools conduct some form of review or reflection process to understand the impact that BTAM is having on such student- and school-level outcomes as violence rates and the use of exclusionary discipline, many lack deep or systematic approaches to continuous improvement.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.16233,0.24606,0.71018,0.01835],[0.1634,0.26374,0.70912,0.01835],[0.1634,0.28142,0.67249,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-07","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"fact","title":"Few schools use systematic data analysis or validate interventions with trained staff","quote":"Few schools use systematic data analysis or validate interventions with trained staff.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","data-and-records"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.84452,0.28188,0.02804,0.01788],[0.1634,0.29956,0.56306,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-08","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Relying on a single review method limits ability to assess and improve BTAM","quote":"Relying on a single method for review limits the ability to assess and improve BTAM effectiveness.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.7362,0.29956,0.13629,0.01788],[0.1634,0.31723,0.5319,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-09","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"statement","title":"Multiple robust feedback mechanisms are needed","quote":"Multiple robust feedback mechanisms are needed to ensure that programs achieve intended outcomes and continue to improve.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges bullets (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.70238,0.31723,0.17024,0.01788],[0.1634,0.33491,0.7004,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-10","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"conclusion","title":"Findings underscore remarkable progress: near-universal implementation and focus on serious concerns","quote":"Findings from this nationally representative survey of K–12 principals underscore the remarkable progress schools have made in adopting BTAM programs, with near-universal implementation and a clear focus on addressing the most serious safety concerns through individualized, supportive interventions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Conclusion","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.12745,0.41824,0.74503,0.01788],[0.12745,0.43592,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4536,0.64605,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-11","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"conjecture","title":"Rapid expansion introduced variability in models, practices and training, which may undermine consis","quote":"However, the rapid expansion of BTAM has also introduced significant variability in terms of the models schools are using, operational practices, and training, which may undermine the consistency and effectiveness of these efforts across schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["standardization-gaps","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Conclusion","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.78157,0.4536,0.09094,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47127,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48895,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50663,0.09916,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-12","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"statement","title":"Schools and agencies should prioritize evidence-based frameworks, standardized procedures and robust","quote":"To fully realize the potential of BTAM as a cornerstone of school safety, schools and supporting agencies should prioritize the development and dissemination of evidence-based frameworks, standardized procedures, and robust training opportunities—while maintaining the flexibility needed to adapt to local contexts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Conclusion","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.23618,0.50663,0.63637,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5243,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54198,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55966,0.1157,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p008-13","page":8,"section":"summary","type":"statement","title":"Continuous improvement and access to resources and training will be essential","quote":"Strengthening continuous improvement processes and ensuring access to resources and training will be essential for institutionalizing best practices, enhancing program fidelity, and safeguarding the well-being of all students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Conclusion","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":8,"rects":[[0.2527,0.55966,0.61993,0.01788],[0.12745,0.57733,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59501,0.19879,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 8). Claim p008-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p008-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/summary#p008-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-01","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"NTAC defines a behavioral threat assessment as a proactive approach (NTAC, 2022)","quote":"“A behavioral threat assessment is a proactive approach to identify, assess, and provide appropriate interventions and resources for students who display a behavior that elicits concern for the safety of themselves or others”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","ntac-guidance","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"key-findings-box: What Is Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.55132,0.34552,0.29182,0.01703],[0.15686,0.36193,0.68627,0.01703],[0.15686,0.37835,0.47442,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-02","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Introduction: school violence and threats remain a significant concern in K–12 education","quote":"Incidents of school violence and threats—whether directed at students, staff, or the broader school community—remain a significant concern in K–12 education.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prevention","targeted-violence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Opening paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.12745,0.4427,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.46037,0.42035,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-03","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"School leaders must determine an appropriate response to student behavior raising alarms","quote":"When a student’s behavior raises alarms about potential harm to themselves or others, school leaders face the complex task of determining an appropriate response.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Opening paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.55507,0.46037,0.31749,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47805,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49573,0.06082,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-04","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Research: exclusionary discipline can have lasting negative effects and may not reduce risk","quote":"Although it may seem that removing the student from school is the safest option, research has shown that exclusionary discipline, such as a suspension or an expulsion, can have lasting negative effects on students and may not effectively reduce risk.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Opening paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.19795,0.49573,0.67456,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5134,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53108,0.33368,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-05","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Most threats are found not to be credible; removal can sometimes increase risk of harm","quote":"Most threats are ultimately found not to be credible, and removing students from the school environment can sometimes increase the risk of harm by severing connections to support and oversight.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Opening paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.47069,0.53108,0.40196,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54876,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56643,0.2317,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-06","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Schools increasingly seek alternatives that balance safety with students' well-being and rights","quote":"As a result, schools increasingly seek alternatives that balance safety with the well-being and rights of all students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Opening paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.36721,0.56643,0.50524,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58411,0.27529,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-07","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Federal data: as many as 85 percent of schools had a BTAM team in place as of 2024","quote":"BTAM has emerged as a widely adopted approach to address these challenges in K–12 schools across the United States, with federal data showing that as many as 85 percent of schools nationwide had a BTAM team in place as of 2024","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Opening paragraph","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"Federal/prior-study figure (SSOCS, School Pulse Panel/NCES, Diliberti et al.), not this survey"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.41107,0.58411,0.46142,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60179,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61946,0.3936,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-08","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"BTAM approach: a multidisciplinary team systematically evaluates and responds to concerning behavior","quote":"The BTAM approach involves a multidisciplinary team—often including school administrators, counselors, and public safety professionals—systematically evaluating and responding to concerning student behaviors or threats.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","key-terms","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.15033,0.63714,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65482,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67249,0.09817,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-09","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"BTAM teams are at the core of school- or district-level BTAM programs","quote":"These teams are at the core of school- or district-level BTAM programs, which schools and districts often implement as part of their broader school safety efforts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.23445,0.67249,0.63798,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69017,0.47843,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-10","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"BTAM process typically has three stages: referral, assessment, management","quote":"The BTAM process typically includes three stages: referral of a student based on observed behaviors or reported concerns, assessment of whether a student poses a risk of harm, and management of the situation through tailored interventions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","referral-and-reporting","risk-assessment"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.61372,0.69017,0.25874,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70785,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72552,0.65818,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-11","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"BTAM aims to identify concerning behavior early so schools respond proportionately","quote":"The BTAM approach aims to identify concerning behavior early, enabling schools to respond proportionately and provide support where needed.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prevention","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.79375,0.72552,0.07881,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7432,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76088,0.18473,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-12","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"conclusion","title":"BTAM helps prevent violence and reduces reliance on exclusionary discipline","quote":"This approach not only helps prevent violence but also reduces reliance on exclusionary discipline, promoting a safer school environment.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.31983,0.76088,0.55272,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77855,0.39727,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-13","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Many schools and districts developed their own BTAM models besides private, federal, and state model","quote":"Although several entities, such as private organizations, federal government agencies, and U.S. states, have developed BTAM models and frameworks for use by K–12 schools, many schools and districts across the country have also developed their own models and approaches, as this report discusses.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["locally-developed-models","named-models","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.53314,0.77855,0.33941,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79623,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81391,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83159,0.24509,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p020-14","page":20,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Footnote 1: the report focuses on BTAM implementation at school and district level","quote":"In this report, we focus on BTAM implementation at the level of K–12 schools and school districts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":20,"rects":[[0.14379,0.88396,0.5747,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 20). Claim p020-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p020-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p020-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-01","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Figure 1.1, Spring 2016: 42 percent of schools had a BTAM team (SSOCS)","quote":"Spring 2016 | 42","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: FIGURE 1.1. Percentage of Schools with a Behavioral Threat Assessment Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Federal SSOCS / School Pulse Panel national estimates of schools with a BTAM team","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(n = undeterminable of undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"ssocs_national_estimate","base_page":21,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Federal SSOCS/SPP estimates, not part of the 1,746-principal survey"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":21,"rects":[[0.20664,0.37542,0.66822,0.02314]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-02","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Figure 1.1, Spring 2018: 44 percent of schools had a BTAM team (SSOCS)","quote":"Spring 2018 | 44","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: FIGURE 1.1. Percentage of Schools with a Behavioral Threat Assessment Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Federal SSOCS / School Pulse Panel national estimates of schools with a BTAM team","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(n = undeterminable of undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"ssocs_national_estimate","base_page":21,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Federal SSOCS/SPP estimates, not part of the 1,746-principal survey"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":21,"rects":[[0.20664,0.37542,0.66822,0.02314]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-03","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Figure 1.1, Spring 2020: 64 percent of schools had a BTAM team (SSOCS)","quote":"Spring 2020 | 64","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: FIGURE 1.1. Percentage of Schools with a Behavioral Threat Assessment Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Federal SSOCS / School Pulse Panel national estimates of schools with a BTAM team","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(n = undeterminable of undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"ssocs_national_estimate","base_page":21,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Federal SSOCS/SPP estimates, not part of the 1,746-principal survey"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":21,"rects":[[0.20664,0.37542,0.66822,0.02314]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-04","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Figure 1.1, Spring 2022: 65 percent of schools had a BTAM team (SSOCS)","quote":"Spring 2022 | 65","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: FIGURE 1.1. Percentage of Schools with a Behavioral Threat Assessment Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Federal SSOCS / School Pulse Panel national estimates of schools with a BTAM team","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(n = undeterminable of undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"ssocs_national_estimate","base_page":21,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Federal SSOCS/SPP estimates, not part of the 1,746-principal survey"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":21,"rects":[[0.20664,0.37542,0.66822,0.02314]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-05","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Figure 1.1, Fall 2022: 82 percent of schools had a BTAM team (SPP)","quote":"Fall 2022 | | 82","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: FIGURE 1.1. Percentage of Schools with a Behavioral Threat Assessment Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Federal SSOCS / School Pulse Panel national estimates of schools with a BTAM team","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(n = undeterminable of undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"ssocs_national_estimate","base_page":21,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Federal SSOCS/SPP estimates, not part of the 1,746-principal survey"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":21,"rects":[[0.20664,0.37542,0.66822,0.02314]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-06","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Figure 1.1, Spring 2024: 85 percent of schools had a BTAM team (SPP)","quote":"Spring 2024 | | 85","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: FIGURE 1.1. Percentage of Schools with a Behavioral Threat Assessment Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Federal SSOCS / School Pulse Panel national estimates of schools with a BTAM team","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(n = undeterminable of undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"ssocs_national_estimate","base_page":21,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Federal SSOCS/SPP estimates, not part of the 1,746-principal survey"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":21,"rects":[[0.20664,0.37542,0.66822,0.02314]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-07","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Figure 1.1 source: SSOCS (Burr et al., 2024) and School Pulse Panel (NCES, 2025)","quote":"SOURCE: Features data from the U.S. Department of Education’s School Survey on Crime and Safety (Burr et al., 2024) and its School Pulse Panel (National Center for Education Statistics [NCES], 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: FIGURE 1.1. Percentage of Schools with a Behavioral Threat Assessment Team","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.12654,0.41768,0.72345,0.01118],[0.12654,0.42904,0.3569,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-08","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Figure 1.1 note: principals asked about a BTAM team or other formal group to identify at-risk studen","quote":"NOTE: Both data collections asked principals whether their school had a behavioral threat assessment team or “any other formal group of persons to identify students who might be a potential risk for violent or harmful behavior (toward themselves or others).”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: FIGURE 1.1. Percentage of Schools with a Behavioral Threat Assessment Team","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.12654,0.44293,0.74058,0.01118],[0.12654,0.4543,0.63147,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-09","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"Figure 1.1 note: SSOCS = School Survey on Crime and Safety; SPP = School Pulse Panel","quote":"SSOCS = School Survey on Crime and Safety; SPP = School Pulse Panel.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: FIGURE 1.1. Percentage of Schools with a Behavioral Threat Assessment Team","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.77126,0.4543,0.09337,0.01118],[0.12654,0.46566,0.29908,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-10","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Safe School Initiative examined 37 targeted school attacks between 1974 and 2000","quote":"The impetus for early adoption of the BTAM model dates back to the joint U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education’s Safe School Initiative, which examined 37 incidents of targeted school attacks between 1974 and 2000 following the 1999 Columbine High School shooting in Colorado (Vossekuil et al., 2004).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","prior-research","targeted-violence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Safe School Initiative","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.15033,0.49272,0.72211,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5104,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52808,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54576,0.03347,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-11","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Safe School Initiative introduced BTAM as a violence prevention model for schools","quote":"The initiative introduced BTAM as a violence prevention model for schools, emphasizing the importance of identifying students who display behavior that elicits safety concerns, assessing the behaviors and their context, and managing any potential risk of harm through interventions and supports.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","prevention","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Safe School Initiative","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.17429,0.54576,0.69826,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56343,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58111,0.63476,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-12","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Safe School Initiative stressed multidisciplinary teams and positive school climates","quote":"It also stressed the importance of multidisciplinary teams to assess concerning behaviors and efforts to foster positive school climates that encourage reporting of concerns.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","referral-and-reporting","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Safe School Initiative","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.77095,0.58111,0.1016,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59879,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61646,0.32028,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-13","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"2015–2016: 42 percent of a national sample of K–12 public school principals had threat assessment te","quote":"By the 2015–2016 school year (the earliest national estimate available), 42 percent of a national sample of K–12 public school principals reported having threat assessment teams (Diliberti et al., 2017).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Safe School Initiative","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"Federal/prior-study figure (SSOCS, School Pulse Panel/NCES, Diliberti et al.), not this survey"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.45694,0.61646,0.41563,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63414,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65182,0.1854,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-14","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"2021–2022: 65 percent of public schools reported having threat assessment teams (Burr et al., 2024)","quote":"By the 2021–2022 school year, 65 percent of public schools reported having such teams, in which threat assessment was defined as “a formalized process of identifying, assessing, and managing students who may pose a threat of targeted violence in schools” (Burr et al., 2024, p. 13).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","key-terms","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Safe School Initiative","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"Federal/prior-study figure (SSOCS, School Pulse Panel/NCES, Diliberti et al.), not this survey"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.32586,0.65182,0.54677,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66932,0.74517,0.01806],[0.12745,0.68717,0.58579,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-15","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"More recent federal data: 85 percent of all public schools had a team by 2024 (NCES, 2025)","quote":"As noted above, more recent federal data show that this rate had increased to 85 percent of all public schools by 2024 (NCES, 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Safe School Initiative","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"Federal/prior-study figure (SSOCS, School Pulse Panel/NCES, Diliberti et al.), not this survey"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.72522,0.68717,0.14744,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70485,0.72928,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-16","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"BTAM teams at K–12 schools grew notably between 2016 and 2024 (Figure 1.1)","quote":"As Figure 1.1 shows, the existence of BTAM teams at K–12 schools grew notably between 2016 and 2024.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Growth of BTAM teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.15033,0.72252,0.71806,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-17","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Secret Service published updated research and BTAM guidance (NTAC 2018, 2019, 2021)","quote":"During this time frame, the Secret Service continued to publish updated research on targeted school violence and guidance for the implementation of BTAM programs in K–12 schools (see, e.g., NTAC, 2018; NTAC, 2019; and NTAC, 2021), and there was increasing research into—and focus on—approaches for preventing violence in K–12 schools more broadly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","ntac-guidance","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Growth of BTAM teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.12745,0.7402,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75788,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77555,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79323,0.27138,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-18","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"State laws mandating BTAM teams helped advance BTAM implementation at various points","quote":"The passage of laws across various states mandating BTAM teams in K–12 schools also helped advance BTAM implementation at various points in time.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Growth of BTAM teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.4069,0.79323,0.46565,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81091,0.59428,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p021-19","page":21,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Footnote continued: the report does not review how federal law or policy might affect BTAM","quote":"include a review of how federal law or policy, or any changes therein, might affect BTAM implementation at K–12 schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1 (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":21,"rects":[[0.12745,0.89785,0.72531,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 21). Claim p021-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p021-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p021-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-01","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Florida and other states passed threat assessment mandates after the 2018 Parkland shooting","quote":"states, including Florida, passed mandates related to threat assessments in response to the 2018 Parkland shooting (Blad, 2023).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.14249,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-02","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"conclusion","title":"Despite growth in BTAM adoption, there is little systematic data on BTAM in U.S. schools","quote":"Despite clear growth in schools’ adoption of BTAM programs, more than 20 years after the publication of findings from the joint U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education report on the Safe School Initiative (Fein et al., 2002; Vossekuil et al., 2004), we still have little systematic data on what BTAM actually looks like in schools across the United States.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Purpose","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.12745,0.18845,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.20612,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2238,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24148,0.30464,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-03","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Prior studies are single-model, single-state, or based on small interview and survey samples","quote":"Although several studies have sought to understand the impact of threat assessment programs on various school-level outcomes, including violence prevention, these reports are (1) specific to a single threat assessment model, (2) confined to understanding trends in single states, or (3) based on interviews and surveys of small samples of individuals (see, e.g., Ross et al., 2022; Cornell et al., 2018; Crepeau-Hobson and Leech, 2022; Jackson and Viljoen, 2024).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Purpose","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.43966,0.24148,0.4329,0.01788],[0.12745,0.25915,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.27683,0.74523,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29451,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31218,0.47923,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-04","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Primary goal: use a nationally representative sample of school administrators to understand BTAM imp","quote":"Therefore, the primary goal of this report is to draw on a nationally representative sample of school administrators to understand how BTAM is being implemented and operationalized across the country.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Purpose","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.62156,0.31218,0.2509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32986,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.34754,0.40714,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-05","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"The report aims to answer 12 questions about BTAM in K–12 public schools as of 2024–2025","quote":"More specifically, we aim to answer 12 questions about the state of BTAM in K–12 public schools as of the 2024–2025 school year:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.15033,0.36521,0.72227,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38289,0.15666,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-06","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 1: What schools have implemented BTAM?","quote":"What schools have implemented BTAM?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.41572,0.27562,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-07","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 2: When did schools establish BTAM teams?","quote":"When did schools establish BTAM teams?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.4334,0.28511,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-08","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 3: What is the scope of schools’ BTAM programs?","quote":"What is the scope of schools’ BTAM programs?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","grade-level-scope"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.45107,0.32105,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-09","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 4: How are schools operationalizing BTAM?","quote":"How are schools operationalizing BTAM?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.46875,0.28276,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-10","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 5: Do schools use named BTAM models, to what extent do they modify them, or are th","quote":"Do schools use named BTAM models, to what extent do they modify them, or are they building their own models?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["locally-developed-models","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.48643,0.69293,0.01788],[0.17974,0.5041,0.08385,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-11","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 6: Why did schools adopt specific BTAM models (or develop their own), and how did ","quote":"Why did schools adopt specific BTAM models (or develop their own), and how did they go about it?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.52178,0.68258,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-12","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 7: How do BTAM teams assess level of risk for referred cases?","quote":"How do BTAM teams assess level of risk for referred cases?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["risk-assessment"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.53946,0.40045,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-13","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 8: How do BTAM teams develop intervention plans for at-risk students, and what do ","quote":"How do BTAM teams develop intervention plans for at-risk students, and what do these plans look like?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.55713,0.69283,0.01788],[0.17974,0.57481,0.02551,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-14","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 9: How do BTAM teams monitor intervention plans?","quote":"How do BTAM teams monitor intervention plans?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.59249,0.34202,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-15","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 10: Is BTAM working as intended?","quote":"Is BTAM working as intended?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.61016,0.2084,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-16","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 11: What do principals think are the effects of their BTAM programs?","quote":"What do principals think are the effects of their BTAM programs?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.62784,0.45284,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-17","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Research question 12: What do principals think about sustaining and improving their BTAM programs ov","quote":"What do principals think about sustaining and improving their BTAM programs over time?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Research questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.17974,0.64552,0.63143,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-18","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Survey data collected from K–12 public school principals February 5–24, 2025","quote":"To address these research questions, we relied on survey data collected from K–12 public school principals between February 5, 2025, and February 24, 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey design","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.12745,0.70991,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72759,0.34512,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-19","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Survey administered to a nationally representative sample of RAND ASLP principals","quote":"The survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of principals who were members of RAND’s American School Leader Panel (ASLP).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey design","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.4808,0.72759,0.39175,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74526,0.65861,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-20","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Principals received detailed questions about their school's BTAM program","quote":"Participating principals received detailed questions about their school’s BTAM program—ranging from which school and outside personnel are on their BTAM team, what specific BTAM models they are using, and the steps they took during the initial program implementation phase to perceptions of BTAM’s impact","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey design","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.7992,0.74526,0.07335,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76294,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78062,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79829,0.65633,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p022-21","page":22,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Footnote 2: other states with mandates: Maryland (2018), Texas (2019), Illinois (2019), Kentucky (20","quote":"Other states in this group include Maryland (2018), Texas (2019), Illinois (2019), and Kentucky (2019).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":22,"rects":[[0.14379,0.89785,0.59969,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 22). Claim p022-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p022-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p022-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-01","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Principals are assumed to have responded on behalf of their schools","quote":"Although survey invitations were directed solely to school principals, we assume that these principals responded to our survey on behalf of their schools and interpret their data accordingly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.31182,0.08744,0.56076,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.7364,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-02","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"1,746 individuals completed the 20-minute survey, weighted to national principal population","quote":"In total, 1,746 individuals completed our 20-minute survey, and we weighted their responses to be representative of the national population of K–12 public school principals and the schools in which they serve.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-rates","sample","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey completion","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.15033,0.12279,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.71363,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-03","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Responses examined by six school characteristics and state policy context","quote":"To answer our research questions, we investigated national patterns in educators’ survey responses based on school characteristics and state policy context related to BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School characteristics","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.12745,0.24021,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.25789,0.43864,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-04","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"Six school characteristics: grade levels, locale, neighborhood poverty, race/ethnicity, school and d","quote":"More specifically, we examined differences in educators’ responses based on six school characteristics: (1) grade levels served, (2) school locale, (3) school neighborhood poverty status, (4) student racial/ethnic composition, (5) school enrollment size, and (6) district enrollment size.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School characteristics","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.57438,0.25789,0.29809,0.01788],[0.12745,0.27557,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29324,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31092,0.13999,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-05","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Differences also examined by BTAM state policy context in 2019","quote":"Where appropriate, we also examined differences in educators’ responses according to the BTAM state policy context in 2019.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.15033,0.3286,0.72217,0.01788],[0.12745,0.34627,0.153,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-06","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"State groups drawn from 2021 Child Trends and NASBE analysis of state laws and policies","quote":"Specifically, we drew on a systematic analysis of state-level laws and policies related to threat assessment completed by Child Trends and the National Association of State Boards of Education (NASBE) and published in 2021.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.29383,0.34627,0.5788,0.01788],[0.12745,0.36395,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38163,0.21702,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-07","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"States divided into three groups by their 2019 policy context","quote":"We used these data to divide states into three groups, roughly corresponding to their policy context at the time of the review (2019):","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.35006,0.38163,0.52252,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3993,0.36512,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-08","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"Early legislation states (18 states): 2019 requirements to adopt threat assessment","quote":"Early legislation states (18 states), including states where, in 2019, state legal requirements, regulations or district policy required school districts to adopt threat assessment as a safety measure.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State groups","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.20588,0.42412,0.62745,0.0166],[0.20588,0.44096,0.62373,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-09","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"Early legislation category could include states with explicit laws or training or assessment policie","quote":"This category could include states that had explicit laws about schools using the practice, or policies requiring training or mandating assessment processes as part of their response to violent incidents (sometimes in the broader context of bullying and violence response).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State groups","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.20588,0.45737,0.6275,0.01618],[0.20588,0.47379,0.6274,0.01618],[0.20588,0.4902,0.42974,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-10","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Early legislation states: CT, FL, GA, IL, KY, MD, MI, MS, NV, NH, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, TX, VA, WA","quote":"These states were Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Virginia, and Washington.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State groups","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.20588,0.50661,0.62745,0.01618],[0.20588,0.52303,0.62745,0.01618],[0.20588,0.53944,0.14437,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-11","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"States that encouraged BTAM (20 states): encouraged in 2019 or covered in non-codified policy","quote":"States that encouraged schools to use BTAM (20 states), combining states where, in 2019, state law, regulation, or district policy encourage[d] districts to adopt threat assessment policies and states where BTAM was not addressed in state law or regulations, but was covered in non-codified policy.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State groups","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.20588,0.55544,0.62745,0.0166],[0.20588,0.57227,0.62752,0.01618],[0.20588,0.58868,0.62045,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-12","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Encouraged states: AR, CO, DE, ID, IN, KS, MA, MO, MT, NE, NJ, NM, NC, ND, OK, SC, TN, UT, VT, WV","quote":"States in this group consisted of Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and West Virginia.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State groups","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.20588,0.6051,0.62745,0.01618],[0.20588,0.62151,0.62745,0.01618],[0.20588,0.63793,0.43589,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-13","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"Other states (13 states): BTAM not addressed in state law or regulation as of 2019","quote":"Other states (13 states), which included those where BTAM was not addressed in state law or regulation as of 2019.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State groups","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.20588,0.65392,0.62745,0.0166],[0.20588,0.67075,0.09044,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-14","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Other states: AL, AK, AZ, CA, DC, HI, IA, LA, ME, MN, SD, WI, WY (Child Trends and NASBE, 2021)","quote":"These states were Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming (Child Trends and NASBE, 2021).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State groups","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.20588,0.68717,0.62745,0.01618],[0.20588,0.70358,0.61908,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-15","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"Footnote 4: principals' responses speak for their schools; school is the unit of analysis","quote":"We interpret principals’ responses as speaking on behalf of their schools and therefore often report results using the school as the unit of analysis (e.g., “percent of schools who said X”).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.14604,0.81578,0.72658,0.01533],[0.12745,0.82967,0.34312,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-16","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"definition","title":"Footnote 4: perception items reported per principal; terms interchangeable","quote":"However, for survey items that ask about principals’ perceptions, we report using the principal (e.g., “percent of principals who said Y”). These terms can be interpreted interchangeably.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.488,0.82967,0.38457,0.01533],[0.12745,0.84356,0.70881,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-17","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Footnote 6: 2019 compilation was the most up-to-date comprehensive source on BTAM requirements","quote":"The 2019 compilation of law and policy was the most up-to-date source of comprehensive information on BTAM requirements nationally at the time of survey sampling and planning.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.14379,0.88396,0.72876,0.01533],[0.12745,0.89785,0.3687,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p023-18","page":23,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Footnote 3: Appendix A lists all survey items and response frequencies","quote":"A complete list of the survey items administered to principals and the response frequencies is available in Appendix A.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":23,"rects":[[0.14639,0.79558,0.70527,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 23). Claim p023-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p023-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p023-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-01","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"2019 data used as a reference point for the existing BTAM implementation landscape","quote":"We used the 2019 data as a reference point for understanding the existing BTAM implementation landscape as reported through the eyes of our survey respondents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: 2019 data as reference","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.15033,0.08744,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.44183,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-02","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"conjecture","title":"Three state categories help show whether early encouragement might relate to practices and outcomes","quote":"Grouping states into the three aforementioned categories allowed us to understand whether early encouragement or legislation by states to implement BTAM in schools (potentially associated with stronger funding, training, or other support for BTAM) might be related to the practices and outcomes reported by principals today.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: 2019 data as reference","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.57941,0.10511,0.29314,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.52148,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-03","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Specific policies differ across states, even within each category","quote":"Importantly, specific policies across states differ, even within each category.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies differ","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.15033,0.17582,0.52479,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-04","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Maryland and Texas both require BTAM teams but with different emphases (Texas SSC; MCSS)","quote":"Although both Maryland and Texas require schools to have BTAM teams, Texas explicitly requires that members of teams have a range of specific types of expertise “to the greatest extent practicable” (Texas School Safety Center, undated), and Maryland emphasizes coordination with the Maryland Center for School Safety (MCSS), which provides training and other resources to K–12 schools in this area (MCSS, undated).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","team-composition","training-source"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies differ","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.6681,0.1935,0.20454,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.50422,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-05","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Kentucky, Nevada, and Oregon required BTAM by 2019 and stress multidisciplinary teams","quote":"Other states that required BTAM in schools as early as 2019, such as Kentucky, Nevada, and Oregon, also specifically stress the importance of multidisciplinary teams in the threat assessment process, with added emphasis on the role of mental health professionals.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","state-policy-mandates","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies differ","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.64433,0.2642,0.22825,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28188,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29956,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31723,0.08984,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-06","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"Early-requirement states provide training to school staff via state agencies or education department","quote":"These states also provide training to school staff through either state-level school safety agencies or state departments of education.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","training-source"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies differ","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.22544,0.31723,0.64711,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33491,0.26152,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-07","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Between 2019 and 2025 several states changed BTAM law or policy","quote":"It should be noted that in the intervening years (i.e., between 2019 and the writing of this report in 2025), several states have made changes in law or policy regarding BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intervening years","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.15033,0.35259,0.72228,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37026,0.45629,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-08","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"evidence","title":"New laws requiring BTAM enacted during study (NJ, TN, IA) and earlier (VT)","quote":"For example, as our study was underway, some states enacted new laws requiring that schools use BTAM or establish BTAM teams (e.g., New Jersey, Tennessee, Iowa); others have also done so since the 2019 analysis but prior to the start of our study (e.g., Vermont).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intervening years","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.59135,0.37026,0.28109,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38794,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40562,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42329,0.03681,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-09","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"conjecture","title":"If grouped by mid-2025 policy, more states would be in the legislation category","quote":"If states were to be grouped according to policies in place as of this writing in mid-2025, more would be included in the “legislation” category.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intervening years","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.17711,0.42329,0.69533,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44097,0.27317,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-10","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"conjecture","title":"2019 grouping still useful to show how early state support may have affected BTAM implementation","quote":"Nevertheless, understanding the implementation of early legislation by some states in 2019 is still useful for the purposes of this current analysis, insofar as it helps demonstrate how early state support in 2019 may have affected BTAM implementation over time across different state policy contexts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intervening years","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.40701,0.44097,0.46556,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45865,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47632,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.494,0.10417,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-11","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Authors considered whether program aspects such as team size or school versus district housing matte","quote":"We also considered to what extent certain aspects of a BTAM program (e.g., the number of people on a BTAM team, whether BTAM is housed at the school or district level) matter for its operations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","methodology","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Subgroup differences","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.15033,0.51168,0.70818,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52935,0.64562,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-12","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Subgroup differences presented only where notable, interesting, or helpful context","quote":"As it is infeasible to consider all subgroup differences for all survey items in this report, we present subgroup differences in the text where they were particularly notable or interesting and where they provide helpful context to understand national patterns.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Subgroup differences","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.78104,0.52935,0.09096,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54703,0.74274,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56471,0.71612,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58238,0.20144,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-13","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Only subgroup differences statistically significant at p < 0.05 are called out in the text","quote":"Unless otherwise noted, we only call out subgroup differences in the text that are statistically significant at the p < 0.05 level.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Subgroup differences","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.33686,0.58238,0.53318,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59989,0.31703,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-14","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Authors hope findings shed new light on how BTAM is being implemented in K–12 schools","quote":"We hope the findings presented in this report will shed new light on how BTAM is being implemented in K–12 schools through a much-needed, deeper understanding of nationally representative trends.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Limitations","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.12745,0.66446,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68213,0.67894,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-15","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"conjecture","title":"First limitation: self-reported data may be affected by social desirability bias","quote":"First, as is true of any survey that relies on self-reported data, certain biases—such as social desirability bias—may influence results, should respondents provide answers that they believe are more socially acceptable or favorable.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Limitations","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.29175,0.73516,0.58072,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75284,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77052,0.25134,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-16","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"conjecture","title":"Biases can affect data accuracy, especially on sensitive topics like behavioral threat assessment","quote":"Biases can affect data accuracy, especially in areas related to such sensitive topics as school behavioral threat assessment.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Limitations","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.38612,0.77052,0.48643,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78819,0.33747,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-17","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"conjecture","title":"Second limitation: findings may not fully capture variety across sizes, regions, and demographics","quote":"Second, although our survey aimed to be representative of administrators in K–12 public schools across the country, our findings may still not fully capture the variety of experiences across different school sizes, geographical regions, and student and community demographics.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Limitations","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.47273,0.78819,0.3998,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80587,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.82355,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.84122,0.01823,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-18","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"conjecture","title":"Local policies, resources, and community factors can limit generalizability to all U.S. schools","quote":"Differences in local policies (below the state level), available resources, and community factors can also influence safety practices, potentially limiting the generalizability of our results to all schools across the United States.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Limitations","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.15418,0.84122,0.71832,0.01788],[0.12745,0.8589,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87658,0.09139,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-19","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Third limitation: report does not fully explore state policy details or give an up-to-date state ana","quote":"Moreover, although the report highlights high-level differences in state-level policies and context specific to BTAM, it does not fully explore the details of such policies","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 24 part and the sentence continues on page 25. Full sentence (pages 24–25): “Moreover, although the report highlights high-level differences in state-level policies and context specific to BTAM, it does not fully explore the details of such policies and does not provide an up-to-date analysis of state policies as of this report’s publication date.”","concepts":["limitations","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Limitations","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.22658,0.87658,0.64597,0.01788],[0.12745,0.89425,0.52064,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-20","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"fact","title":"Current policies differ even among the 18 early legislation states","quote":"For example, among the 18 states in the early legislation category, current policies can look quite different.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies differ","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.68271,0.17582,0.18976,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.53303,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p024-21","page":24,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Authors hope findings provoke ideas to better ensure student and school-community safety","quote":"We also hope that our findings provoke new ideas about how to better ensure the safety and well-being of individual students and entire school communities across the country.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Limitations","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":24,"rects":[[0.81618,0.68213,0.05631,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69981,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71749,0.41645,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 24). Claim p024-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p024-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p024-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p025-01","page":25,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Final limitation: the survey is a snapshot in time and does not reflect change or recent events","quote":"Finally, our survey about BTAM practices provides a snapshot of perceptions and practices at a specific point in time and reflects neither changes over time nor how recent events might affect these perceptions and practices.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of limitations paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":25,"rects":[[0.57957,0.08744,0.29306,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.49433,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p025-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 25). Claim p025-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 25). Claim p025-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p025-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p025-02","page":25,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"The report has 12 main chapters, each corresponding to one of the research questions","quote":"This report is organized such that each of its 12 main chapters corresponds to one of the research questions listed above.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Organization of the report","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":25,"rects":[[0.12745,0.20612,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2238,0.08135,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p025-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 25). Claim p025-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 25). Claim p025-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p025-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p025-03","page":25,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Chapter 11 examines principals' responses to hypothetical scenarios to test whether BTAM works as in","quote":"Chapter 11 is unique insofar as we examine principals’ responses to a set of hypothetical scenarios about student behaviors; the goal of these scenarios is to understand whether schools’ BTAM programs are working as intended and whether principals’ reports of what their BTAM team does matches with how they respond to hypothetical scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Organization of the report","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":25,"rects":[[0.68976,0.36521,0.18279,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38289,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40057,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.41824,0.74102,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p025-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 25). Claim p025-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 25). Claim p025-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p025-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p025-04","page":25,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Chapter 12 examines principals' perceptions of BTAM's impacts on safety, climate, violence, discipli","quote":"In Chapter 12, we examine principals’ perceptions of the impacts that their BTAM program is having on a variety of outcomes, including school safety; climate; violence rates; and the use of exclusionary discipline and law enforcement involvement.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Organization of the report","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":25,"rects":[[0.12745,0.43592,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4536,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47127,0.23376,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p025-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 25). Claim p025-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 25). Claim p025-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p025-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p025-05","page":25,"section":"ch-1-introduction","type":"statement","title":"Chapter 13 explores perceptions of how BTAM programs can be sustained and improved","quote":"With an eye toward the future, in Chapter 13, we explore principals’ perceptions of how schools’ BTAM programs can be sustained and improved.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Organization of the report","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":25,"rects":[[0.36937,0.47127,0.50318,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48895,0.51679,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p025-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 25). Claim p025-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 25). Claim p025-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p025-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-1-introduction#p025-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-01","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"This chapter uses data from 1,746 principals who completed the survey for their schools","quote":"In this chapter, we provide an overview of the BTAM landscape in K–12 public schools across the country using data from the 1,746 principals who completed our survey on behalf of their schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.12745,0.24825,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26593,0.62372,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-02","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Survey results used to investigate how many schools had BTAM programs as of 2024–2025","quote":"We first use our survey results to investigate how many schools nationally had BTAM programs in place as of the 2024–2025 school year","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.75985,0.26593,0.11269,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28361,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30128,0.07829,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-03","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Chapter examines which school types have BTAM programs and the link to 2019 policy context","quote":"We then examine what types of schools are likely to have BTAM programs and to what extent the prevalence of BTAM programs today is at all related to what the policy context looked like in 2019.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.21857,0.30128,0.65399,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31896,0.70721,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-04","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Differences explored by whether states required, encouraged, or did not address BTAM in 2019","quote":"Specifically, we explore any potential differences in schools’ implementation of BTAM today based on whether their states required, encouraged, or did not address BTAM in the 2019 policy.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.84207,0.31896,0.03048,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33664,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35431,0.53782,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-05","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 2.1 uses 100 boxes to represent the population of U.S. public schools","quote":"Figure 2.1 displays the national landscape of BTAM programs in K–12 schools, using 100 boxes to represent the population of U.S. public schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 2.1 overview","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.12745,0.46037,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47805,0.25406,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-06","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Virtually all public schools (97 percent) engaged in BTAM in some capacity in 2024–2025","quote":"As shown and according to the principals who took our survey, virtually all public schools (97 percent) engaged in BTAM in some capacity during the 2024–2025 school year.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 2.1 overview","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.38961,0.47805,0.48294,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49573,0.74188,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-07","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Eighty-two percent of public schools have an official BTAM team","quote":"Eighty-two percent of public schools have a team that they explicitly call a BTAM team (for which we use the term official BTAM team).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 2.1 overview","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note (p027): N = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.12745,0.51323,0.74507,0.01806],[0.12745,0.53091,0.1737,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-08","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"More than 70,000 schools across the United States with BTAM teams","quote":"This translates to more than 70,000 schools across the United States with BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 2.1 overview","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.31383,0.53108,0.55882,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54876,0.04108,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-09","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Official BTAM teams: 25 percent of schools school-level, 13 percent district-only, 43 percent both","quote":"This includes 25 percent of schools that have an official BTAM team housed at the school level, 13 percent of schools that only have a school district–level BTAM team, and 43 percent of schools that have both school- and district-level teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Dark purple boxes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.63118,0.56643,0.24146,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58411,0.74498,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60179,0.6847,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-10","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Another 14 percent of schools have an alternative team functionally similar to a BTAM team","quote":"Another 14 percent of schools have a team that was not formally identified as a BTAM team but was functionally similar to such teams in that it “makes decisions regarding serious student behavioral concerns” (those are represented by the light purple boxes in Figure 2.1).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Alternative teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.15033,0.61946,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63714,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65482,0.46427,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-11","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"definition","title":"Alternative teams are typically school-based and could be MTSS or PBIS teams","quote":"These are typically school-based teams that make decisions in cases of serious student behavioral concerns; they could be a team associated with a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) or positive behavioral intervention system (PBIS) or some other team referred to by another name.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Alternative teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.60374,0.65482,0.26885,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67249,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69017,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70785,0.19366,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-12","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"In rare cases schools were also served by BTAM teams managed by external organizations","quote":"were also served by BTAM teams that were managed by organizations or government entities external to the school or district.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: External teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.64401,0.72552,0.22855,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7432,0.64595,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-13","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Example: local community or health care organization teams carry out BTAM for youth and adults","quote":"For example, in some areas, teams managed by a local community or health care organization carry out BTAM for youth and adults referred to them through different pathways.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["community-partnerships","external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: External teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.78254,0.7432,0.09006,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76088,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77855,0.38645,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-14","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Nine percent of schools reported working with an external BTAM team","quote":"Nine percent of schools reported working with an","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 26 part and the sentence continues on page 27. Full sentence (pages 26–27): “Nine percent of schools reported working with an external BTAM team, as represented by the superimposed orange box in Figure 2.1.”","concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: External teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note (p027): N = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.52299,0.77855,0.34949,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-15","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Footnote: some schools have programs not called BTAM but functionally similar","quote":"Some schools maintain programs that are not explicitly called BTAM but are functionally similar BTAM programs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.14379,0.83584,0.70122,0.01548]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-16","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Footnote: data initially cover both program types, later narrowing to BTAM-identified programs","quote":"We initially present data that cover both types of programs but will later narrow to discuss only those programs that our respondents specifically identified as BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.85284,0.83598,0.01974,0.01533],[0.12745,0.84987,0.7451,0.01533],[0.12745,0.86376,0.2246,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p026-17","page":26,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"definition","title":"Footnote: BTAM-like team defined as a school-based team deciding on serious behavioral concerns","quote":"We define BTAM-like team as a school-based team that makes decisions regarding serious student behavioral concerns but is not formally referred to as a BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":26,"rects":[[0.14379,0.88382,0.72867,0.01548],[0.12745,0.89785,0.25699,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 26). Claim p026-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p026-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p026-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-01","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 2.1: Official BTAM team 82 percent","quote":"Official BTAM team | 82","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":27,"rects":[[0.14289,0.15397,0.58817,0.01343]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-02","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 2.1: School-level team only 25 percent","quote":"School-level team only | 25","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":27,"rects":[[0.14292,0.17247,0.64469,0.01398]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-03","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 2.1: District-level team only 13 percent","quote":"District-level team only | 13","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":27,"rects":[[0.14294,0.19096,0.6457,0.01453]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-04","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 2.1: Teams located at both levels 43 percent","quote":"Teams located at both levels | 43","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":27,"rects":[[0.14294,0.20946,0.67785,0.01508]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-05","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 2.1: Alternative team performing BTAM functions 14 percent","quote":"Alternative team performing BTAM functions | 14","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":27,"rects":[[0.14296,0.22796,0.71906,0.01564]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-06","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 2.1: No BTAM team 3 percent","quote":"No BTAM team | 3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":27,"rects":[[0.14296,0.24646,0.56255,0.01619]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-07","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 2.1: Supported by BTAM team external to school district 9 percent","quote":"Supported by BTAM team external to school district | 9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":27,"rects":[[0.21451,0.32239,0.22128,0.02427]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-08","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.1 note: survey item on having a BTAM team or other formal group at school or district","quote":"“During this school year (2024–2025), does your school or school district have a behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) team or any other formal group of persons tasked with identifying and assessing students who might be at risk for violent or harmful behavior (toward themselves or others)?”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.56079,0.37124,0.29689,0.01135],[0.13128,0.38276,0.73775,0.01135],[0.13128,0.39429,0.63122,0.01135]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-09","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.1 note: survey item on whether the BTAM team is housed at school or district level","quote":"“Is the BTAM team(s) housed at the school or district level, or both?”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.78495,0.39429,0.0659,0.01135],[0.13128,0.40582,0.28593,0.01135]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-10","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.1 note: survey item on whether an outside BTAM team serves the school","quote":"“Some schools are served by BTAM teams external to a school or district. These teams may be managed by a community organization; a local, county, state, or federal government entity; a law enforcement agency; or other organizations. Is your school served by an outside BTAM team?”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.43662,0.40582,0.43457,0.01135],[0.13128,0.41735,0.74214,0.01135],[0.13128,0.42888,0.37245,0.01135]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-11","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.1 note: survey item on a school-based team not called BTAM; N = 1,746","quote":"“Does your school have a school-based team that makes decisions regarding serious student behavioral concerns that is not referred to as a behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) team? This could be a team associated with a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) or positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) that makes decisions about individualized interventions for serious behavioral concerns” (N = 1,746)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.54741,0.42888,0.30805,0.01135],[0.13128,0.44041,0.71739,0.01135],[0.13128,0.45194,0.72018,0.01135],[0.13128,0.46347,0.62844,0.01135]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-12","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.1 note: principals answering Don’t know were counted as a no","quote":"For principals who responded to the above items with “Don’t know,” we counted their school as a “no.”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.76939,0.46347,0.10045,0.01135],[0.13128,0.475,0.44966,0.01135]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-13","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.1 note: one hundred boxes represent the U.S. population of public schools","quote":"One hundred boxes are used to represent the U.S. population of public schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.59162,0.475,0.27627,0.01135],[0.13128,0.48653,0.15384,0.01135]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-14","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.1 note: percentages and shading may not align or sum to 100 because of rounding","quote":"Percentages and shading may not align or sum to 100 because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.1. Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.29209,0.48653,0.4116,0.01135]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-15","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Principals were asked to consider teams managed by community, government, or law enforcement bodies","quote":"We asked principals to consider teams managed by a community organization; a local, county, state, or federal government entity; a law enforcement agency; or other organizations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: External BTAM team continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.71432,0.5286,0.15818,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54627,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56395,0.32424,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-16","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"External BTAM teams are not a primary focus, so limited information is available","quote":"Because these external BTAM teams are not a primary focus of this report, we have limited information available about them and how schools engage with them.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: External BTAM team continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.4594,0.56395,0.41321,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58163,0.67859,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-17","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Most principals were only “somewhat familiar” with outside BTAM teams’ operation and processes","quote":"Furthermore, most principals noted they were only “somewhat familiar” with the operation and processes of these outside BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: External BTAM team continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.81365,0.58163,0.0589,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5993,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61698,0.1436,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-18","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Schools’ use of BTAM has increased over time (Figure 1.1)","quote":"As shown in Figure 1.1, schools’ use of BTAM has increased over time.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.12745,0.74577,0.50086,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-19","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"State policy context likely affects whether and how rapidly schools implement new practices","quote":"Although individual schools may adopt new school safety approaches individually or at the district level, the state policy context—that is, whether schools are subject to legal requirements or receive incentives to adopt BTAM—likely affects the extent to which and how rapidly schools implement new practices.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.63779,0.74577,0.23483,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76345,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78112,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7988,0.45114,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-20","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"States mandating BTAM might fund state agencies for training or publish guidelines","quote":"States that mandate BTAM in schools, for example, might fund their state-level school agencies to provide BTAM-specific training to schools at no cost, or publish guidelines to aid implementation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.58627,0.7988,0.28627,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81648,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83415,0.30157,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-21","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Virginia’s BTAM law was enacted in 2013; Florida and New Jersey mandates are more recent","quote":"Some states took definitive steps to push their schools to implement BTAM relatively early (e.g., Virginia’s law relating to BTAM was enacted in 2013), while others have established legislative mandates more recently (e.g., Florida, New Jersey).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-models","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.43671,0.83415,0.43584,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85183,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.86951,0.49696,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p027-22","page":27,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Other states encouraged adoption through guidance without a legislative mandate","quote":"Other states took steps to encourage adoption, for example, by publishing guidance and recommendations without a legislative mandate","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":27,"rects":[[0.63765,0.86951,0.2349,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88718,0.70952,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 27). Claim p027-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p027-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p027-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-01","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"9 percent of schools (roughly 8,000) work with an external BTAM team","quote":"As shown in Figure 2.1, 9 percent of schools (or roughly 8,000 schools across the United States) work with an external BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.1 note gives N = 1,746; text restates the figure"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.15686,0.15562,0.67972,0.01703],[0.15686,0.17203,0.1952,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-02","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Of schools with external teams, 89 percent said they were community- or county-level teams","quote":"Of those schools supported by external teams, the vast majority (89 percent) said these were community- or county-level teams that respond to cases in local schools and in the broader community.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":174,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 174)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_174","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.10 (p115): only schools served by an outside BTAM team, n = 174"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.35985,0.17203,0.47676,0.01703],[0.15686,0.18845,0.67974,0.01703],[0.15686,0.20486,0.15965,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-03","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Only 5 percent received support from a state-level team; only 2 percent engaged a federal-agency tea","quote":"Only 5 percent of schools received support from a state-level team, and only 2 percent engaged with a team managed by a federal agency (such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI]) about specific cases.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":174,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 174)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_174","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.10 (p115): only schools served by an outside BTAM team, n = 174"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.32417,0.20486,0.51252,0.01703],[0.15686,0.22128,0.67983,0.01703],[0.15686,0.23769,0.17147,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-04","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"55 percent of schools with external teams said the team is involved only when the school seeks assis","quote":"Most schools that worked with such teams (55 percent) said an outside BTAM team only becomes involved in a case when the school specifically seeks out its assistance.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.58 (p141): schools served by an outside team and familiar with it, n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.17974,0.2541,0.65681,0.01703],[0.15686,0.27052,0.45515,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-05","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"8 percent said they engage an outside team only when the team approaches the school about a threat o","quote":"Conversely, a handful (8 percent) reported that the only time their school engages with an outside BTAM team is when the external team approaches the school about a specific threat or tip received that is relevant to the school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.58 (p141): schools served by an outside team and familiar with it, n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.61935,0.27052,0.21734,0.01703],[0.15686,0.28693,0.67976,0.01703],[0.15686,0.30335,0.57433,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-06","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Remaining schools gave mixed responses on who initiates engagement with the external team","quote":"The remaining schools provided mixed responses in terms of who initiates the engagement—the school or the external team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.73827,0.30335,0.09837,0.01703],[0.15686,0.31976,0.67968,0.01703],[0.15686,0.33617,0.03312,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-07","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Principals reported a mix of experiences working with external teams","quote":"The principals we surveyed reported a mix of experiences working with these external teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.17974,0.35259,0.60097,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-08","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Thirty-eight percent said outside teams have access to more or different information than the school","quote":"Thirty-eight percent said outside BTAM teams have access to more or different information than the school or district does, including ready access to law enforcement data and other sources—a potential benefit.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Appendix A, p141, Tables A.59/A.60: n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.78744,0.35259,0.04918,0.01703],[0.15686,0.369,0.67974,0.01703],[0.15686,0.38542,0.67578,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-09","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Slightly more than half of schools engaged with external teams gained access to more service provide","quote":"Another potential benefit of external teams, which slightly more than half of schools that had engaged with these teams experienced, is access to a broader variety of service providers or providers with greater capacity to deliver intervention programming relative to what the school is able to provide.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","service-provider-capacity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.15686,0.40183,0.67982,0.01703],[0.15686,0.41824,0.67973,0.01703],[0.15686,0.43466,0.59448,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-10","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"25 percent said external teams know less about school environments and youth than school-based stake","quote":"One-quarter (25 percent) of these respondents said that external teams do not know as much about school environments and/or youth populations relative to school-based stakeholders, which can be problematic when it comes to assessing the level of threat posed by student behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","risk-assessment"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.60 (p141): n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.15686,0.46749,0.67975,0.01703],[0.15686,0.4839,0.67974,0.01703],[0.15686,0.50032,0.55791,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-11","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"20 percent of principals said outside teams do not know as much about the specific school community ","quote":"Similarly, 20 percent of principals noted that outside teams do not know as much about the specific school community context.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.60 (p141): n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.72204,0.50032,0.11457,0.01703],[0.15686,0.51673,0.67971,0.01703],[0.15686,0.53314,0.04911,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-12","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"High school principals seemed more skeptical about the usefulness of external teams","quote":"High school principals, in particular, seemed more skeptical about the usefulness of these external teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.17974,0.54956,0.65686,0.01703],[0.15686,0.56597,0.03925,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-13","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"High school principals: 48 percent said external teams do not know much about school environments or","quote":"They were more likely than their elementary and middle school counterparts to believe that external teams do not know much about school environments and/or youth populations (48 percent said this) and also less likely than middle school principals to believe that these teams have access to a broader variety of service providers.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","grade-level-scope"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"High school principals served by an external BTAM team","basis":"columns; Table A.60 n = 122 is the all-level total, elementary/middle/high Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"external_team_high_school_columns","base_page":28,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Share of high school principals only; Table A.60 n = 122 is the all-level total"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.20573,0.56597,0.63081,0.01703],[0.15686,0.58239,0.67976,0.01703],[0.15686,0.5988,0.67966,0.01703],[0.15686,0.61521,0.23426,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-14","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Some states provide no guidance and leave BTAM decisions to the school or district","quote":"Still other states do not provide any guidance and leave these decisions to the individual school or school district.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.20544,0.66463,0.66713,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68231,0.11731,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-15","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"State policy is not expected to be the primary determinant, but encouragement or funding could promo","quote":"Although we do not expect state policy context to be the primary determinant of schools’ decisions about which safety measures to implement (see Chapter 7 for a discussion of the primary drivers for initial BTAM implementation in schools), encouraging the use of BTAM or providing other supports, such as funding to state-level school safety agencies specifically for BTAM could promote adoption or influence how schools form BTAM teams and scope their responsibilities.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy not primary determinant","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.15033,0.69999,0.72225,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71766,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73534,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75302,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77069,0.35422,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-16","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Schools in early-legislation or early-encouraging states might be further along in refining practice","quote":"As a result, schools in states with early BTAM-specific legislation or in states that encouraged BTAM earlier than others might be further along today in refining their practices for their specific school context.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy not primary determinant","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.49054,0.77069,0.38209,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78837,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80605,0.31979,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-17","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Drew on a Child Trends and NASBE systematic analysis of state-level threat assessment laws and polic","quote":"we drew on a systematic analysis of state-level laws and policies related to threat assessment and completed by Child Trends and NASBE","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Systematic analysis of state policy","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.33272,0.82372,0.53977,0.01788],[0.12745,0.8414,0.38135,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p028-18","page":28,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Some schools provided information on potential drawbacks of working with external teams","quote":"Some schools provided information on the potential drawbacks of working with external teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Nine Percent of Schools Engage with an External BTAM Team—These Teams Are Almost Always County-Level Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":28,"rects":[[0.17974,0.45107,0.65289,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 28). Claim p028-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p028-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p028-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-01","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Child Trends and NASBE (2021) divided states into three 2019 categories","quote":"The Child Trends and NASBE analysis (2021) divided states into three categories: (1) states that mandated behavioral threat assessment in K–12 schools through legislation or specific state policy in 2019; (2) states that encouraged the implementation of behavioral threat assessment in K–12 schools or addressed it via non-codified policy in 2019; and (3) states that made no mention of behavioral threat assessment in 2019.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":["p028-17"],"element":"paragraph: State policy association continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.45702,0.08744,0.41559,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.2506,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-02","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Authors explored how current BTAM landscape differed across the three 2019 state policy contexts","quote":"We explored to what extent the current (as of this writing) BTAM landscape in schools differed across these three early state policy contexts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy association continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.38471,0.15814,0.48784,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.48075,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-03","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 2.2 uses 100 boxes per 2019 state policy context","quote":"Figure 2.2 displays the existing landscape of BTAM program adoption in schools based on our survey data, again using 100 boxes to represent the population of public schools in each state policy context.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy association continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.61652,0.17582,0.25603,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.40974,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-04","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"BTAM is very common in schools across all 2019 state policy contexts","quote":"The three breakdowns demonstrate that BTAM is very common in schools across all 2019 state policy contexts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy association continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.545,0.21117,0.32762,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.43457,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-05","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Very few schools in any state policy context do not engage in BTAM at all","quote":"Very few schools in any state policy context do not engage in BTAM at all.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy association continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.57034,0.22885,0.30214,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.20494,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-06","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Marginal differences across contexts, namely in the types of teams serving schools","quote":"However, there are marginal differences in specific elements of BTAM adoption across these contexts, namely in the types of teams serving schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy association continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.34062,0.24653,0.53193,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.48777,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-07","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Schools in states with no 2019 legislation or encouragement more likely to use a BTAM-like team","quote":"schools in these states are more likely than their counterparts in other policy contexts to use a BTAM-like team to perform threat assessment and management functions (e.g., an MTSS or PBIS team).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy association continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.72197,0.28188,0.15055,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29956,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31723,0.46466,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-08","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Official BTAM team: 90 percent early legislation states, 77 percent encouraged states, 73 percent no","quote":"More specifically, 90 percent of schools in early legislation states have an official BTAM team today, compared with 77 percent of schools in states that only encouraged the practice in 2019 and 73 percent of schools in states where there was no mention of BTAM in state policy in 2019.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy association continuation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"State-policy groups in column order: other states, encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"state_policy_groups_423_481_842","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Columns: other states, encouraged-only states, early legislation states (Figure 2.2 / Table B.2)"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.60435,0.31723,0.26813,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33491,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35259,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37026,0.1982,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-09","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Early-legislation-state schools more likely than no-mention-state schools to have teams at both leve","quote":"Furthermore, schools in early legislation states are more likely today than those in states where BTAM was not addressed in 2019 to have teams at both the school and district levels.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: State policy association continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.33212,0.37026,0.54046,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38794,0.68791,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-10","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Prevalence investigated by level, locale, poverty, racial/ethnic composition, and enrollment","quote":"We also investigated the prevalence of BTAM teams (including BTAM-like teams) across different school demographics, including school level, locale, poverty level, student racial/ethnic composition, and student enrollment size.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Prevalence across school demographics","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.12745,0.47127,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48895,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50663,0.10623,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-11","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"BTAM teams were common across all school types (Figure 2.3)","quote":"As shown in Figure 2.3, BTAM teams were common across all school types.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Prevalence across school demographics","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.24126,0.50663,0.5151,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-12","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Large schools (450+ students) 85 percent vs small schools 79 percent reported official BTAM teams","quote":"Principals of large schools (those serving 450 students or more) were slightly more likely than their counterparts in small schools to report having official BTAM teams (85 percent versus 79 percent, respectively).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Prevalence across school demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"School enrollment-size subgroups (small, large)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_enrollment_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; enrollment-size subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.33627,0.5243,0.53637,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54198,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55966,0.16051,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-13","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Rural schools 78 percent official BTAM teams vs 84 percent suburban and 86 percent urban","quote":"BTAM teams may also be slightly less common in rural settings: 78 percent of rural schools reported having official BTAM teams compared with 84 percent of suburban schools and 86 percent of urban schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Prevalence across school demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"School-locale subgroups (urban, suburban, rural)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_locale_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; locale subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.30036,0.55966,0.5723,0.01788],[0.12745,0.57733,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59501,0.11429,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-14","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Footnote: 2019 compilation was the most up-to-date comprehensive source at sampling time","quote":"The 2019 compilation of law and policy was the most up-to-date source of comprehensive information on BTAM requirements nationally at the time of survey sampling and planning","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.14379,0.64108,0.72876,0.01533],[0.12745,0.65497,0.3687,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-15","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Footnote: the Child Trends/NASBE authors focused on threat assessment, a broader category than BTAM","quote":"Note that the authors of this study were focused on threat assessment, which is a somewhat broader category than behavioral threat assessment and management as currently defined.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","limitations","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.14379,0.67502,0.72876,0.01548],[0.12745,0.68891,0.36823,0.01548]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-16","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Footnote: a state could be coded as requiring threat assessment without a multidisciplinary team","quote":"For example, a state might be categorized by these authors as having a law, regulation, or policy requiring threat assessment even if the requirement did not involve that threat assessment being done by a multidisciplinary team (which is core to virtually all framings of behavioral threat assessment).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.50327,0.68906,0.36922,0.01533],[0.12745,0.70295,0.74516,0.01533],[0.12745,0.71683,0.65843,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-17","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Footnote: some states with neither legislation nor encouragement in 2019 have since passed BTAM legi","quote":"Note that some of these states that had neither legislation nor encouraged BTAM as of 2019 have passed BTAM legislation as of this report’s publication.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.14379,0.73704,0.72881,0.01533],[0.12745,0.75093,0.17415,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-18","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Footnote: 2021–2022 federal data show rural schools less likely to have threat assessment teams (Bur","quote":"Federal data on school safety measures from the 2021–2022 school year also show that schools located in rural locales were less likely to have threat assessment teams, compared with schools located in city, suburban, and town locales (Burr et al., 2024).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.14379,0.77113,0.72877,0.01533],[0.12745,0.78502,0.74511,0.01533],[0.12745,0.7989,0.02871,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-19","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Footnote: in 2021–2022, urban schools were also most likely to have threat assessment teams","quote":"During that school year, schools located in urban areas were also most likely to have threat assessment teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":["p029-18"],"element":"footnote: 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.16717,0.7989,0.6501,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p029-20","page":29,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Authors note some minor differences in BTAM team prevalence across school demographics","quote":"However, we do note some minor differences.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Prevalence across school demographics","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":29,"rects":[[0.76399,0.50663,0.10856,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5243,0.20003,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 29). Claim p029-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p029-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p029-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-01","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.2: Official BTAM team: Other states 73 percent, encouraged in 2019 77 percent, early legislati","quote":"Official BTAM team | 73 | 77 | 90","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":["p029-08"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"State-policy groups in column order: other states, encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"state_policy_groups_423_481_842","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.2 columns are the three state-policy groups; N = 1,746 total"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":30,"rects":[[0.14151,0.82385,0.68284,0.01185]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-02","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.2: School-level team only: Other states 24 percent, encouraged in 2019 20 percent, early legis","quote":"School-level team only | 24 | 20 | 29","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"State-policy groups in column order: other states, encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"state_policy_groups_423_481_842","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.2 columns are the three state-policy groups; N = 1,746 total"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":30,"rects":[[0.14151,0.78613,0.68284,0.01191]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-03","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.2: District-level team only: Other states 16 percent, encouraged in 2019 18 percent, early leg","quote":"District-level team only | 16 | 18 | 10","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"State-policy groups in column order: other states, encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"state_policy_groups_423_481_842","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.2 columns are the three state-policy groups; N = 1,746 total"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":30,"rects":[[0.14151,0.78613,0.68284,0.01007]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-04","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.2: Teams located at both levels: Other states 33 percent, encouraged in 2019 39 percent, early","quote":"Teams located at both levels | 33 | 39 | 50","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":["p029-09"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"State-policy groups in column order: other states, encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"state_policy_groups_423_481_842","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.2 columns are the three state-policy groups; N = 1,746 total"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":30,"rects":[[0.14151,0.769,0.68284,0.01395]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-05","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.2: Alternative team performing BTAM functions: Other states 23 percent, encouraged in 2019 16 ","quote":"Alternative team performing BTAM functions | 23 | 16 | 9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"State-policy groups in column order: other states, encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"state_policy_groups_423_481_842","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.2 columns are the three state-policy groups; N = 1,746 total"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":30,"rects":[[0.14151,0.81139,0.68284,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-06","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.2: No BTAM team: Other states 4 percent, encouraged in 2019 6 percent, early legislation 1 per","quote":"No BTAM team | 4 | 6 | 1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"State-policy groups in column order: other states, encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"state_policy_groups_423_481_842","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.2 columns are the three state-policy groups; N = 1,746 total"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":30,"rects":[[0.14151,0.83579,0.68284,0.01098]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-07","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.2: Supported by BTAM team external to school district: Other states 11 percent, encouraged in ","quote":"Supported by BTAM team external to school district | 11 | 9 | 8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"State-policy groups in column order: other states, encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"state_policy_groups_423_481_842","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.2 columns are the three state-policy groups; N = 1,746 total"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":30,"rects":[[0.14151,0.78279,0.68284,0.01195]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-08","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.2 note: survey item on having a BTAM team or other formal group at school or district","quote":"“During this school year (2024–2025), does your school or school district have a behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) team or any other formal group of persons tasked with identifying and assessing students who might be at risk for violent or harmful behavior (toward themselves or others)?”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":30,"rects":[[0.70693,0.11147,0.01447,0.47133],[0.72164,0.10984,0.01447,0.80009]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-09","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.2 note: survey item on whether the BTAM team is housed at school or district level","quote":"“Is the BTAM team(s) housed at the school or district level, or both?”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":30,"rects":[[0.73635,0.6357,0.01447,0.27059]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-10","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.2 note: survey item on whether an outside BTAM team serves the school","quote":"“Some schools are served by BTAM teams external to a school or district. These teams may be managed by a community organization; a local, county, state, or federal government entity; a law enforcement agency; or other organizations. Is your school served by an outside BTAM team?”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":30,"rects":[[0.73635,0.11731,0.01447,0.5036],[0.75105,0.231,0.01447,0.67893]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-11","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.2 note: survey item on a school-based team not called BTAM; N = 1,746","quote":"“Does your school have a school-based team that makes decisions regarding serious student behavioral concerns that is not referred to as a behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) team? This could be a team associated with a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) or positive behavioral intervention system (PBIS) that makes decisions about individualized interventions for serious behavioral concerns” (N = 1,746)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":30,"rects":[[0.75105,0.09525,0.01447,0.10248],[0.76576,0.1042,0.01447,0.80573],[0.78046,0.12795,0.01447,0.78198],[0.79517,0.82289,0.01447,0.08704]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-12","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.2 note: principals answering Don’t know were counted as a no","quote":"For principals who responded to the above items, “Don’t know,” we counted their school as a “no.”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"clauses(1/2)","page":30,"rects":[[0.79517,0.40992,0.01447,0.13637]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-13","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.2 note: one hundred boxes represent the schools in each state policy context","quote":"One hundred boxes are used to represent the population of public schools in each state policy context.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":30,"rects":[[0.79517,0.12679,0.01447,0.27499],[0.80988,0.76144,0.01447,0.14848]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p030-14","page":30,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.2 note: percentages and shading may not align or sum to 100 because of rounding","quote":"Percentages and shading may not align or sum to 100 because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.2. Current Landscape of BTAM in U.S. Public Schools, by 2019 State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":30,"rects":[[0.80988,0.44276,0.01447,0.31349]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 30). Claim p030-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p030-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p030-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-01","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Total: official team 82 percent, alternative team 14 percent, total 97 percent","quote":"(none) | Total | 82 | 14 | 97","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":["p026-06","p026-07","p026-10"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 2.3 note gives N = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.12837,0.48929,0.38764,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-02","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Level: Elementary: official team 81 percent, alternative team 16 percent, total 97 percent","quote":"Level | Elementary | 81 | 16 | 97","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"School-level subgroups (elementary, middle, high)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_level_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.36573,0.54781,0.01332]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-03","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Level: Middle: official team 86 percent, alternative team 11 percent, total 97 percent","quote":"Level | Middle | 86 | 11 | 97","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"School-level subgroups (elementary, middle, high)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_level_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.36573,0.54781,0.01332]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-04","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Level: High: official team 81 percent, alternative team 13 percent, total 94 percent","quote":"Level | High | 81 | 13 | 94","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"School-level subgroups (elementary, middle, high)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_level_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.36573,0.54781,0.01332]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-05","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Locale: Urban: official team 86 percent, alternative team 12 percent, total 98 percent","quote":"Locale | Urban | 86 | 12 | 98","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":["p029-13"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"School-locale subgroups (urban, suburban, rural)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_locale_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.36573,0.54781,0.01332]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-06","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Locale: Suburban: official team 84 percent, alternative team 13 percent, total 97 percent","quote":"Locale | Suburban | 84 | 13 | 97","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":["p029-13"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"School-locale subgroups (urban, suburban, rural)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_locale_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.36573,0.54781,0.01332]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-07","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Locale: Rural: official team 78 percent, alternative team 17 percent, total 95 percent","quote":"Locale | Rural | 78 | 17 | 95","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":["p029-13"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"School-locale subgroups (urban, suburban, rural)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_locale_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.36573,0.54781,0.01332]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-08","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3 high neighborhood poverty: official 80 percent, alternative 16 percent, total 96 percent","quote":"Neighborhood poverty level | High | 80 | 16 | 96","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Neighborhood-poverty subgroups (high, middle, low)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_poverty_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.367,0.54781,0.02342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-09","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3 middle neighborhood poverty: official 82 percent, alternative 14 percent, total 96 percent","quote":"Neighborhood poverty level | Middle | 82 | 14 | 96","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Neighborhood-poverty subgroups (high, middle, low)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_poverty_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.367,0.54781,0.02342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-10","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3 low neighborhood poverty: official 85 percent, alternative 13 percent, total 98 percent","quote":"Neighborhood poverty level | Low | 85 | 13 | 98","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Neighborhood-poverty subgroups (high, middle, low)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_poverty_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.367,0.54781,0.02342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-11","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Student racial/ethnic composition: Majority White students: official team 82 percent, alter","quote":"Student racial/ethnic composition | Majority White students | 82 | 15 | 97","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Student racial/ethnic-composition subgroups","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_race_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.57232,0.37837,0.2721,0.01205]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-12","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Student racial/ethnic composition: Majority students of color: official team 82 percent, al","quote":"Student racial/ethnic composition | Majority students of color | 82 | 14 | 97","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Student racial/ethnic-composition subgroups","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_race_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.57232,0.37837,0.2721,0.01205]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-13","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Enrollment size: Small: official team 79 percent, alternative team 17 percent, total 96 per","quote":"Enrollment size | Small | 79 | 17 | 96","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":["p029-12"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"School enrollment-size subgroups (small, large)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_enrollment_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.367,0.54781,0.02342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-14","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 2.3: Enrollment size: Large: official team 85 percent, alternative team 12 percent, total 97 per","quote":"Enrollment size | Large | 85 | 12 | 97","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","subgroup-differences"],"supports":["p029-12"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"School enrollment-size subgroups (small, large)","basis":"Figure 2.3 note, N = 1,746 is the figure total; subgroup Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_2_3_enrollment_columns","base_page":31,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 2.3 total N = 1,746; per-subgroup Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":31,"rects":[[0.32178,0.367,0.54781,0.02342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-15","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.3 note: survey item on having a BTAM team or other formal group at school or district","quote":"“During this school year (2024–2025), does your school or school district have a behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) team or any other formal group of persons tasked with identifying and assessing students who might be at risk for violent or harmful behavior (toward themselves or others)?”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":31,"rects":[[0.55175,0.4211,0.29265,0.01118],[0.12837,0.43247,0.72723,0.01118],[0.12837,0.44383,0.62222,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-16","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.3 note: survey item on a school-based team not called BTAM; N = 1,746","quote":"“Does your school have a school-based team that makes decisions regarding serious student behavioral concerns that is not referred to as a behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) team? This could be a team associated with a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) or positive behavioral intervention system (PBIS) that makes decisions about individualized interventions for serious behavioral concerns” (N = 1,746)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":31,"rects":[[0.79656,0.44383,0.055,0.01118],[0.12837,0.45519,0.69521,0.01118],[0.12837,0.46656,0.71451,0.01118],[0.12837,0.47792,0.71936,0.01118],[0.12837,0.48929,0.11265,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p031-17","page":31,"section":"ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 2.3 note: bars may not sum to totals because of rounding","quote":"Bars may not sum to totals because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 2.3. Percentage of Schools with a BTAM Team, by School Demographics","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":31,"rects":[[0.25056,0.48929,0.25865,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 31). Claim p031-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p031-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-2-which-schools-have-implemented-btam#p031-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-01","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"BTAM practice has grown significantly since data began in 2015–2016","quote":"the practice of BTAM has experienced significant growth at schools around the country since data on the topic first became available for the 2015–2016 school year","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.39182,0.24825,0.48078,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26593,0.65144,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-02","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Timing analysis focuses on roughly 1,600 schools with official or BTAM-like team","quote":"we focus on the subset of roughly 1,600 schools in our survey sample that reported having an official BTAM team or a BTAM-like team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.44103,0.33664,0.43143,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35431,0.51102,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-03","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Implementation analysis limited to principals present for initial implementation","quote":"We then focus in on what implementation looked like among the subset of principals who were around for the initial implementation of their school’s official BTAM program.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.64646,0.35431,0.22609,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37199,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38967,0.223,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-04","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"Principals asked in January 2025 when their BTAM or similar team was formed","quote":"We asked principals in January 2025 when their school’s BTAM team (or alternative school-based team that functions similarly to a BTAM team) was formed.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Timing of team formation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.12745,0.49573,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5134,0.37626,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-05","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Mid-year asking makes team-duration responses slightly difficult to interpret","quote":"Note that we asked principals this question midway through the 2024–2025 school year, making it slightly difficult to interpret principals’ responses about how long their BTAM team had been in place.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Timing of team formation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.51237,0.5134,0.36024,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53108,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54876,0.29017,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-06","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"A minority of principals reported teams formed five to eight years ago or earlier","quote":"As shown in Figure 3.1, a minority of principals reported having BTAM teams that were formed five to eight years ago, or even earlier.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 3.1 results","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.15033,0.60179,0.72223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61946,0.21383,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-07","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"53 percent of principals reported teams formed in the past two to four school years","quote":"Most principals (53 percent) reported that their BTAM teams were formed in the past two to four school years.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 3.1 results","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1505,"label":"Schools with BTAM team, excluding principals who did not know how long the team had been in place","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1505)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"btam_team_years_in_place_1505","base_page":33,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 3.1 note gives n = 1,505"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.34941,0.61946,0.52311,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63714,0.24324,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-08","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conclusion","title":"Timing corresponds with post-COVID behavior spikes and high-profile school shootings","quote":"This timing corresponds with at least two notable trends: (1) the return to in-person schooling after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated spikes in student behavior problems, such as minor classroom disruptions and student fights (NCES, 2022; Peetz, 2025); and (2) high-profile school shootings throughout the country, which spurred renewed attention to behavioral threat assessment in schools and led directly to changes in state policy (WFTS Webteam, 2018; Higgins, 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","state-policy-mandates","targeted-violence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 3.1 results","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.3789,0.63714,0.49353,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65482,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67249,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69017,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70785,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72552,0.0964,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-09","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Principal-recalled start dates largely align with federal trend data in Figure 1.1","quote":"results from our nationally representative sample of principals who were asked to recall when their BTAM programs began largely to align with federal trend data presented in Figure 1.1.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Alignment with federal trend data","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.21329,0.7432,0.65925,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76088,0.62048,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-10","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conjecture","title":"Both data sources suggest a significant increase in BTAM implementation in the past five years","quote":"Specifically, both data sources suggest a significant increase in BTAM implementation in approximately the past five years.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Alignment with federal trend data","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.75455,0.76088,0.11796,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77855,0.72198,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p032-11","page":32,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Figure 3.1 displays timing of BTAM team formation at all public schools","quote":"Nevertheless, Figure 3.1 uses principals’ responses to this question to display a representation of the timing of the formation of BTAM teams at all public schools across the country.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Timing of team formation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":32,"rects":[[0.42681,0.54876,0.44574,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56643,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58411,0.05492,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 32). Claim p032-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p032-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p032-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-01","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Figure 3.1: 9 or more years ago: 12 percent of teams formed","quote":"9 or more years ago | 12 percent","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.1. Periods When BTAM Teams Were Formed in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1505,"label":"Schools with BTAM team, excluding principals who did not know how long the team had been in place","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1505)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"btam_team_years_in_place_1505","base_page":33,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 3.1 note gives n = 1,505"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":33,"rects":[[0.13209,0.19318,0.33576,0.01507]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-02","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Figure 3.1: 5 to 8 years ago: 21 percent of teams formed","quote":"5 to 8 years ago | 21 percent","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.1. Periods When BTAM Teams Were Formed in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1505,"label":"Schools with BTAM team, excluding principals who did not know how long the team had been in place","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1505)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"btam_team_years_in_place_1505","base_page":33,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 3.1 note gives n = 1,505"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":33,"rects":[[0.13209,0.19318,0.33576,0.01507]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-03","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Figure 3.1: 2 to 4 years ago: 53 percent of teams formed","quote":"2 to 4 years ago | 53 percent","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.1. Periods When BTAM Teams Were Formed in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1505,"label":"Schools with BTAM team, excluding principals who did not know how long the team had been in place","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1505)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"btam_team_years_in_place_1505","base_page":33,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 3.1 note gives n = 1,505"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":33,"rects":[[0.58268,0.26329,0.08234,0.02314]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-04","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Figure 3.1: in the past year: 14 percent of teams formed","quote":"in the past year | 14 percent","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.1. Periods When BTAM Teams Were Formed in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1505,"label":"Schools with BTAM team, excluding principals who did not know how long the team had been in place","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1505)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"btam_team_years_in_place_1505","base_page":33,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 3.1 note gives n = 1,505"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":33,"rects":[[0.77878,0.32152,0.08112,0.02314]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-05","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"Figure 3.1 survey question: how many school years the BTAM team has been in place (n = 1,505)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Approximately how many school years has this BTAM team been in place?” (n = 1,505).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.1. Periods When BTAM Teams Were Formed in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.16293,0.38642,0.69633,0.01118],[0.12415,0.39779,0.14078,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-06","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Only principals with a school- or district-level BTAM or equivalent team received the question","quote":"Only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or another team not called a BTAM team that functions as a BTAM team) received this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.1. Periods When BTAM Teams Were Formed in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.27444,0.39779,0.59384,0.01118],[0.12415,0.40915,0.31998,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-07","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Principals who did not know how long the team had been in place were excluded","quote":"We excluded principals who did not know how long the BTAM team had been in place at their school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.1. Periods When BTAM Teams Were Formed in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.45093,0.40915,0.38753,0.01118],[0.12415,0.42051,0.15172,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-08","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Arrow width is correlated with the share of teams formed in each period","quote":"The width of the arrows is correlated with the share of teams formed during this period.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.1. Periods When BTAM Teams Were Formed in U.S. Public Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.28264,0.42051,0.46502,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-09","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"Effective long-term program management requires processes to adjust the program over time","quote":"Because almost no program is implemented perfectly from the start, and local contexts often change over time in response to shifting circumstances and student needs, effective long-term program management requires integrating processes and activities designed to adjust the program over time to maintain or to improve performance (see discussion in Cook et al., 2019).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Adaptation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.12745,0.50359,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52127,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53894,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55662,0.39363,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-10","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"definition","title":"\"Adaptation\" means adjusting a named model to match local needs","quote":"During implementation efforts, such changes are often labeled “adaptation”—adjusting a named model to match local needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Adaptation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.53371,0.55662,0.33884,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5743,0.51489,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-11","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"Survey asked how schools adjusted their selected BTAM models during initial implementation","quote":"We probed this process of adaptation in survey questions that asked about how schools had adjusted their selected BTAM models during the initial implementation phase.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Adaptation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.65031,0.5743,0.22224,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59197,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60965,0.19916,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-12","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Schools can encounter challenges running BTAM early and later","quote":"Schools can also encounter other challenges when running their BTAM programs, both early during initial implementation and also later on.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Other challenges","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.15033,0.62733,0.72215,0.01788],[0.12745,0.645,0.27496,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-13","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"Effective implementation requires processes to identify issues and opportunities","quote":"Effective implementation requires processes and activities that can help identify issues and opportunities to improve program performance as they arise.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Other challenges","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.41053,0.645,0.4621,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66268,0.58867,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-14","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"Teams must identify specific actions and have processes to implement change","quote":"It also requires teams to identify specific actions in response to these identified issues or opportunities and have processes in place to implement change.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Other challenges","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.72424,0.66268,0.14837,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68036,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69803,0.14508,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-15","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conjecture","title":"Example: school may find BTAM not serving a specific student population effectively","quote":"For example, a school might conclude that its BTAM program is not serving a specific population of students effectively: An example of such a situation could be students in special education programs being assessed as posing significantly different levels of threat compared with general education students exhibiting similar concerning behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["equity-disparities","students-with-disabilities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Other challenges","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.28038,0.69803,0.59223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71571,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73339,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75106,0.33679,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p033-16","page":33,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conjecture","title":"School might add a special education professional, collect data, or create decision aids","quote":"In this case, a school might determine that changes need to be made to their threat assessment process, for instance, by adding a special education professional to the BTAM team; collecting additional data to support assessments; or creating new decision aids that can help the BTAM team be more consistent, fair, and effective across all referred cases.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","intervention-tools","students-with-disabilities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Other challenges","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":33,"rects":[[0.47246,0.75106,0.40008,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76874,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78642,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80409,0.53873,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 33). Claim p033-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p033-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p033-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-01","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Most schools have already implemented BTAM (see Figure 2.1)","quote":"Although most schools around the country have already implemented a BTAM program (see Figure 2.1), we present data on initial implementation for two reasons.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Section intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.43972,0.10511,0.43283,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.70067,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-02","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conjecture","title":"Data could help the roughly one in five schools that might still adopt avoid past challenges","quote":"First, these data could help the roughly one in five schools that might still adopt and implement an official BTAM program avoid challenges schools have experienced in the past.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Section intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.83664,0.12279,0.03596,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.4379,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-03","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conjecture","title":"Early-challenge data alongside later challenges can show how struggles change as programs mature","quote":"Second, presenting data about early implementation challenges alongside data on later challenges can shed light on how schools’ struggles with BTAM might change over time as programs become more established.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Section intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.57414,0.15814,0.29841,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.43048,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-04","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"Later discussion covers changes since implementation, current challenges, continuous improvement","quote":"The discussion then shifts to the changes that schools have made to their BTAM efforts since implementation, challenges they told us they are facing, and the processes they have built into their programs to support continuous improvement efforts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","current-challenges","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Section intro 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.15033,0.21117,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.22343,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-05","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Schools typically had positive experiences when first implementing their chosen BTAM approach","quote":"Schools typically had positive experiences when first implementing their chosen BTAM approach.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Positive experiences","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.12745,0.3488,0.6668,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-06","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"At least three-quarters of schools cited community support, easy adaptation, and no cost issues","quote":"For example, at least three-quarters of schools said they believe that their school community was supportive of BTAM adoption; that it was relatively easy to adapt their selected BTAM approach and adjust associated school procedures to meet their needs; and that the financial costs of BTAM did not create issues (see Table 3.1).","tag":"V","reason":"Table 3.1 shows 63% agreement for school community support and 74% for financial costs, both below three-quarters.","concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Positive experiences","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 3.1: n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.80163,0.3488,0.07092,0.01788],[0.12745,0.36648,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38415,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40183,0.73128,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-07","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conjecture","title":"Data suggest schools can implement a BTAM model successfully with modest support","quote":"These data suggest that schools can successfully implement a BTAM model with modest support—even when adapting it to local contexts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Positive experiences","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.12745,0.41951,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.43718,0.23249,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-08","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"52 percent of schools noted one or more initial implementation challenges","quote":"That said, 52 percent of schools did note one or more challenges related to initial implementation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Challenges question asked only of principals present at initial implementation (Table 3.1 n = 450)"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.15033,0.45486,0.6627,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-09","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Among schools with challenges, most reported only one or two","quote":"Among those schools that did experience challenges in this phase, most only reported one or two.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.8205,0.45486,0.05213,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47254,0.61067,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-10","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Three specific challenges rose to the top, yet relatively few schools experienced them","quote":"In reviewing principals’ responses, three specific challenges did rise to the top—even so, relatively few schools experienced them during the initial implementation stage.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.74549,0.47254,0.12706,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49021,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50789,0.31366,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-11","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"A quarter of schools lacked staff time; one-fifth could not find service providers with capacity","quote":"A quarter of schools struggled to find the staff time required to implement BTAM, and one-fifth could not identify school and local service providers that had enough capacity to support BTAM efforts (e.g., counselors, mental health treatment providers).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","service-provider-capacity","staffing-constraints"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 3.1: n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.44947,0.50789,0.42319,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52557,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54324,0.59024,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-12","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"One-sixth of schools could not identify readily available training options","quote":"One-sixth of schools could also not identify readily available training options.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","training-source"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenges","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 3.1: n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.73003,0.54324,0.14252,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56092,0.38793,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-13","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conjecture","title":"Survey suggests most principals believe implementation proceeded smoothly","quote":"Overall, our survey suggests that most principals believe that implementation of their school BTAM program proceeded smoothly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Overall","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.15033,0.5786,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59627,0.18516,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-14","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conjecture","title":"Smooth implementation could help explain the increase in BTAM adoption over the past decade","quote":"The trend could help explain the significant increase in BTAM adoption witnessed over the past decade.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Overall","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.32136,0.59627,0.55119,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61395,0.18979,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-15","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"\"Working well\" question asked of principals present at implementation who saw program as effective","quote":"We asked those principals involved in the initial implementation of a specific BTAM program and who perceived that the BTAM program was working effectively at their schools how long it took them to get the BTAM program to the point of “working well.”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Time to working well","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.12745,0.69728,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71496,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73264,0.31027,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-16","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Most said one to two years: 38 percent one year, 40 percent two, 11 percent three or four","quote":"Most principals said it took between one and two school years to get to that point, while 38 percent said it took one school year, 40 percent said it took two school years, and 11 percent said it took three or four school years.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Time to working well","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":439,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 439)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_439","base_page":126,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.31 (p126): principals present at implementation whose team is effective, N = 439 (all teams)"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.45112,0.73264,0.4214,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75031,0.74524,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76799,0.33138,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-17","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Footnote: challenge questions asked only of those using a model and present at implementation","quote":"The questions on challenges experienced during the initial implementation phase were only asked to principals who said their team was using a named model that we listed, an “Other” model, or a locally created one and who said they were around for the initial implementation of this model.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.14379,0.81578,0.72869,0.01533],[0.12745,0.82952,0.74511,0.01548],[0.12745,0.84356,0.26028,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-18","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conclusion","title":"Footnote: schools designed their own approaches, so positive experiences are not surprising","quote":"Because schools tended to design their own approaches to BTAM, it is not surprising that many typically had positive experiences implementing a program that met their needs (see also Chapter 6 for more details on initial program adoption).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","locally-developed-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.14379,0.86376,0.72876,0.01533],[0.12745,0.87765,0.70418,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-19","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Footnote: 11 percent were not sure how long it took their teams to become effective","quote":"Eleven percent were not sure how long it took for their teams to become effective.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 3","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":439,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 439)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_439","base_page":126,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.31: n = 439"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.14379,0.89785,0.48155,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p034-20","page":34,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"Section discusses schools' challenges when first implementing their chosen BTAM program","quote":"In this section, we discuss the extent to which schools told us that they experienced challenges when first implementing their chosen BTAM program.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Section intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":34,"rects":[[0.15033,0.08744,0.72235,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.29981,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 34). Claim p034-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p034-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p034-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-01","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Enough staff time to implement BTAM: 24 / 20 / 55","quote":"We had enough staff time to implement BTAM. | 24 | 20 | 55","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","staffing-constraints"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Experiences During the Initial Implementation of BTAM in Their Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 3.1 note gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":35,"rects":[[0.12827,0.1946,0.68317,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-02","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Service providers had enough capacity: 21 / 13 / 67","quote":"Our school and local service providers had enough capacity to support our BTAM efforts (e.g., counselors, mental health treatment providers). | 21 | 13 | 67","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","service-provider-capacity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Experiences During the Initial Implementation of BTAM in Their Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 3.1 note gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":35,"rects":[[0.12827,0.22896,0.36045,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-03","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Training opportunities readily available: 16 / 19 / 66","quote":"Training opportunities for BTAM team members were readily available. | 16 | 19 | 66","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","training-source"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Experiences During the Initial Implementation of BTAM in Their Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 3.1 note gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":35,"rects":[[0.12827,0.26332,0.44853,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-04","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Staged process integrated smoothly into school systems: 12 / 26 / 62","quote":"We were able to use a staged process to implement BTAM so that it integrated smoothly into school systems broadly speaking. | 12 | 26 | 62","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Experiences During the Initial Implementation of BTAM in Their Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 3.1 note gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":35,"rects":[[0.12827,0.30967,0.34781,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-05","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Financial costs did not create any issues: 11 / 15 / 74","quote":"The financial costs of implementing BTAM did not create any issues. | 11 | 15 | 74","tag":"V","reason":"Text on page 34 says at least three-quarters of schools agreed; this row shows 74%.","concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","funding"],"supports":["p034-06"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Experiences During the Initial Implementation of BTAM in Their Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 3.1 note gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":35,"rects":[[0.12827,0.34403,0.44853,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-06","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: No issues sharing information among partners: 10 / 26 / 64","quote":"We had no issues sharing information among partners for BTAM purposes (e.g., FERPA or HIPAA did not hinder information-sharing). | 10 | 26 | 64","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","privacy-information-sharing"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Experiences During the Initial Implementation of BTAM in Their Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 3.1 note gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":35,"rects":[[0.12827,0.39038,0.34022,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-07","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Easy to pick the BTAM program from options available: 10 / 40 / 50","quote":"It was easy for us to pick the BTAM program we wanted to use from the options available. | 10 | 40 | 50","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Experiences During the Initial Implementation of BTAM in Their Schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 3.1 note gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":35,"rects":[[0.12827,0.42474,0.44853,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). 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Claim p035-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-08","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Staff clearly understood goals and reasons for BTAM: 9 / 21 / 70","quote":"Our instructional and other school staff clearly understood the goals and reasons for implementing BTAM. | 9 | 21 | 70","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. 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Claim p035-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-09","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Existing records and systems easy to use for BTAM: 9 / 17 / 74","quote":"Our existing school records and other systems were easy to use in support of BTAM. | 9 | 17 | 74","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. 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Claim p035-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-10","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Easy to coordinate with outside partners: 8 / 16 / 75","quote":"It was easy to coordinate with relevant outside partners while implementing BTAM (e.g., police, service providers). | 8 | 16 | 75","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["community-partnerships","early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. 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Claim p035-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-11","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Easy to adjust school procedures to integrate BTAM: 7 / 17 / 76","quote":"It was easy to adjust school procedures to integrate BTAM into the way we dealt with student behavior and discipline issues previously. | 7 | 17 | 76","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. 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Claim p035-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-12","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: BTAM program easy to adapt to local needs: 5 / 17 / 78","quote":"The BTAM program we chose was easy to adapt to our local needs. | 5 | 17 | 78","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":["p034-06"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. 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Claim p035-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-13","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: Clear BTAM was a better approach than previous ones: 3 / 21 / 76","quote":"It was clear BTAM was a better approach to managing student behavior concerns relative to our previous approaches. | 3 | 21 | 76","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. 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Claim p035-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-14","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: BTAM well-matched to culture and leader-staff relationships: 2 / 15 / 82","quote":"BTAM was well-matched to our culture and relationships between school leaders and staff. | 2 | 15 | 82","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. 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Claim p035-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-15","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: School community supportive of BTAM adoption: 2 / 35 / 63","quote":"Our school community (e.g., parents, students) were supportive of our school’s adoption of BTAM. | 2 | 35 | 63","tag":"V","reason":"Text on page 34 says at least three-quarters of schools agreed; this row shows 63%.","concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","school-community-support"],"supports":["p034-06"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. 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Claim p035-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-16","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1: School staff supportive of BTAM adoption: 1 / 14 / 85","quote":"Our school staff was supportive of our school’s adoption of BTAM. | 1 | 14 | 85","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. 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Claim p035-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-17","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"Table 3.1 survey question: agreement with positive BTAM implementation statements (n = 450)","quote":"This table depicts response data from the following survey question: “The following table includes a number of positive statements that could describe the implementation of behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) in a school. Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement as a descriptor of your experience implementing BTAM in your school” (n = 450).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Experiences During the Initial Implementation of BTAM in Their Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":35,"rects":[[0.16457,0.78491,0.67865,0.01044],[0.12827,0.79564,0.72654,0.01044],[0.12827,0.80637,0.56461,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-18","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Table 3.1 includes only schools with a BTAM team using a model and present at initial implementation","quote":"The table includes only those who said that their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team; their team was using a named model that we listed, an “Other” model, or a locally created one; and they were around for the initial implementation of this model.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Experiences During the Initial Implementation of BTAM in Their Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":35,"rects":[[0.70187,0.80637,0.14716,0.01044],[0.12827,0.81711,0.71233,0.01044],[0.12827,0.82784,0.43283,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p035-19","page":35,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"definition","title":"FERPA = Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act; HIPAA = Health Insurance Portability Act","quote":"FERPA = Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act; HIPAA = Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","privacy-information-sharing"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 3.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Experiences During the Initial Implementation of BTAM in Their Schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":35,"rects":[[0.56744,0.82784,0.263,0.01044],[0.12827,0.83857,0.30204,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 35). Claim p035-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p035-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p035-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-01","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Time to effectiveness examined for cohorts of adopters, as shown in Figure 3.2","quote":"That is, we examined the time to effectiveness for the different cohorts of BTAM adopters as shown in Figure 3.2.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Time to effectiveness (continues across figure)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.55063,0.10511,0.3219,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.46718,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-02","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"93 percent of earliest adopters (9+ years ago) perceive their teams as somewhat or very effective","quote":"Looking at the earliest adopters (those schools that adopted BTAM teams nine or more years ago), 93 percent perceive that their BTAM teams are at the point where they are somewhat or very effective at maintaining school safety.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Time to effectiveness (continues across figure)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Earliest adopters (BTAM team in place 9+ years)","basis":"Figure 3.2 note, n = 441 is the figure total; cohort Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_3_2_earliest_adopters","base_page":36,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 3.2 total n = 441; cohort Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.60378,0.12279,0.26881,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.57075,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-03","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Only 23 percent of earliest adopters reached effectiveness within the first school year","quote":"Only 23 percent of these earliest adopters report that they had reached effectiveness within the first school year.","tag":"V","reason":"Figure 3.2 leaves the earliest adopters' 'Within 1 school year' cell unlabeled, so the 23 percent is not shown in the figure.","concepts":["effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Time to effectiveness (continues across figure)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Earliest adopters (BTAM team in place 9+ years)","basis":"Figure 3.2 note, n = 441 is the figure total; cohort Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_3_2_earliest_adopters","base_page":36,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 3.2 total n = 441; cohort Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.705,0.15814,0.16751,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.60624,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-04","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Within two school years, most early adopters felt teams were somewhat or very effective","quote":"Within two school years, most early adopters said they feel that their BTAM teams were somewhat or very effective at main-","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Time to effectiveness (continues across figure)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.74182,0.17582,0.13078,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.73923,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-05","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Figure 3.2: Earliest adopters: [unlabeled] / 52 / 75 / 81","quote":"Earliest adopters (9+ school years ago) | [unlabeled] | 52 | 75 | 81","tag":"V","reason":"Within-1-year cell is unlabeled in the figure, although the text gives 23 percent.","concepts":["adoption-timeline","effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.2. Cumulative Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Programs Were Somewhat or Very Effective at Maintaining School Safety, by When Program Was Implemented and How Long It Took to Believe That the Team Was “Working Well”","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Earliest adopters (BTAM team in place 9+ years)","basis":"Figure 3.2 note, n = 441 is the figure total; cohort Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_3_2_earliest_adopters","base_page":36,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 3.2 total n = 441; cohort Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":36,"rects":[[0.22371,0.53247,0.12162,0.0244]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-06","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Figure 3.2: Midtime adopters: 22 / 66 / 87 / 89","quote":"Midtime adopters (5 to 8 school years ago) | 22 | 66 | 87 | 89","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.2. Cumulative Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Programs Were Somewhat or Very Effective at Maintaining School Safety, by When Program Was Implemented and How Long It Took to Believe That the Team Was “Working Well”","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Midtime adopters","basis":"Figure 3.2 note, n = 441 is the figure total; cohort Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_3_2_midtime_adopters","base_page":36,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 3.2 total n = 441; cohort Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":36,"rects":[[0.37816,0.53247,0.13993,0.0244]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-07","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Figure 3.2: Recent adopters: 40 / 82 / 88 / N/A","quote":"Recent adopters (2 to 4 school years ago) | 40 | 82 | 88 | N/A","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.2. Cumulative Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Programs Were Somewhat or Very Effective at Maintaining School Safety, by When Program Was Implemented and How Long It Took to Believe That the Team Was “Working Well”","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Recent adopters","basis":"Figure 3.2 note, n = 441 is the figure total; cohort Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_3_2_recent_adopters","base_page":36,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 3.2 total n = 441; cohort Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":36,"rects":[[0.54838,0.53247,0.13993,0.0244]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-08","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Figure 3.2: New adopters: 46 / 60 / N/A / N/A","quote":"New adopters (0 to 1 school years ago) | 46 | 60 | N/A | N/A","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.2. Cumulative Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Programs Were Somewhat or Very Effective at Maintaining School Safety, by When Program Was Implemented and How Long It Took to Believe That the Team Was “Working Well”","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"New adopters","basis":"Figure 3.2 note, n = 441 is the figure total; cohort Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_3_2_new_adopters","base_page":36,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 3.2 total n = 441; cohort Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":36,"rects":[[0.72025,0.53247,0.13993,0.0244]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-09","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"statement","title":"Figure 3.2 survey questions on effectiveness, time in place, and program use (n = 441)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey questions: “How effective do you believe this BTAM team is at maintaining school safety?” “Approximately how many school years has this BTAM team been in place?” and “How long has your school used [AUTOFILL] program?” (n = 441).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.2. Cumulative Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Programs Were Somewhat or Very Effective at Maintaining School Safety, by When Program Was Implemented and How Long It Took to Believe That the Team Was “Working Well”","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.16637,0.59485,0.65247,0.01118],[0.12759,0.60621,0.7326,0.01118],[0.12759,0.61757,0.19879,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-10","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Only principals with a BTAM team who were present at initial implementation saw the question","quote":"Only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team and said they were around for the initial implementation of the BTAM program saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 3.2. Cumulative Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Programs Were Somewhat or Very Effective at Maintaining School Safety, by When Program Was Implemented and How Long It Took to Believe That the Team Was “Working Well”","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.33519,0.61757,0.50513,0.01118],[0.12759,0.62894,0.40887,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-11","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Within four school years, three-quarters of early adopters felt they had reached effectiveness","quote":"taining school safety; within four school years, three-quarters said they feel they have reached effectiveness.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Early adopters continued","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Earliest adopters (BTAM team in place 9+ years)","basis":"Figure 3.2 note, n = 441 is the figure total; cohort Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_3_2_earliest_adopters","base_page":36,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 3.2 total n = 441; cohort Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.12745,0.67077,0.74104,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-12","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"12 percent of early-adopter principals said team was effective but were not sure how long it took","quote":"Among these early adopters, 12 percent of principals said they feel that their schools had reached the point where the BTAM team was somewhat or very effective at maintaining school safety but were not sure how long it took the team to get there.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Early adopters continued","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Earliest adopters (BTAM team in place 9+ years)","basis":"Figure 3.2 note, n = 441 is the figure total; cohort Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_3_2_earliest_adopters","base_page":36,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 3.2 total n = 441; cohort Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.12745,0.68845,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70612,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7238,0.22492,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-13","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"conjecture","title":"For recent adopters, enough time may not have passed to overcome initial challenges","quote":"For schools that adopted BTAM more recently, enough time may not have passed yet for schools to overcome any initial implementation challenges such that their teams are functioning effectively.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: More recent adopters","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.15033,0.74148,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75915,0.65648,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-14","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"60 percent of newest adopters perceive their teams as somewhat or very effective","quote":"Among the newest adopters, 60 percent of principals perceive that their BTAM teams have become somewhat or very effective at maintaining school safety.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: More recent adopters","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"New adopters","basis":"Figure 3.2 note, n = 441 is the figure total; cohort Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_3_2_new_adopters","base_page":36,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 3.2 total n = 441; cohort Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.79266,0.75915,0.07993,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77683,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79451,0.25579,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-15","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Among remaining newest adopters, 15 percent feel teams not effective and 25 percent were not sure","quote":"Among the balance, 15 percent feel their teams are not currently effective, and 25 percent were not sure whether their BTAM teams were effective.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: More recent adopters","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"New adopters","basis":"Figure 3.2 note, n = 441 is the figure total; cohort Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_3_2_new_adopters","base_page":36,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 3.2 total n = 441; cohort Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.38977,0.79451,0.48278,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81218,0.52365,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p036-16","page":36,"section":"ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams","type":"fact","title":"Authors examined time to perceived effectiveness based on when BTAM program was implemented","quote":"We also examined how long it took for principals to perceive that their schools’ BTAM teams were effective based on when their BTAM program was implemented.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["perceived-effects","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Time to effectiveness (continues across figure)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":36,"rects":[[0.15033,0.08744,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.41451,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 36). Claim p036-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p036-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-3-when-did-schools-establish-btam-teams#p036-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-01","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"BTAM is designed to respond to a variety of behaviors of concern, not only explicit threats","quote":"the BTAM approach is designed to respond to a variety of behaviors of concern, not limited to explicit or direct threats.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prevention","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.3991,0.26593,0.47339,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28361,0.34832,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-02","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"evidence","title":"NTAC: objectively concerning behaviors include threats, violence, weapons, bullying (2018, p. 4)","quote":"NTAC guidance for defining the types of behaviors that might be referred to a BTAM team includes objectively concerning behaviors, such as “threatening or engaging in violence, bringing a weapon to school, bullying or harassing others, and criminal behaviors” (NTAC, 2018, p. 4).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","referral-and-reporting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.48404,0.28361,0.38851,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30128,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31896,0.74498,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33664,0.06554,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-03","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"evidence","title":"NTAC: other concerning behavior may warrant BTAM team assessment and response","quote":"NTAC guidance also identifies a constellation of “other concerning behavior” that may warrant an assessment and response by the BTAM team, including a variety of indicators of stress, inappropriate interest in violent topics (e.g., past school attackers, weapons), interpersonal conflicts, suicidality, or other concerns that might lead to a potential harmful outcome if not addressed.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.20621,0.33664,0.66635,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35431,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37199,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38967,0.4987,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-04","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"conclusion","title":"Early identification of concerning behaviors can make intervention and support more effective","quote":"Early identification of these behaviors can make schools’ efforts to intervene and support students more effective.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.63364,0.38967,0.23891,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40734,0.55207,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-05","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"BTAM teams are not intended as the primary vehicle for lower-level concerns or routine discipline","quote":"BTAM teams are not intended to be the primary vehicle for schools to respond to lower-level behavioral or mental health concerns, signals of change in a student’s well-being (e.g., depression, bullying, declining grades), or such routine school discipline issues as classroom disruption.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.19183,0.44252,0.68072,0.01806],[0.12745,0.46037,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47805,0.52181,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-06","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Survey explored principals' descriptions of BTAM scope by incident and behavior types","quote":"In our survey, we explored how principals described the scope of their BTAM programs in terms of the types of incidents and behaviors that would be addressed by a BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intro 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.15033,0.49573,0.72233,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5134,0.51615,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-07","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Chapter 4 focuses on roughly 1,600 schools with an official or alternative team","quote":"In this chapter, we focus on the subset of roughly 1,600 schools in our survey sample who reported having an official BTAM team at their school or alternative school-based team that functions similarly to a BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intro 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.6568,0.5134,0.21576,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53108,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54876,0.55888,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-08","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"Survey item: scope of threatening or concerning behavior the BTAM team responds to","quote":"We asked principals, “What is the scope of the threatening or concerning behavior to which your school or district’s BTAM team responds?”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Question","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.12745,0.67754,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69522,0.19389,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-09","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"Principals chose among eight example behaviors which, if any, would be referred to their BTAM team","quote":"We listed eight examples of threatening or concerning behavior that a student might exhibit and asked principals to select which, if any, would be referred to their school’s BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Question","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.33881,0.69522,0.53385,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7129,0.70642,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-10","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Ninety-three percent of principals said official BTAM teams would respond to very serious behavior","quote":"Ninety-three percent of principals indicated that their official BTAM teams would respond to very serious threatening or concerning behavior, such as students who directed threats toward other students or school staff, and students who made threats of or may be intending to commit mass violence against the school or school community.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","targeted-violence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Serious behavior","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1401,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (Figure 4.1 official-team column; N printed in Table A.35)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1401)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_teams_a35_1401","base_page":129,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Official-team column of Figure 4.1; N = 1,401 printed in Table A.35 (p129); the figure note's 1,635 pools both team types."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.15033,0.73058,0.72231,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74825,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76593,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78361,0.07982,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-11","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"State law or local policy sometimes requires immediate law enforcement involvement in serious cases","quote":"Though such behaviors would appear to always fall within the remit of a BTAM team, state law or local policy sometimes requires schools to immediately involve law enforcement in some very serious situations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Serious behavior","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.21363,0.78361,0.65892,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80128,0.74115,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-12","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"conjecture","title":"Some respondents may have viewed criminal-nexus cases as outside their BTAM team's jurisdiction","quote":"As a result, some of our respondents may have viewed such cases as outside the “jurisdiction” of their BTAM team and overall program because of their criminal nexus.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Serious behavior","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.12745,0.81896,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83664,0.39183,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-13","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"About 80 percent of principals said BTAM teams would respond to other serious concerns","quote":"About 80 percent of principals responded that their","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 38 part and the sentence continues on page 39 (claim p039-01). Full sentence (pages 38–39): “About 80 percent of principals responded that their schools’ BTAM teams would respond to other serious concerns, such as students at risk of self-harm or suicide or students with fixations on past school violence incidents or interest in violence or extremist movements.”","concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Serious behavior","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1401,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (Figure 4.1 official-team column; N printed in Table A.35)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1401)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_teams_a35_1401","base_page":129,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Official-team column of Figure 4.1; N = 1,401 printed in Table A.35 (p129); the figure note's 1,635 pools both team types."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.52666,0.83664,0.34593,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p038-14","page":38,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"Footnote: respondents also saw behavioral scenarios and follow-up questions on BTAM roles","quote":"We also presented survey respondents with a set of behavioral scenarios and associated follow up questions to explore how they viewed the role of their BTAM teams in response to different types of incidents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":38,"rects":[[0.14379,0.88371,0.72869,0.01533],[0.12745,0.8976,0.50396,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 38). Claim p038-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p038-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p038-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-01","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"BTAM teams would respond to serious concerns such as self-harm, suicide risk, violence fixations","quote":"schools’ BTAM teams would respond to other serious concerns, such as students at risk of self-harm or suicide or students with fixations on past school violence incidents or interest in violence or extremist movements.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Serious concerns (continued)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.7147,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-02","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"14 percent of schools have a school-based team for serious concerns not called a BTAM team","quote":"some schools (14 percent) have a school-based team that makes decisions about serious student behavioral concerns but is not referred to as a BTAM team (a BTAM-like team).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM-like teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Restates the 14 percent alternative-team share from Figure 2.1 (N = 1,746)"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.32389,0.12279,0.54872,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.6522,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-03","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"Comparing official and BTAM-like teams shows the scope of official teams versus broader-remit teams","quote":"Comparing and contrasting the responses of schools that have official BTAM teams versus these school-based BTAM-like teams help provide some insight as to the scope of official BTAM teams compared with teams that would have a broader remit by definition.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM-like teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.79248,0.14047,0.07998,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.23385,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-04","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Few official BTAM teams deal with low-level behavior such as classroom disruption","quote":"As shown in Figure 4.1, few official BTAM teams deal with low-level concerning behavior, such as regular classroom disruption and disrespect of school staff.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM-like teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.3689,0.1935,0.50365,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.59079,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-05","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"conjecture","title":"Principals' responses suggest lower-level concerns are appropriately handled by other teams","quote":"Principals’ responses suggest that these lower-level behavioral concerns are appropriately addressed by other teams schools may have in place, such as MTSS or PBIS teams that operate alongside, but separate from, the school BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM-like teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.72674,0.21117,0.14581,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.74109,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-06","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"conjecture","title":"Official BTAM teams appear to be focused on the most serious concerns","quote":"Official BTAM teams appear to be focused on the most serious concerns.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM-like teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.12745,0.2642,0.50323,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-07","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"BTAM-like teams responded more often to low-level incidents and less serious behavior","quote":"Principals also reported that such teams as the ones described above responded more often to low-level incidents and less serious behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM-like teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.63889,0.2642,0.23359,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28188,0.71676,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-08","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Fig 4.1 Serious: threats at/violent toward other students: official 93 pct, alternative team 69 pct","quote":"Serious: Students who have directed threats at or may be violent toward other individual students* | 93 | 69","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 4.1 columns: official-team schools and alternative-team schools","basis":"Figure 4.1 note, n = 1,635 is the figure total; official/alternative Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_4_1_team_type_columns","base_page":39,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 4.1 total n = 1,635 pools official and alternative teams; official-team column N = 1,401 (Table A.35, p129); alternative-team column N not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":39,"rects":[[0.13457,0.41486,0.27203,0.02266]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-09","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Fig 4.1 Serious: threats/violent toward school staff: official 92 pct, alternative team 68 pct","quote":"Serious: Students who have made threats or may be violent toward school staff*a | 92 | 68","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 4.1 columns: official-team schools and alternative-team schools","basis":"Figure 4.1 note, n = 1,635 is the figure total; official/alternative Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_4_1_team_type_columns","base_page":39,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 4.1 total n = 1,635 pools official and alternative teams; official-team column N = 1,401 (Table A.35, p129); alternative-team column N not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":39,"rects":[[0.19074,0.45413,0.2161,0.02266]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-10","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Fig 4.1 Serious: mass violence threats/intent: official 88 pct, alternative team 55 pct","quote":"Serious: Students who have made threats of or may be intending to commit mass violence against the school or school community* | 88 | 55","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 4.1 columns: official-team schools and alternative-team schools","basis":"Figure 4.1 note, n = 1,635 is the figure total; official/alternative Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_4_1_team_type_columns","base_page":39,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 4.1 total n = 1,635 pools official and alternative teams; official-team column N = 1,401 (Table A.35, p129); alternative-team column N not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":39,"rects":[[0.17963,0.49828,0.22697,0.01186]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-11","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Fig 4.1 Serious: self-harm or suicide risk: official 83 pct, alternative team 74 pct","quote":"Serious: Students who may be at risk of self-harm or suicide* | 83 | 74","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 4.1 columns: official-team schools and alternative-team schools","basis":"Figure 4.1 note, n = 1,635 is the figure total; official/alternative Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_4_1_team_type_columns","base_page":39,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 4.1 total n = 1,635 pools official and alternative teams; official-team column N = 1,401 (Table A.35, p129); alternative-team column N not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":39,"rects":[[0.23523,0.53106,0.16771,0.02457]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-12","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Fig 4.1 Serious: fixations on past violence/extremism: official 81 pct, alternative team 54 pct","quote":"Serious: Students with fixations on past school violence incidents, interest in violence or extremist movements*b | 81 | 54","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 4.1 columns: official-team schools and alternative-team schools","basis":"Figure 4.1 note, n = 1,635 is the figure total; official/alternative Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_4_1_team_type_columns","base_page":39,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 4.1 total n = 1,635 pools official and alternative teams; official-team column N = 1,401 (Table A.35, p129); alternative-team column N not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":39,"rects":[[0.1653,0.57633,0.24154,0.01186]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-13","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Fig 4.1 Serious: regular aggression toward peers: official 69 pct, alternative team 78 pct","quote":"Serious: Students who are regularly involved in aggressive behavior towards peers*c | 69 | 78","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 4.1 columns: official-team schools and alternative-team schools","basis":"Figure 4.1 note, n = 1,635 is the figure total; official/alternative Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_4_1_team_type_columns","base_page":39,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 4.1 total n = 1,635 pools official and alternative teams; official-team column N = 1,401 (Table A.35, p129); alternative-team column N not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":39,"rects":[[0.17943,0.60949,0.22739,0.02266]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-14","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Fig 4.1 Lower-level: regularly disruptive to instruction: official 27 pct, alternative team 71 pct","quote":"Lower-level: Students whose behavior is regularly disruptive to instruction* | 27 | 71","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":["p039-04"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 4.1 columns: official-team schools and alternative-team schools","basis":"Figure 4.1 note, n = 1,635 is the figure total; official/alternative Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_4_1_team_type_columns","base_page":39,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 4.1 total n = 1,635 pools official and alternative teams; official-team column N = 1,401 (Table A.35, p129); alternative-team column N not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":39,"rects":[[0.18651,0.68719,0.22007,0.02266]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-15","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Fig 4.1 Lower-level: disrespectful to staff: official 20 pct, alternative team 54 pct","quote":"Lower-level: Students who are disrespectful or argumentative with teachers or other school staff* | 20 | 54","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":["p039-04"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 4.1 columns: official-team schools and alternative-team schools","basis":"Figure 4.1 note, n = 1,635 is the figure total; official/alternative Ns not printed","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"fig_4_1_team_type_columns","base_page":39,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 4.1 total n = 1,635 pools official and alternative teams; official-team column N = 1,401 (Table A.35, p129); alternative-team column N not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":39,"rects":[[0.2211,0.73146,0.18547,0.01186]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-16","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"Figure 4.1 source item and n: scope of behavior to which the BTAM team responds (n = 1,635)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey questions: “What is the scope of the threatening or concerning behavior to which your school or district's BTAM team responds?” (n = 1,635).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.16685,0.82349,0.66221,0.01126],[0.12781,0.83493,0.41626,0.01126]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-17","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"Figure 4.1: respondents were instructed to select all that apply","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.55365,0.83493,0.28141,0.01126]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-18","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 4.1 asterisk marks statistically significant official versus unofficial team differences","quote":"An asterisk (*) indicates that the percentage of principals in schools with official BTAM teams who reported their team responded to that type of student behavior was statistically significantly different from the percentage of principals in schools with unofficial BTAM teams who said similarly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.12781,0.84637,0.73421,0.01126],[0.12781,0.85781,0.72475,0.01126],[0.12781,0.86925,0.09539,0.01126]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-19","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Footnote a: threats against teachers as an example of threats toward school staff","quote":"For example, threats against teachers.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.13497,0.88324,0.2044,0.01126]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-20","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Footnote b: fixation examples are Columbine, animal cruelty or abuse, extremist or violent sites","quote":"For example, fixation on Columbine attacks, fixation on animal cruelty or abuse, or viewing websites with extremist or violent content.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","targeted-violence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.13536,0.89722,0.71631,0.01126]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p039-21","page":39,"section":"ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Footnote c: regular aggression examples are verbal or limited physical conflicts, bullying, fighting","quote":"For example, frequent verbal or limited physical conflicts without concerns about weapon use, bullying, or fighting.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 4.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Focus on Various Threatening or Concerning Behavior","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":39,"rects":[[0.13497,0.9112,0.61495,0.01126]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 39). Claim p039-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p039-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-4-what-is-the-scope-of-schools-btam-programs#p039-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-01","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"This chapter examines BTAM policies, team membership, training, meetings and funding","quote":"We examine the policies and procedures schools have in place that are specific to BTAM, the membership structure of school BTAM teams, the training that team members receive, how often these teams meet, and how they are funded.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.18575,0.26593,0.6868,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28361,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30128,0.21284,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-02","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Analysis covers the 82 percent of schools with an official BTAM team (n = 1,408)","quote":"To do so, we focus on the 82 percent of schools in our sample (n = 1,408) that had an official BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro","case":false,"sample":{"n":1408,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 1408 of 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"n = 1,408 of N = 1,746 schools have an official BTAM team"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.34805,0.30111,0.5245,0.01806],[0.12745,0.31896,0.19543,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-03","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"BTAM operations compared by team size, team level and school characteristics","quote":"Throughout our analysis, we consider how and to what extent differences in the operation of BTAM programs may be related to factors such as BTAM team size, team level (school-level only, district-level only, or both), and other school characteristics.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.33224,0.31896,0.54021,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33664,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35431,0.44826,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-04","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Chapter closes by comparing BTAM operations across states with different 2019 policy contexts","quote":"At the end of this chapter, we explore how BTAM operations differ across schools in states with different BTAM policy contexts in 2019.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.58363,0.35431,0.28888,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37199,0.64136,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-05","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Policies specific to BTAM help ensure implementation with fidelity and provide structure, consistenc","quote":"Policies and procedures specific to BTAM help ensure that the overall process is implemented with fidelity across individual cases and that policies help provide structure, consistency, and accountability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies and procedures 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.12745,0.45532,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.473,0.6548,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-06","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"definition","title":"Procedures provide clear guidelines, such as step-by-step instructions for BTAM components","quote":"Procedures provide clear guidelines, such as step-by-step instructions for implementing specific components of BTAM (e.g., conducting behavioral threat assessments, assigning supports and interventions).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies and procedures 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.79464,0.473,0.07791,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49068,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50835,0.58971,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-07","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Clear procedures help improve reliability of BTAM outcomes at student and school levels","quote":"Clear procedures for assessment and management help improve the reliability of BTAM outcomes at both the individual student level and broader school level.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies and procedures 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.72994,0.50835,0.14265,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52603,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54371,0.20229,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-08","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Policies can specify BTAM team composition so multiple perspectives provide input","quote":"Policies can touch on various BTAM topics; some policies, for instance, will specify the composition of BTAM teams to ensure that multiple perspectives and experiences provide input into the various BTAM steps.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["policy","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies and procedures 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.15033,0.56138,0.72231,0.01788],[0.12745,0.57906,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59674,0.03427,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-09","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Team-specific policies can add formality via leadership roles, meeting structure, training requireme","quote":"Having policies specific to the BTAM team can also add a degree of formality by specifying leadership roles, details about meeting structure and regularity, and training requirements for team members.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["policy","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies and procedures 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.16952,0.59674,0.70311,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61441,0.69754,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-10","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Some BTAM policies mandate collecting data on individual cases to analyze trends","quote":"Some policies related to BTAM also mandate the collection of specific types of data about individual cases, allowing schools to analyze trends and improve their practices over time.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policies and procedures 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.83437,0.61441,0.0381,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63209,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64977,0.46305,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-11","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Note: 71 percent of principals extremely familiar with BTAM","quote":"The majority of principals (71 percent) said they are extremely familiar with BTAM (e.g., they are a member of the team or lead it or otherwise have detailed knowledge).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1441,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1441)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1441","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.8 (familiarity), n = 1,441."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.56295,0.79432,0.30961,0.01533],[0.12745,0.80821,0.68376,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-12","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Note: another 25 percent of principals at least somewhat familiar with BTAM","quote":"Another 25 percent said they were at least somewhat familiar (e.g., “you have referred students and/or have knowledge of the team’s processes”).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1441,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1441)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1441","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.8 (familiarity), n = 1,441."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.82188,0.80821,0.05068,0.01533],[0.12745,0.82209,0.74514,0.01533],[0.12745,0.83598,0.0567,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-13","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"Note: principals' familiarity increases confidence in accuracy of survey responses","quote":"Principals’ overwhelming familiarity with BTAM increases our confidence about the accuracy of the responses they provided to our survey.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.20209,0.83598,0.67046,0.01533],[0.12745,0.84987,0.16601,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-14","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Note: authors confirmed principals' familiarity in the survey (Table A.8)","quote":"At the onset of this project, we were concerned that principals may not always be familiar enough with their school- or district-level BTAM teams to be able to answer detailed questions about how these teams operate. Therefore, we confirmed principals' familiarity in our survey (see Appendix A, Table A.8).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.14379,0.76654,0.72875,0.01533],[0.12745,0.78043,0.7451,0.01533],[0.12745,0.79432,0.42456,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-15","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"definition","title":"Note: implementing BTAM with fidelity means consistently following established protocols and best pr","quote":"Implementing BTAM with fidelity means consistently following established protocols and best practices for BTAM, ensuring that each step of the process is carried out as intended by the chosen model or guidelines, whether a school has chosen to adopt an existing, named model or developed its own model to meet its needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.14379,0.87007,0.72876,0.01533],[0.12745,0.88396,0.74502,0.01533],[0.12745,0.89785,0.46359,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p040-16","page":40,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Chapter investigates how public schools operationalize BTAM within school safety efforts","quote":"In this chapter, we investigate how public schools are operationalizing BTAM as part of their school safety efforts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","implementation-fidelity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":40,"rects":[[0.12745,0.24825,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26593,0.04497,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 40). Claim p040-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p040-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p040-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-01","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"53 percent of schools with BTAM teams have an explicit policy document defining their BTAM program","quote":"A slight majority of schools (53 percent) with BTAM teams have an explicit policy document that establishes and defines their BTAM program.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policy documents paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1401,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1401)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1401","base_page":128,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.33 (policy document), official teams column N = 1,401."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10927,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12694,0.23613,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-02","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Principals in large districts and majority-students-of-color schools more likely to report defining ","quote":"Principals in schools in large districts and in schools serving a majority of students of color were more likely than their counterparts to indicate their BTAM program had defining policy documents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["policy","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policy documents paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.3722,0.12694,0.50039,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14462,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1623,0.12385,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-03","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Larger BTAM teams and teams spanning school and district levels more likely to have defining policy ","quote":"Schools with larger BTAM teams and with teams spanning both the school and district levels—perhaps a proxy for the formality of a BTAM program—were also more likely to have defining policy documents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","policy","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policy documents paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.26002,0.1623,0.6126,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17998,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.19765,0.0768,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-04","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"23 percent of principals did not know whether their school's BTAM program had a defining policy docu","quote":"However, 23 percent of principals did not know whether their school’s BTAM program had a defining policy document.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policy documents paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1401,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1401)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1401","base_page":128,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.33 (policy document), official teams column N = 1,401."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.15033,0.21533,0.72218,0.01788],[0.12745,0.23301,0.11722,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-05","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Principals' uncertainty is somewhat concerning; leader often not aware of policy document's content","quote":"This is somewhat concerning; if these schools do have policies in place related to BTAM, principals’ responses suggest that the school leader is often not aware of the policy document’s content.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policy documents paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.25335,0.23301,0.61931,0.01788],[0.12745,0.25068,0.70067,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-06","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Principals in schools with only a district-level BTAM team especially likely to be unsure about a po","quote":"Principals in schools with only a district-level BTAM team were especially likely to report being unsure about whether the program had a defining policy document.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","policy"],"supports":["p041-04"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Policy documents paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.83581,0.25068,0.03674,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26836,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28604,0.37159,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-07","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"49 percent of schools with BTAM teams have written standard operating procedures guiding team functi","quote":"About half of schools with BTAM teams (49 percent) have written standard operating procedures (SOPs) that guide team functions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: SOP paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1400,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1400)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1400","base_page":128,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.34 (written SOPs), official teams column N = 1,400."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.12745,0.36937,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38705,0.17799,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-08","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"SOPs more common in majority-students-of-color schools, large districts, large teams, and school-and","quote":"Similar to the patterns we observed around the existence of defining policy documents, SOPs were more common in schools serving a majority of students of color, in large districts, and in support of large teams and schools with teams at both the school and district levels.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sops-protocols","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: SOP paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.3131,0.38705,0.55945,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40472,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4224,0.57222,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-09","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"One in five principals unsure whether school or district had established SOPs for BTAM team","quote":"One in five principals were not sure whether their school or district had established SOPs for how their BTAM team regularly functions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: SOP paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1400,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1400)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1400","base_page":128,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.34."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.15033,0.44008,0.72229,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45775,0.22527,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-10","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Principals with only district-level BTAM teams especially unsure whether teams followed established ","quote":"Principals in schools that had only district-level BTAM teams were especially unsure about whether these teams functioned according to established SOPs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","sops-protocols"],"supports":["p041-09"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: SOP paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.36158,0.45775,0.51097,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47543,0.56888,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-11","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"definition","title":"BTAM process relies on a multidisciplinary team to assess level of concern and decide responses","quote":"The BTAM process relies on a multidisciplinary team of individuals to assess the level of concern appropriate to specific behaviors or threats and make decisions about how to respond.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Team composition intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.12745,0.55876,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.57644,0.53172,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-12","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"A BTAM team should bring together individuals with different but complementary expertise","quote":"That is, a BTAM team should bring together individuals with different but complementary expertise to best assess and respond to individual referred cases and student needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Team composition intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.66749,0.57644,0.205,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59412,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61179,0.2503,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-13","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Most named BTAM frameworks and some state laws specify minimum team sizes and required disciplines","quote":"Most named BTAM frameworks and even some laws or regulations in states requiring or supporting BTAM implementation specify minimum team sizes and specific disciplines that must or should be represented (see, e.g., NTAC, 2018; National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments, undated).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","state-policy-mandates","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Team composition intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.38598,0.61179,0.48646,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62947,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64715,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66482,0.13368,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-14","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Models most commonly recommend administration, mental health services and public safety members","quote":"Most commonly, BTAM models or implementation guidance recommend including individuals from school administration (e.g., a principal or assistant principal), mental health services (e.g., a counselor or school psychologist), and public safety (e.g., a school resource officer [SRO] or another individual with security expertise).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","named-models","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":["p041-13"],"element":"paragraph: Team composition intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.27616,0.66482,0.59638,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6825,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70018,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71785,0.20379,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-15","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"evidence","title":"A wide variety of other specialists and community members often flagged as additional potential team","quote":"That said, a wide variety of other specialists and individuals with community or other knowledge are often flagged as additional potential team members (e.g., instructional staff, special education professionals, among others).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Team composition intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.34319,0.71785,0.52927,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73553,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75321,0.26362,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-16","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Number and types of specialists can drive BTAM team performance, so composition was a focus of the s","quote":"Because the number and types of specialists that are part of the team can drive the performance of BTAM teams, team composition and roles that different individuals play on the team were significant focuses of the survey.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Team composition intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.40305,0.75321,0.46952,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77088,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78856,0.29626,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-17","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Survey asked principals which people were BTAM team members from a list of ten roles","quote":"Our survey asked principals to indicate which people were members of their BTAM team based on a list of ten different types of roles.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals and counselors intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.12745,0.85296,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87063,0.1827,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p041-18","page":41,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 5.1: principals name varied school, district and outside individuals as team members","quote":"As shown in Figure 5.1, principals indicated that a variety of school- or district-based individuals (and outside individuals) from administrators to mental health providers are part of these","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 41 part and the sentence continues on page 42. Full sentence (pages 41–42): “As shown in Figure 5.1, principals indicated that a variety of school- or district-based individuals (and outside individuals) from administrators to mental health providers are part of these teams.”","concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals and counselors intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":41,"rects":[[0.31857,0.87063,0.55411,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88831,0.7451,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 41). Claim p041-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p041-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p041-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-01","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.1 Principal: internal 84, external none, total 84","quote":"Principal | 84 | | 84","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note prints n = 1,408."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.52221,0.74908,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-02","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.1 Other school administrators: internal 69, external none, total 69","quote":"Other school administrators | 69 | | 69","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note prints n = 1,408."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.53989,0.74892,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-03","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.1 District administrators: internal 36, external none, total 36","quote":"District administrators | 36 | | 36","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note prints n = 1,408."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.59292,0.74889,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-04","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.1 School-based law enforcement: internal 45, external 7, total 53","quote":"School-based law enforcement | 45 | 7 | 53","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team answering the Figure 5.1 team-membership question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"figure_5_1_1408","base_page":42,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note prints n = 1,408."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.53989,0.749,0.03556]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-05","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.1 Non-school-based law enforcement: internal none, external 13, total 13","quote":"Non-school-based law enforcement | | 13 | 13","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note prints n = 1,408."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.6106,0.59446,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-06","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.1 Counselor: internal 82, external 3, total 84","quote":"Counselor | 82 | 3 | 84","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team answering the Figure 5.1 team-membership question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"figure_5_1_1408","base_page":42,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note prints n = 1,408."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.52221,0.74908,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-07","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.1 Social worker: internal 44, external 6, total 50","quote":"Social worker | 44 | 6 | 50","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team answering the Figure 5.1 team-membership question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"figure_5_1_1408","base_page":42,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note prints n = 1,408."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.55757,0.749,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-08","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.1 Psychologist: internal 43, external 6, total 49","quote":"Psychologist | 43 | 6 | 49","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team answering the Figure 5.1 team-membership question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"figure_5_1_1408","base_page":42,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note prints n = 1,408."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.57524,0.7451,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-09","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.1 Instructional staff: internal 45, external none, total 45","quote":"Instructional staff | 45 | | 45","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note prints n = 1,408."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.57524,0.7451,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-10","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.1 Special education specialist: internal 43, external none, total 43","quote":"Special education specialist | 43 | | 43","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note prints n = 1,408."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.57524,0.74889,0.03556]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-11","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 5.1 note: survey question 'Which person(s) are regular members of this BTAM team?' (n = 1,408","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Which person(s) are regular members of this BTAM team?” (n = 1,408).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.1682,0.4745,0.69853,0.01125],[0.12918,0.48593,0.0544,0.01125]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-12","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 5.1 note: includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.19315,0.48593,0.44919,0.01125]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-13","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 5.1 note: bars may not sum to totals because of rounding","quote":"Bars may not sum to totals because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Include Various Regular Members","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.64919,0.48593,0.20871,0.01125],[0.12918,0.49736,0.0481,0.01125]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-14","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Principals and counselors were the two most common BTAM team members (both 84 percent)","quote":"By far, the two most common members were principals and counselors (both 84 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":["p042-01","p042-06"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 5.1 discussion","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.17719,0.52221,0.6172,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-15","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Majorities of teams included other administrators (69 percent), school-based law enforcement (53 per","quote":"However, majorities of school BTAM teams also included other school administrators (69 percent), school-based law enforcement (53 percent), and social workers (50 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":["p042-02","p042-04","p042-07"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 5.1 discussion","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.80777,0.52221,0.06488,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53989,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55757,0.39427,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-16","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Psychologists on 49 percent, instructional staff 45 percent, special education specialists 43 percen","quote":"Other individuals were also commonly included on BTAM teams, such as school psychologists (49 percent), instructional staff (45 percent), and special education specialists (43 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","team-roles"],"supports":["p042-08","p042-09","p042-10"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 5.1 discussion","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.53514,0.55757,0.33742,0.01788],[0.12745,0.57524,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59292,0.18347,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-17","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"District administrators on BTAM teams at 36 percent of schools; non-school-based law enforcement at ","quote":"District administrators were included on BTAM teams at 36 percent of schools, and 13 percent of schools included non-school-based law enforcement on their teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":["p042-03","p042-05"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 5.1 discussion","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.32374,0.59292,0.54871,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6106,0.58649,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-18","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"BTAM teams are overwhelmingly composed of individuals internal to the school, per principals","quote":"Principals’ responses indicate that BTAM teams are overwhelmingly composed of individuals internal to the school (i.e., who are on staff or are located at the school).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Internal personnel paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.12745,0.71287,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73055,0.37845,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-19","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"49 percent of schools had a psychologist on their BTAM teams","quote":"For example, 49 percent of schools had a psychologist on their BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","team-roles"],"supports":["p042-08"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Internal personnel paragraph","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.52434,0.73055,0.3482,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74822,0.18524,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-20","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Majority of schools with a psychologist on team had one on staff full or part time (43 percent of sc","quote":"The majority of schools with a psychologist on their teams indicated they had a psychologist on staff at school either full time or part time (43 percent of schools overall)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Internal personnel paragraph","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1 note n = 1,408; percentage is of all schools with a BTAM team (psychologist on staff), reported as 'of schools overall'."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.32193,0.74822,0.55051,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7659,0.62885,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-21","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Note: principals were asked which staff they have at school (Table A.5)","quote":"In another survey item, we asked principals which types of staff members they have at their school, including counselors, nurses, social workers, psychologists, and law enforcement officers (see Appendix A, Table A.5).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.14379,0.81452,0.72877,0.01533],[0.12745,0.82841,0.56659,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-22","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Note: staff present at school assumed to be those serving on the BTAM team","quote":"If schools had these personnel on staff either part time or full time, we assumed that it was these internal personnel who would be those serving on the BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.70529,0.82841,0.16726,0.01533],[0.12745,0.8423,0.74497,0.01533],[0.12745,0.85619,0.07431,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-23","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Note: roles on team but not on staff presumed to be played by outside individuals","quote":"In cases where schools told us that they did not have these individuals at their school but did have that role represented on their BTAM team, we presumed that role was played by individuals from outside the school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.20861,0.85619,0.66394,0.01533],[0.12745,0.87007,0.63282,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p042-24","page":42,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Note: administrators, instructional staff, education specialists assumed internal; non-school law en","quote":"We also assumed that some positions (e.g., school and district administrators, instructional staff, education specialists) are always internal to the school and that, by definition, non-school-based law enforcement personnel are always external to the school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":42,"rects":[[0.76803,0.87007,0.1044,0.01533],[0.12745,0.88396,0.74512,0.01533],[0.12745,0.89785,0.67423,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 42). Claim p042-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p042-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p042-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-01","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Only 6 percent of schools had a psychologist on their BTAM team but not on staff at their school","quote":"Only 6 percent of schools noted that they had a psychologist on their BTAM teams but not on staff at their schools","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Psychologist continuation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of schools with a BTAM team (n = 1,408 team membership question); staff-on-site comparison comes from the staff question."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.42962,0.08744,0.44296,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.34589,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-02","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"Authors say 6 percent figure indicates those schools made extra effort to draw personnel from outsid","quote":"this indicates that these schools made the extra effort to ensure that these disciplines were represented on the team, even though it required them to draw personnel from outside their current staffing.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Psychologist continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.48924,0.10511,0.38336,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.23802,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-03","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Same pattern for all health professional positions suggests school staffing shapes team inclusion","quote":"We saw this same pattern with all the health professional positions we asked about, suggesting that schools’ access to school-based mental and physical health staff usually shapes whether their BTAM team includes such personnel.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Health professional pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.15033,0.15814,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.10406,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-04","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"Schools have differential access to school-based personnel; outside access can be challenging","quote":"This is noteworthy because schools have differential access to various types of school-based personnel, and accessing those disciplines from outside the school can be challenging, especially when it comes to individuals with specialized expertise.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Health professional pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.23962,0.1935,0.63298,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.32606,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-05","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Team personnel was highly related to school context","quote":"Which specific personnel were included on schools’ BTAM teams was also highly related to the school context (although this is intertwined with which types of schools tend to have which staff, as discussed in the “Differential Access to School Personnel Likely Shapes the Composition of BTAM Teams” box).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School characteristics paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.12745,0.31218,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32986,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.34754,0.64377,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-06","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Secondary schools more likely than elementary to have more varied personnel on BTAM teams","quote":"For example, secondary (middle and high) schools were more likely to have a greater variety of personnel on their teams—including other school administrators beyond the principal, school-based law enforcement, counselors, and social workers—than their elementary counterparts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School characteristics paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.78353,0.34754,0.08908,0.01788],[0.12745,0.36521,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38289,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40057,0.35821,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-07","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Schools in small districts (<10,000 students) especially likely to include principals and district a","quote":"Schools in small districts (those serving fewer than 10,000 students) were especially likely to directly include school principals and district administrators on their BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School characteristics paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.15033,0.41824,0.7223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.43592,0.53136,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-08","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"In large districts, other school administrators such as assistant principals more likely involved","quote":"Conversely, in large districts, other school administrators, such as assistant principals, were more likely to be involved.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School characteristics paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.66817,0.43592,0.20443,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4536,0.60157,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-09","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Authors infer larger districts might have greater capacity for specialized roles or delegation","quote":"We infer from these patterns that larger districts might have greater capacity for specialized roles or delegation of specific individuals to be involved in BTAM, given they tend to employ more school- and district-level administrators.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School characteristics paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.73648,0.4536,0.13606,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47127,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48895,0.72809,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-10","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Team composition differed by school poverty level","quote":"We also observed some differences in school BTAM team composition by school poverty level.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School characteristics paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.15033,0.50663,0.64365,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-11","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Schools in higher-income neighborhoods more likely to have school psychologists than lower-income ne","quote":"For example, schools in higher-income neighborhoods were more likely to have school psychologists than schools serving lower-income neighborhoods.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School characteristics paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.80158,0.50663,0.07097,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5243,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54198,0.25829,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-12","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Team size inferred from roles selected by principals, assuming one person per role","quote":"We also used principals’ responses to our question about which personnel were represented on their school’s BTAM team to infer how many people were on the team overall, assuming one person per role.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Roles paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.12745,0.62531,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64299,0.6472,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-13","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Caveat: some schools may involve multiple people in the same role","quote":"We acknowledge that some schools may involve multiple people in the same role: For example, a BTAM team might include several instructional staff.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Roles paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.78231,0.64299,0.09024,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66067,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67834,0.23722,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-14","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Nearly all principals selected between three and eight personnel from the list provided","quote":"we found that nearly all principals selected between three and eight personnel from the list provided (see Figure 5.2).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Roles paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.5651,0.67834,0.30734,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69602,0.51375,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-15","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"The typical (median) principal selected five distinct roles","quote":"The typical (median) principal selected five distinct roles.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Roles paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.65535,0.69602,0.2172,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7137,0.17752,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-16","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Analysis examined likelihood of personnel types on BTAM teams given team size","quote":"To understand how BTAM team membership changes as these teams increase in size (i.e., which types of personnel are added as teams grow), we investigated the likelihood of various types of personnel being on a BTAM teams given team size.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","team-composition","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Roles paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.15033,0.73137,0.72229,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74905,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76673,0.21762,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-17","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Analysis focuses on schools with three to eight team members because few teams fall outside","quote":"We focus on schools with between three and eight team members because there are very few schools with BTAM teams that fall outside this range.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Roles paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.35379,0.76673,0.51881,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78441,0.49377,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-18","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Principals' reports suggest principals and counselors are most commonly represented roles","quote":"Principals’ reports suggest that they and their school counselors are the most commonly represented roles on school BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-roles","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Roles paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.47506,0.80208,0.39749,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81976,0.48928,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p043-19","page":43,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Note: 2021–2022 federal data show high-poverty schools more likely to have mental health assessment ","quote":"Federal government data from the 2021–2022 school year paint a somewhat different picture, showing that high-poverty schools were actually more likely than low-poverty schools to have both diagnostic mental health assessment services and mental health treatment services (NCES, 2024).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","prior-research","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":43,"rects":[[0.14379,0.87007,0.7287,0.01533],[0.12745,0.88396,0.74507,0.01533],[0.12745,0.89785,0.27647,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 43). Claim p043-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p043-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p043-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-01","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"BTAM team composition likely related to which personnel are present at school","quote":"The composition of schools’ BTAM teams is likely related to which personnel are present at school—either employed directly by the district or as part of a contract agreement.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Differential Access to School Personnel Likely Shapes the Composition of BTAM Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":44,"rects":[[0.15033,0.13415,0.6994,0.01703],[0.15033,0.15057,0.44185,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-02","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Schools with regular access to specialized staff are more likely to include them on BTAM teams","quote":"That is, schools with regular access to specialized staff are more likely to include these staff on their BTAM teams, compared with schools that lack such regular access.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Differential Access to School Personnel Likely Shapes the Composition of BTAM Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":44,"rects":[[0.59999,0.15057,0.24981,0.01703],[0.15033,0.16698,0.69935,0.01703],[0.15033,0.1834,0.15687,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-03","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Staff at school full/part time: counselor 89 percent, nurse 89 percent, psychologist 67 percent, swo","quote":"Unsurprisingly, we found that some types of staff were much more common than others, with principals reporting as follows: school counselor (89 percent), school nurse (89 percent), school psychologist (67 percent), sworn law enforcement officer (58 percent), social worker (56 percent), and security guard (22 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","mental-health","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Differential Access to School Personnel Likely Shapes the Composition of BTAM Teams","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table note p044: N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":44,"rects":[[0.40068,0.23264,0.44893,0.01703],[0.15033,0.24905,0.69935,0.01703],[0.15033,0.26547,0.69936,0.01703],[0.15033,0.28188,0.28791,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-04","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Middle and high schools more likely to have school-based law enforcement and other security staff","quote":"For example, middle and high schools were more likely to have school-based law enforcement officers and other security staff who are not law enforcement officers present at school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","law-enforcement","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Differential Access to School Personnel Likely Shapes the Composition of BTAM Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":44,"rects":[[0.15033,0.31471,0.69943,0.01703],[0.15033,0.33112,0.48006,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-05","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Low-poverty schools more likely than middle- and especially high-poverty schools to have social work","quote":"Meanwhile, low-poverty schools were more likely than their middle- and especially high-poverty counterparts to have social workers and school psychologists.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Differential Access to School Personnel Likely Shapes the Composition of BTAM Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":44,"rects":[[0.63739,0.33112,0.21226,0.01703],[0.15033,0.34754,0.69931,0.01703],[0.15033,0.36395,0.13436,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-06","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Rural schools less likely to have mental health personnel but more likely to have sworn law enforcem","quote":"Rural schools were also less likely to have mental health personnel available, but they were more likely to have sworn law enforcement officers (including SROs).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","school-resource-officers","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Differential Access to School Personnel Likely Shapes the Composition of BTAM Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":44,"rects":[[0.29214,0.36395,0.55746,0.01703],[0.15033,0.38037,0.4815,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-07","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 Total: couns 89, nurse 89, SW 56, psych 67, SBLE 58, guard 22","quote":"Total | 89 | 89 | 56 | 67 | 58 | 22","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":["p044-03"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 5.1 note prints N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.15033,0.50909,0.65344,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-08","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 Elementary: couns 84, nurse 90, SW 51, psych 68, SBLE 47, guard 16","quote":"Elementary | 84 | 90 | 51 | 68 | 47 | 16","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.55382,0.63109,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-09","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 Middle: couns 96, nurse 91, SW 63, psych 72, SBLE 74, guard 26","quote":"Middle | 96 | 91 | 63 | 72 | 74 | 26","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.57618,0.63133,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-10","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 High: couns 97, nurse 86, SW 63, psych 62, SBLE 73, guard 34","quote":"High | 97 | 86 | 63 | 62 | 73 | 34","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.59854,0.63144,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-11","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 Urban: couns 87, nurse 88, SW 60, psych 72, SBLE 41, guard 32","quote":"Urban | 87 | 88 | 60 | 72 | 41 | 32","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.64327,0.63138,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-12","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 Suburban: couns 88, nurse 91, SW 66, psych 82, SBLE 61, guard 25","quote":"Suburban | 88 | 91 | 66 | 82 | 61 | 25","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.66563,0.63128,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-13","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 Rural: couns 92, nurse 88, SW 46, psych 53, SBLE 67, guard 13","quote":"Rural | 92 | 88 | 46 | 53 | 67 | 13","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.688,0.63106,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-14","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 High neighborhood poverty: couns 92, nurse 89, SW 51, psych 55, SBLE 53, guard 28","quote":"High | 92 | 89 | 51 | 55 | 53 | 28","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.73272,0.63129,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-15","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 Middle neighborhood poverty: couns 90, nurse 88, SW 55, psych 65, SBLE 61, guard 20","quote":"Middle | 90 | 88 | 55 | 65 | 61 | 20","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.75509,0.63134,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-16","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 Low neighborhood poverty: couns 84, nurse 92, SW 63, psych 84, SBLE 51, guard 24","quote":"Low | 84 | 92 | 63 | 84 | 51 | 24","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.77745,0.63115,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-17","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 Small district: couns 88, nurse 88, SW 51, psych 63, SBLE 62, guard 15","quote":"Small | 88 | 88 | 51 | 63 | 62 | 15","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.82218,0.63106,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-18","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Table 5.1 Large district: couns 90, nurse 91, SW 62, psych 74, SBLE 52, guard 31","quote":"Large | 90 | 91 | 62 | 74 | 52 | 31","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals, staff available at school question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"staff_present_all_1746","base_page":44,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup row; group Ns not printed. Table 5.1 N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":44,"rects":[[0.17239,0.84454,0.63117,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-19","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"definition","title":"Table 5.1 note: survey question 'Which of the following staff members do you have at your school, ei","quote":"This table presents response data from the following survey question: “Which of the following staff members do you have at your school, either full or part time?” (N = 1,746).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 5.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Types of Staff, Either Full or Part Time","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":44,"rects":[[0.18663,0.86455,0.64734,0.01044],[0.15033,0.87528,0.21131,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-20","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Principals confirmed which specialized staff are present at school full or part time (Table 5.1)","quote":"We confirmed with principals what types of specialized staff—counselors, nurses, social workers, psychologists, sworn law enforcement officers, and security guards—are present at their schools either full time or part time (see Table 5.1).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["staffing-constraints","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Differential Access to School Personnel Likely Shapes the Composition of BTAM Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":44,"rects":[[0.1732,0.19981,0.67644,0.01703],[0.15033,0.21622,0.6994,0.01703],[0.15033,0.23264,0.23783,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p044-21","page":44,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Some types of schools much more likely than others to have these personnel available","quote":"Importantly, some types of schools were much more likely to have these personnel available than others.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["staffing-constraints","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Differential Access to School Personnel Likely Shapes the Composition of BTAM Teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":44,"rects":[[0.1732,0.2983,0.67254,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 44). Claim p044-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p044-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p044-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-01","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.2: 1 role represented on BTAM team, 1 percent of schools","quote":"| 1 | 1 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":45,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-02","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.2: 2 roles represented on BTAM team, 3 percent of schools","quote":"| 1 | 1 |\n| 2 | 3 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":45,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-03","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.2: 3 roles represented on BTAM team, 9 percent of schools","quote":"| 1 | 1 |\n| 2 | 3 |\n| 3 | 9 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":["p043-14"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":45,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-04","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.2: 4 roles represented on BTAM team, 18 percent of schools","quote":"| 2 | 3 |\n| 3 | 9 |\n| 4 | 18 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":["p043-14"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":45,"rects":[[0.23177,0.38674,0.58882,0.01175]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-05","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.2: 5 roles represented on BTAM team, 24 percent of schools","quote":"| 3 | 9 |\n| 4 | 18 |\n| 5 | 24 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":["p043-14"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":45,"rects":[[0.12382,0.30257,0.56371,0.01465]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-06","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.2: 6 roles represented on BTAM team, 22 percent of schools","quote":"| 4 | 18 |\n| 5 | 24 |\n| 6 | 22 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":["p043-14"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":45,"rects":[[0.1257,0.45339,0.74167,0.01115]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-07","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.2: 7 roles represented on BTAM team, 14 percent of schools","quote":"| 5 | 24 |\n| 6 | 22 |\n| 7 | 14 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":["p043-14"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":45,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08844,0.07191,0.0113]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-08","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.2: 8 roles represented on BTAM team, 7 percent of schools","quote":"| 6 | 22 |\n| 7 | 14 |\n| 8 | 7 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":["p043-14"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":45,"rects":[[0.49346,0.94487,0.01308,0.01037]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-09","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.2: 9 roles represented on BTAM team, 1 percent of schools","quote":"| 7 | 14 |\n| 8 | 7 |\n| 9 | 1 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":45,"rects":[[0.23177,0.38674,0.58882,0.01175]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-10","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.2: 10 roles represented on BTAM team, 0 percent of schools","quote":"| 8 | 7 |\n| 9 | 1 |\n| 10 | 0 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.1/5.2 notes give n = 1,408 (team membership question); sentence restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":45,"rects":[[0.1257,0.45339,0.74167,0.01115]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-11","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 5.2 note: survey question 'Which person(s) are regular members of this BTAM team?' (n = 1,408","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Which person(s) are regular members of this BTAM team?” (n = 1,408).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.16438,0.44206,0.6924,0.01115],[0.1257,0.45339,0.05392,0.01115]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-12","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 5.2 note: includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.18911,0.45339,0.44525,0.01115]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-13","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 5.2 note: percentages may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding","quote":"Percentages may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.2. Distribution of School BTAM Team Sizes","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"Rounding note, not a survey percentage"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.64116,0.45339,0.22281,0.01115],[0.1257,0.46472,0.11064,0.01115]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-14","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Principals and counselors likely involved in even smallest teams and in virtually all teams with mor","quote":"likely to be involved in even the smallest BTAM teams and are regular members of virtually all BTAM teams with more than four or five members.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 45 part and the sentence begins on page 43. Full sentence (pages 43–45): “Principals and counselors are highly likely to be involved in even the smallest BTAM teams and are regular members of virtually all BTAM teams with more than four or five members.” Page 44 holds a callout and Table 5.1; the paragraph resumes on page 45.","concepts":["team-roles","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 5.3 discussion continued","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.12745,0.50511,0.74498,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52279,0.25684,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-15","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Other school administrators such as assistant principals not typically on very small teams but first","quote":"Other school-level administrators, such as assistant principals, are not typically involved in very small BTAM teams but appear to be the first member added as team size increases.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-roles","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 5.3 discussion continued","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.39274,0.52279,0.47985,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54047,0.72958,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-16","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"With five or more members, specialized roles are next to be added to teams","quote":"When teams have five or more members, personnel in more specialized roles (e.g., special education professionals, school-based law enforcement, school social workers, instructional staff, or school psychologists) are next to be added to BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-roles","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Specialized roles","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.15033,0.55814,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.57582,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5935,0.25416,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-17","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Specialized personnel rarely on small teams but typically all present once teams have more than five","quote":"These personnel are rarely present on small teams but are typically all present once teams have more than five or six members.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-roles","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Specialized roles","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.38965,0.5935,0.48299,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61117,0.3894,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-18","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Principals' responses suggest specialized personnel are not added in any obvious order","quote":"Principals’ responses suggest that these personnel are not added to teams in any obvious order.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-roles","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Specialized roles","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.52557,0.61117,0.34697,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62885,0.30381,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-19","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"District administrators tend to be involved only in especially large teams, present about half the t","quote":"Meanwhile, district administrators only tend to be involved in especially large teams; even among schools with larger BTAM teams, these personnel are only present about half of the time.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","team-roles","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: District administrators and non-school law enforcement","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.15033,0.64653,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6642,0.57227,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-20","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"District administrators disproportionately present on district-level teams, not on school-only teams","quote":"Unsurprisingly, district administrators are disproportionately present on district-level BTAM teams and do not tend to be involved in teams that exist only at the school level.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: District administrators and non-school law enforcement","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.70893,0.6642,0.16354,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68188,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69956,0.28212,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-21","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Survey results suggest non-school-based law enforcement rarely present on school BTAM teams regardle","quote":"Our survey results also suggest that non-school-based law enforcement is rarely present on school BTAM teams, regardless of size.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: District administrators and non-school law enforcement","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.41689,0.69956,0.45566,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71723,0.44041,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-22","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Many named K–12 BTAM models recommend involving school-based law enforcement, local police or public","quote":"Many named BTAM models specific to the K–12 school context recommend involving school-based law enforcement, local police, or other individuals with public safety expertise as team members.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Law enforcement advisory role intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.12745,0.80057,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81824,0.63099,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-23","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Rationale: officers can help keep school safe or provide knowledge such as a prior criminal record","quote":"The rationale is that law enforcement officers can assist with decisions about keeping a school safe and secure in the event of a threat or provide access to knowledge that other school-focused professionals do not have (e.g., if a student has a prior criminal record).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":["p045-22"],"element":"paragraph: Law enforcement advisory role intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.76595,0.81824,0.10665,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83592,0.74503,0.01788],[0.12745,0.8536,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87127,0.18697,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p045-24","page":45,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Officers may also provide police or criminal justice information, such as juvenile justice resources","quote":"They may also be able to provide police or criminal justice information as part of assessments (e.g., knowledge about resources available, if appropriate, through the juvenile justice system)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":["p045-22"],"element":"paragraph: Law enforcement advisory role intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":45,"rects":[[0.32765,0.87127,0.54491,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88895,0.73985,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 45). Claim p045-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p045-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p045-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-01","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"definition","title":"Figure 5.3: line chart, likelihood each of ten personnel types is on BTAM team by team size 3 to 8; ","quote":"Counselor | | | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":"Figure line values are not labeled in the source; only series names are transcribed.","concepts":["team-roles","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.3. Likelihood That Various Personnel Are Regular Members of BTAM Team, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":46,"rects":[[0.12643,0.52051,0.58409,0.01119]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-02","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 5.3 annotation: very few schools had teams with fewer than three people","quote":"Very few schools had teams with fewer than three people","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.3. Likelihood That Various Personnel Are Regular Members of BTAM Team, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.2095,0.33249,0.09927,0.01178],[0.22835,0.34512,0.06154,0.01178],[0.21445,0.35775,0.08934,0.01178],[0.22243,0.37038,0.07339,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-03","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 5.3 note: survey question 'Which person(s) are regular members of this BTAM team?' (n = 1,408","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Which person(s) are regular members of this BTAM team?” (n = 1,408).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.3. Likelihood That Various Personnel Are Regular Members of BTAM Team, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.16522,0.4864,0.69458,0.01119],[0.12643,0.49777,0.05409,0.01119]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-04","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 5.3 note: includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.3. Likelihood That Various Personnel Are Regular Members of BTAM Team, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.19004,0.49777,0.44665,0.01119]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-05","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Figure 5.3 note: teams with fewer than three members omitted because results are not reliable","quote":"We omit results for teams with less than three members; very few schools had BTAM teams with fewer than three members, so results are not reliable.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.3. Likelihood That Various Personnel Are Regular Members of BTAM Team, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.6435,0.49777,0.21459,0.01119],[0.12643,0.50914,0.58758,0.01119]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-06","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Figure 5.3 note: principals directed to include school-based and external psychologists, counselors,","quote":"For psychologists, counselors, and social workers, we directed principals to include both school-based and external personnel.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.3. Likelihood That Various Personnel Are Regular Members of BTAM Team, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.7208,0.50914,0.09836,0.01119],[0.12643,0.52051,0.58072,0.01119]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-07","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Officers can coordinate with their agencies if immediate action is needed, e.g., searches of a stude","quote":"and can coordinate with their agencies if immediate action is needed to ensure the safety of the school community (e.g., conducting searches of a student’s home for weapons, if permissible).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":["p045-22"],"element":"paragraph: Law enforcement coordination continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.12745,0.54758,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56525,0.55637,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-08","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"evidence","title":"Police involvement in BTAM controversial over concern it increases students' justice system involvem","quote":"Police involvement in BTAM has been controversial for some individuals and civil society groups, driven by concern that their involvement will increase the chance that students will end up in the justice system—i.e., that the outcome of threat assessment and management will increase the likelihood of arrest and prosecution for student behavior at school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Police involvement controversy","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.15033,0.58293,0.72231,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60061,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61828,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63596,0.20322,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-09","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"Authors say survey results indicate otherwise given how principals described law enforcement's role","quote":"Our survey results indicate otherwise, given how principals described the role of law enforcement on their school BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":["p046-08"],"element":"paragraph: Police involvement controversy","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.33828,0.63596,0.53438,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65364,0.33534,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-10","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Survey asked about officers' role on team and frequency of criminal justice outcomes","quote":"In our survey, we explored the involvement of law enforcement in BTAM by asking respondents about officers’ role on the team and assessing the frequency of criminal justice–related outcomes in the BTAM process (we discuss the latter in more detail in Chapters 8, 10, and 11).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey of law enforcement role","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.15033,0.67131,0.72223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68899,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70667,0.47159,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-11","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Principals with law enforcement on team were asked the officers' role; five options, up to two","quote":"We listed five options and asked respondents to select up to two responses that best capture law enforcement’s involvement on their specific school teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey of law enforcement role","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.42404,0.74202,0.44841,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7597,0.61477,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-12","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"82 percent of respondents selected two roles, 14 percent selected only one","quote":"The vast majority of respondents (82 percent) selected two roles, while 14 percent selected only one.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey of law enforcement role","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.75043,0.7597,0.12206,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77738,0.57047,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-13","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Forced choice intended to focus on most important roles police play, in respondents' view","quote":"The intent in forcing a choice was to focus on the most important roles police play on these teams, in the view of respondents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey of law enforcement role","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.71275,0.77738,0.15983,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79505,0.7041,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-14","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Note: 4 percent of respondents ignored instructions and selected more than two roles","quote":"A handful of respondents (4 percent) ignored the instructions and selected more than two roles.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 5","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.14379,0.89785,0.56897,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-15","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Principals with law enforcement on team were asked what role those individuals played","quote":"Specifically, we asked those principals who included either school-based or non-school-based law enforcement on their school’s BTAM team what role these individuals played on the team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey of law enforcement role","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.61089,0.70667,0.26154,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72435,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74202,0.28788,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p046-16","page":46,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Authors first examined how many principals said law enforcement play listed roles on BTAM teams","quote":"We first examined how many principals responded that law enforcement personnel play the following role(s) on their school BTAM teams:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Law enforcement roles lead-in","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":46,"rects":[[0.15033,0.81273,0.72231,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83041,0.2467,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 46). Claim p046-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p046-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p046-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-01","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Law enforcement help decide when safety actions are necessary (64 percent)","quote":"help with decisions about when safety- and security-related actions are necessary (e.g., searching student belongings, implementing schoolwide lock down) (64 percent)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Law enforcement roles list","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.16233,0.08744,0.71022,0.01788],[0.1634,0.10511,0.45847,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-02","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Law enforcement provide a public safety perspective (58 percent)","quote":"provide a public safety perspective about school dynamics and student behavior to help assess and manage behavioral concerns (58 percent)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Law enforcement roles list","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.16233,0.12279,0.71033,0.01788],[0.1634,0.14047,0.27809,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-03","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Law enforcement participate to initiate public safety responses (33 percent)","quote":"participate to initiate public safety responses when necessary (e.g., arrest or other criminal justice intervention) (33 percent)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Law enforcement roles list","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.16233,0.15814,0.71022,0.01788],[0.1634,0.17582,0.13759,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-04","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Law enforcement consult on legal repercussions (19 percent)","quote":"consult on the potential legal repercussions of student behavior (19 percent)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Law enforcement roles list","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.16233,0.1935,0.51577,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-05","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Law enforcement provide police and court records (18 percent)","quote":"provide information from police and court records so the team can understand past student behavior (18 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Law enforcement roles list","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.16233,0.21117,0.71024,0.01788],[0.1634,0.22885,0.07587,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-06","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Two predominant law enforcement roles: security decisions (64 percent), public safety (58 percent)","quote":"Two responsibilities were clearly predominant: helping with security-related decisions (64 percent) and providing a public safety perspective to the BTAM process (58 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":["p047-01","p047-02"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Predominant responsibilities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.15033,0.26168,0.72217,0.01788],[0.12745,0.27935,0.49701,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-07","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Forty-two percent of schools: law enforcement only performed one or both predominant roles","quote":"Forty-two percent of schools said their law enforcement personnel only performed one or both of these actions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Predominant responsibilities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.22."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.63844,0.27935,0.23416,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29703,0.53019,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-08","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"46 percent of schools: predominant roles plus a less common role","quote":"Another 46 percent of schools said their law enforcement personnel performed at least one of these roles on their BTAM team but also identified law enforcement as performing one of the less common roles: initiating public safety responses, consulting on legal repercussions, or providing information from police or court records.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Predominant responsibilities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.66562,0.29703,0.20698,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31471,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33239,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35006,0.58433,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-09","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"12 percent of schools included law enforcement exclusively for the three less common functions","quote":"Only a small minority of schools (12 percent) responded that they included law enforcement on their BTAM team exclusively to perform at least one of these previous three functions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Predominant responsibilities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.71959,0.35006,0.1529,0.01788],[0.12745,0.36774,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38542,0.36866,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-10","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"Findings counter perceptions that law enforcement are only there for police or court records","quote":"Altogether, these findings are counter to some perceptions of the roles that law enforcement personnel play as BTAM team members (i.e., they are exclusively there to provide information from police or court records, which was actually the role least selected by principals).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","perceived-effects"],"supports":["p047-05"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Counter to perceptions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.15033,0.40309,0.72229,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42077,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.43845,0.44024,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-11","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"Findings counter concern that schools treat police involvement in BTAM as a criminal-justice link","quote":"The findings also are counter to concerns that schools treat law enforcement involvement in BTAM as a direct link to the criminal justice system (i.e., concerns that the presence of police in schools is leading to more arrests; see, e.g., Theriot, 2009; Meiners, 2011).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Counter to perceptions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.58091,0.43845,0.29161,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45612,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4738,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49148,0.03152,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-12","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Principals suggest they view law enforcement members primarily as sources of expertise","quote":"Rather, the specific activities and responsibilities that principals see as most important for the law enforcement members of their BTAM team suggest they view them primarily as sources of expertise (see, e.g., McKenna and White, 2018).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Counter to perceptions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.17286,0.49148,0.69968,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50915,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52683,0.21567,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-13","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"BTAM team members are not necessarily BTAM experts or experts at multidisciplinary teamwork","quote":"Although BTAM teams are generally made up of experienced practitioners with field-specific expertise, individual members are not necessarily BTAM experts per se and are not necessarily experts at working effectively as part of a larger multidisciplinary team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","training-recipients"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.12745,0.61016,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62784,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64552,0.2785,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-14","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"BTAM-specific training may be important for foundational knowledge and team relationships","quote":"This finding means that BTAM-specific training may be important for providing a foundation of BTAM-specific knowledge across all members and as a mechanism for building working relationships within the team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-content","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.41379,0.64552,0.45868,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66319,0.74499,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68087,0.26013,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-15","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"evidence","title":"NABITA specifies BTAM team training should target a broad variety of competencies","quote":"The National Association of Behavior Intervention and Threat Assessment (NABITA), for example, specifies that training for BTAM teams should target a broad variety of competencies (e.g., risk and threat assessment), mental health and cultural awareness, bias mitigation, effective team communication, intervention strategies, and community engagement (NABITA, 2024).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","training-content"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.39528,0.68087,0.47727,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69855,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71622,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7339,0.58283,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-16","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"48 percent of schools with BTAM teams provide BTAM training annually","quote":"According to principals’ responses, about half of schools (48 percent) with BTAM teams provide training or professional development related to BTAM to their team members annually (see Figure 5.4).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training frequency paragraph","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.4 note gives n = 1,376; text restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.12745,0.81597,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83365,0.63788,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-17","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"36 percent train once per school year; 12 percent train multiple times in a single school year","quote":"This includes 36 percent of schools that train their BTAM members once per school year and 12 percent that train multiple times in a single school year.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":["p047-16"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training frequency paragraph","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.4 note gives n = 1,376; text restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.77897,0.83365,0.09369,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85132,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.869,0.19647,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-18","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"23 percent of schools provide training on an as-needed basis","quote":"Meanwhile, 23 percent of schools provide training on an as-needed basis","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training frequency paragraph","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering the BTAM training-frequency question (Figure 5.4)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"figure_5_4_1376","base_page":48,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.4 note (p048) prints n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.33161,0.869,0.50625,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p047-19","page":47,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"definition","title":"Section discusses principals' responses on training for members of BTAM teams","quote":"This section discusses principals’ responses to questions exploring the training for members of their schools’ BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency","training-recipients"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":47,"rects":[[0.7227,0.7339,0.1499,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75158,0.67351,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 47). Claim p047-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p047-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p047-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-01","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.4 Total: once 36, twice+ 12, as-needed 23, at start 16, none 13","quote":"Total | 36 | 12 | 23 | 16 | 13","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by BTAM Team Level and Frequency of Trainings","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.4 note gives n = 1,376; text restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":48,"rects":[[0.1249,0.44181,0.4027,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-02","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.4 School level: once 31, twice+ 10, as-needed 22, at start 21, none 16","quote":"School level | 31 | 10 | 22 | 21 | 16","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by BTAM Team Level and Frequency of Trainings","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Subgroup (team level) rows; group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":48,"rects":[[0.13741,0.27228,0.67681,0.01182]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-03","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.4 District level: once 27, twice+ 12, as-needed 34, at start 9, none 18","quote":"District level | 27 | 12 | 34 | 9 | 18","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by BTAM Team Level and Frequency of Trainings","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Subgroup (team level) rows; group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":48,"rects":[[0.12745,0.52883,0.70685,0.0184]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-04","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.4 Both: once 41, twice+ 14, as-needed 21, at start 16, none 9","quote":"Both | 41 | 14 | 21 | 16 | 9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by BTAM Team Level and Frequency of Trainings","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Subgroup (team level) rows; group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":48,"rects":[[0.12745,0.58756,0.74907,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-05","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Fig 5.4 survey item: how often BTAM team members receive training (n = 1,376)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “How often do the members of your BTAM team receive training and/or professional development related to BTAM?” (n = 1,376).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by BTAM Team Level and Frequency of Trainings","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.16368,0.41908,0.67489,0.01118],[0.1249,0.43045,0.37837,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-06","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.4 includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by BTAM Team Level and Frequency of Trainings","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.5128,0.43045,0.3126,0.01118],[0.1249,0.44181,0.13046,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-07","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.4 note: bars may not sum to totals because of rounding","quote":"Bars may not sum to totals because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by BTAM Team Level and Frequency of Trainings","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.26217,0.44181,0.25863,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-08","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"16 percent train members only at the beginning of tenure on the team","quote":"16 percent train members only at the beginning of one’s tenure on the team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training frequency continuation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering the BTAM training-frequency question (Figure 5.4)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"figure_5_4_1376","base_page":48,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.4 note (p048) prints n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.12745,0.46887,0.51407,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-09","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"About one in six schools (13 percent) provide no training","quote":"About one in six schools (13 percent) do not provide any training.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training frequency continuation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 5.4 note gives n = 1,376; text restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.64903,0.46887,0.22352,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48655,0.2293,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-10","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Training frequency is related to team level","quote":"The frequency at which schools provide training to their BTAM members is related to team level, as shown in Figure 5.4.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training by team level","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.12745,0.56988,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58756,0.0689,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-11","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Annual training: 55 percent both-level teams, 39 percent district-only, 41 percent school-only","quote":"That is, 55 percent of schools served by both types of teams train annually, compared with 39 percent of schools with district-only teams and 41 percent with school-only teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","subgroup-differences","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training by team level","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Subgroup (team level) rows; group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.45694,0.60524,0.41574,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62292,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64059,0.07556,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-12","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Authors hypothesize the difference might reflect resources in districts with multi-level teams","quote":"We hypothesize that this difference might reflect the level of resources available in districts that maintain teams at multiple levels.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training by team level","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.21105,0.64059,0.66159,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65827,0.22832,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-13","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"evidence","title":"NTAC recommends BTAM teams meet on a regular basis to operate as a cohesive unit","quote":"NTAC recommends that BTAM teams meet “on a regular basis” to provide time for the team to work together and learn their individual responsibilities so they are able to operate more readily as one cohesive unit (NTAC, 2018).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Team meetings paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.12745,0.7416,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75928,0.74522,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77696,0.12796,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-14","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"BTAM teams should meet at minimum whenever cases require; regular meetings offer further benefits","quote":"At the minimum, BTAM teams should meet whenever cases require assessment and intervention, but—even in the absence of new cases—regular meetings can provide teams opportunities for training, monitoring of ongoing interventions, and review of past cases to learn and improve over time.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":["p048-13"],"element":"paragraph: Team meetings paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.27002,0.77696,0.60247,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79463,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81231,0.70965,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-15","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Survey did not ask about format, conductor, length, topics, or yearly variation of trainings","quote":"Our survey did not ask questions about—and we therefore cannot report on—the format of these trainings, who conducts them, how long they are, what topics they cover, or whether they vary from year to year.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","training-content"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.14632,0.88396,0.72617,0.01533],[0.12745,0.89785,0.52083,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p048-16","page":48,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Schools with both school- and district-level BTAM teams especially likely to receive annual training","quote":"Schools where the principals reported that they had both a school- and district-level BTAM team are especially likely to receive annual training.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Training by team level","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":48,"rects":[[0.20435,0.58756,0.66828,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60524,0.32101,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 48). Claim p048-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p048-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p048-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-01","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Forty-three percent of schools have a standard meeting schedule for BTAM teams","quote":"Forty-three percent of schools have a standard meeting schedule for their BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Meeting schedule","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1401,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1401)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1401","base_page":128,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.36."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10927,0.58564,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-02","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"No convergence: 9 percent weekly, 8 biweekly, 19 monthly, 6 percent every two to three months","quote":"However, there was no convergence among these schools about how often meetings occurred: 9 percent met once per week, 8 percent met once every two weeks, 19 percent met once per month, and 6 percent met every two to three months.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-meetings"],"supports":["p049-01"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Meeting schedule","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1401,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1401)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1401","base_page":128,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.36 (meeting schedule), official teams column N = 1,401."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.72043,0.10927,0.15223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12694,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14462,0.71048,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-03","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"The remaining 57 percent of schools met irregularly on an as-needed basis","quote":"The remaining 57 percent of schools met irregularly on an as-needed basis depending on their case load.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Meeting schedule","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1401,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1401)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1401","base_page":128,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.36 (meeting schedule), official teams column N = 1,401."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.84576,0.14462,0.02691,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1623,0.66887,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-04","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Urban, large, large-district and majority-students-of-color schools more likely to have a standard s","quote":"Principals in urban schools, large schools, large districts, and schools serving a majority of students of color—categories that are highly overlapping—were particularly likely to report having a standard meeting schedule.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Meeting schedule","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.80387,0.1623,0.06868,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17998,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.19765,0.66233,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-05","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"BTAM funding varies significantly across U.S. states and school districts","quote":"Funding for school BTAM teams and programs varies significantly across U.S. states and individual school districts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Funding overview","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.12745,0.28099,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29866,0.05657,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-06","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"Stable funding is often a driver of whether a program can be sustained","quote":"Whether a program has stable funding is often a driver for whether it can be sustained over time, because funding instability (and the competition of other priorities for funds) can put programs at risk.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Funding overview","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.19254,0.29866,0.68013,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31634,0.74074,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-07","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"BTAM funding is typically used for training, conferences, or case management software","quote":"Funding for BTAM programs is typically used to support annual and other training for BTAM team members, BTAM conference attendance, or the purchase of case management software.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Funding overview","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.12745,0.33402,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35169,0.57241,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-08","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Forming a BTAM team does not require funding beyond total school or district program funding","quote":"Forming a BTAM team per se does not require funding outside total program funding for a school or district, which already covers the salaries of such key BTAM team personnel as administrators and counselors.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Funding overview","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.70843,0.35169,0.16412,0.01788],[0.12745,0.36937,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38705,0.55904,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-09","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Most schools (57 percent) implement BTAM without dedicated staff or additional funds","quote":"Most schools (57 percent) said their BTAM programs are implemented without dedicated staff or additional funds beyond the levels already available.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","staffing-constraints"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Funding overview","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.53 (dedicated funding), official teams column N = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.69494,0.38705,0.17752,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40472,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4224,0.11453,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-10","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Schools in large districts especially likely to have dedicated funds for BTAM","quote":"Schools in large districts were especially likely to have dedicated funds for BTAM activities.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Funding overview","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.24927,0.4224,0.6192,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-11","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"District-only teams and school teams working with a district team more likely to have dedicated fund","quote":"Teams housed only at the district level and those housed at the school level that worked alongside a district-level team were also more likely to have dedicated funds.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Funding overview","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.12745,0.44008,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45775,0.38681,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-12","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"BTAM funding comes from various sources including school or district general fund budgets","quote":"Funding for school BTAM programs comes from various sources, including through aforementioned school or district general fund budgets that also fund the positions of key team members.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Funding sources","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.15033,0.47543,0.72224,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49311,0.63525,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-13","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Some districts might have a dedicated budget line to support BTAM implementation","quote":"Some districts might also have a dedicated funding line in budget to support BTAM implementation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Funding sources","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.77237,0.49311,0.10027,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51078,0.60668,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-14","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conjecture","title":"Others might seek funds externally via grants","quote":"Others might seek funds externally via grants.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Funding sources","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.74333,0.51078,0.12926,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52846,0.18537,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-15","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Survey asked principals whether the school or district budget includes dedicated BTAM funding","quote":"We asked principals whether their school or district budget includes dedicated funding to support their BTAM program.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Dedicated funding","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.12745,0.59285,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61053,0.11266,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-16","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"About one-quarter of principals (23 percent) reported dedicated BTAM funding in budget","quote":"Only about one-quarter of principals (23 percent) said their BTAM teams were supported with dedicated funding in their school or district budget.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Dedicated funding","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.53 (dedicated funding), official teams column N = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.24857,0.61053,0.62399,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62821,0.39,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-17","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"19 percent of schools did not know how their BTAM programs were funded","quote":"Nineteen percent of schools did not know how their BTAM programs were funded.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 7","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Official BTAM teams answering Table A.53 (program funding)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"funding_a53_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.53 (p138) official-team column N = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.14379,0.67427,0.49325,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p049-18","page":49,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"No information about the amounts of dedicated funds","quote":"We do not have information about the amounts of dedicated funds.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 8","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":49,"rects":[[0.14379,0.69447,0.39881,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 49). Claim p049-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p049-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p049-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-01","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"Schools in states with 2019 BTAM legislation appear ahead in operating BTAM programs in 2025, in som","quote":"schools in states that had already implemented legislation related to BTAM in 2019 appear to be ahead in terms of operating their BTAM programs in 2025, at least in some respects.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: BTAM Programs in Schools from States Whose Policies Already Pushed Early Adoption of BTAM by 2019 Appear to Have Institutionalized BTAM More Wholistically Than Those in Other States as of 2025","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":50,"rects":[[0.6142,0.20486,0.21656,0.01703],[0.15686,0.22127,0.67377,0.01703],[0.15686,0.23769,0.29491,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-02","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Schools in 2019-legislation states more likely to have multiple organizational and procedural compon","quote":"As shown in Figure 5.5, schools in states with specific BTAM legislation in 2019 were more likely to have multiple organizational and procedural components in place for the operation of their BTAM team at the time of our survey.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sops-protocols","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: BTAM Programs in Schools from States Whose Policies Already Pushed Early Adoption of BTAM by 2019 Appear to Have Institutionalized BTAM More Wholistically Than Those in Other States as of 2025","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":50,"rects":[[0.46119,0.23769,0.36955,0.01703],[0.15686,0.2541,0.6738,0.01703],[0.15686,0.27052,0.48235,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-03","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Components include defining policy documents, written SOPs, and a standard meeting schedule","quote":"This includes having defining policy documents, written SOPs, and a standard meeting schedule for their BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sops-protocols","state-policy-mandates","team-meetings"],"supports":["p050-02"],"cites":[],"element":"callout: BTAM Programs in Schools from States Whose Policies Already Pushed Early Adoption of BTAM by 2019 Appear to Have Institutionalized BTAM More Wholistically Than Those in Other States as of 2025","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":50,"rects":[[0.64666,0.27052,0.18406,0.01703],[0.15686,0.28693,0.62602,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-04","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Schools in 2019-legislation states also more likely to have larger teams, though difference very sma","quote":"These schools were also more likely to have larger BTAM teams compared with schools in states that did not address BTAM at all in 2019, though the difference was substantively very small.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: BTAM Programs in Schools from States Whose Policies Already Pushed Early Adoption of BTAM by 2019 Appear to Have Institutionalized BTAM More Wholistically Than Those in Other States as of 2025","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":50,"rects":[[0.79152,0.28693,0.03928,0.01703],[0.15686,0.30335,0.67382,0.01703],[0.15686,0.31976,0.52769,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-05","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"conclusion","title":"Schools in 2019-legislation states are out in front of schools where adoption was not promoted","quote":"Schools in states that included BTAM in legislation 2019 are now out in front compared with schools in states where adoption of BTAM was not promoted in 2019.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: BTAM Programs in Schools from States Whose Policies Already Pushed Early Adoption of BTAM by 2019 Appear to Have Institutionalized BTAM More Wholistically Than Those in Other States as of 2025","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":50,"rects":[[0.69222,0.31976,0.1384,0.01703],[0.15686,0.33617,0.67386,0.01703],[0.15686,0.35259,0.26267,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-06","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"They are also ahead of schools in states where BTAM was only encouraged, though not to the same degr","quote":"They are also ahead of schools in states where BTAM was only encouraged in 2019, though not to the same degree.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: BTAM Programs in Schools from States Whose Policies Already Pushed Early Adoption of BTAM by 2019 Appear to Have Institutionalized BTAM More Wholistically Than Those in Other States as of 2025","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":50,"rects":[[0.42576,0.35259,0.40502,0.01703],[0.15686,0.369,0.33602,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-07","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Schools in 2019-legislation states were not ahead on funding and training","quote":"We did identify two areas where schools in states with BTAM legislation in 2019 were not ahead of others that did not: funding and training.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","state-policy-mandates","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: BTAM Programs in Schools from States Whose Policies Already Pushed Early Adoption of BTAM by 2019 Appear to Have Institutionalized BTAM More Wholistically Than Those in Other States as of 2025","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":50,"rects":[[0.17974,0.38542,0.65096,0.01703],[0.15686,0.40183,0.2735,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-08","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"2019-legislation states neither more nor less likely to dedicate funding or annual training","quote":"That is, schools in states that included BTAM in legislation in 2019 were neither more nor less likely to dedicate funding or annual training to BTAM than other schools at the time of our survey.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","state-policy-mandates","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: BTAM Programs in Schools from States Whose Policies Already Pushed Early Adoption of BTAM by 2019 Appear to Have Institutionalized BTAM More Wholistically Than Those in Other States as of 2025","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":50,"rects":[[0.43825,0.40183,0.39248,0.01703],[0.15686,0.41824,0.67382,0.01703],[0.15686,0.43466,0.21463,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-09","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.5 Dedicated funding: other states 20, encouraged states 25, early legislation states [unlabele","quote":"Dedicated funding | 20 | 25 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":"Value for one series not labeled in the figure (overlapped markers)","concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.5. How BTAM Operations Compare Today Based on State Policy Contexts in 2019","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 5.5 columns: other states, states that encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states (state policy context 2019)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"figure_5_5_columns","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 5.5 compares state-policy groups; see base note."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":50,"rects":[[0.15195,0.84223,0.68248,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-10","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.5 Standard meeting schedule: other states 37, encouraged states [unlabeled], early legislation","quote":"Standard meeting schedule | 37 | [unlabeled] | 48","tag":"V","reason":"Value for one series not labeled in the figure (overlapped markers)","concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.5. How BTAM Operations Compare Today Based on State Policy Contexts in 2019","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 5.5 columns: other states, states that encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states (state policy context 2019)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"figure_5_5_columns","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 5.5 compares state-policy groups; see base note."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":50,"rects":[[0.15686,0.28693,0.67765,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-11","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.5 Annual training: other states 43, encouraged states 49, early legislation states [unlabeled]","quote":"Annual training | 43 | 49 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":"Value for one series not labeled in the figure (overlapped markers)","concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.5. How BTAM Operations Compare Today Based on State Policy Contexts in 2019","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 5.5 columns: other states, states that encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states (state policy context 2019)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"figure_5_5_columns","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 5.5 compares state-policy groups; see base note."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":50,"rects":[[0.15686,0.41824,0.67753,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-12","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.5 Written SOPs: other states 38, encouraged states 46, early legislation states 55","quote":"Written SOPs | 38 | 46 | 55","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.5. How BTAM Operations Compare Today Based on State Policy Contexts in 2019","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 5.5 columns: other states, states that encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states (state policy context 2019)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"figure_5_5_columns","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 5.5 compares state-policy groups; see base note."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":50,"rects":[[0.15686,0.28693,0.67765,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-13","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.5 Defining policy document: other states 37, encouraged states 46, early legislation states 62","quote":"Defining policy document | 37 | 46 | 62","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.5. How BTAM Operations Compare Today Based on State Policy Contexts in 2019","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 5.5 columns: other states, states that encouraged BTAM use only, early legislation states (state policy context 2019)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[423,481,842],"base":"figure_5_5_columns","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 5.5 compares state-policy groups; see base note."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":50,"rects":[[0.15686,0.27052,0.67765,0.03345]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-14","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.5 Team composition (average team members): other states 4.9, encouraged states 5.2, early legi","quote":"Team composition (average number of team members) | 4.9 | 5.2 | 5.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.5. How BTAM Operations Compare Today Based on State Policy Contexts in 2019","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-16","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"statement","title":"Fig 5.5 survey items and n = 1,408","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey questions: “Does your school or district budget include dedicated funding to support your BTAM program?” “How often does your BTAM team meet?” “How often do the members of your BTAM team receive training and/or professional development related to BTAM?” “Has your school or district established written standard operating procedures (SOPs) for how your BTAM team functions on a day-to-day basis?” “Does your school or district have an explicit policy document that establishes and defines your BTAM program?” and “Which person(s) are regular members of this BTAM team?” (n = 1,408).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.5. How BTAM Operations Compare Today Based on State Policy Contexts in 2019","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":50,"rects":[[0.19074,0.83087,0.61658,0.01118],[0.15195,0.84223,0.67908,0.01118],[0.15195,0.8536,0.67114,0.01118],[0.15195,0.86496,0.68568,0.01118],[0.15195,0.87632,0.6727,0.01118],[0.15195,0.88769,0.22195,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p050-17","page":50,"section":"ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam","type":"fact","title":"Fig 5.5 includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 5.5. How BTAM Operations Compare Today Based on State Policy Contexts in 2019","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":50,"rects":[[0.38342,0.88769,0.44647,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 50). Claim p050-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p050-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-5-how-are-schools-operationalizing-btam#p050-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-01","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"BTAM has been recommended for more than two decades; a variety of frameworks have been developed","quote":"Because BTAM has been a recommended school safety practice for more than two decades, a variety of different frameworks have been developed to support schools when it comes to implementing BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.12745,0.31643,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33411,0.68565,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-02","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Frameworks range from overarching guidance to named models with road maps and rubrics","quote":"Frameworks range from overarching guidance for schools to develop their own processes (e.g., from such federal government agencies as the U.S. Secret Service, or state-level school safety agencies) to more specific named models that provide explicit road maps paired with such resources as worksheets and assessment rubrics.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.82181,0.33411,0.05074,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35179,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.36946,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38714,0.74106,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-03","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Many named models define in detail each BTAM stage, from assessing risk to student safety plans","quote":"Many named models also define in detail how to carry out each stage of the BTAM process, from assessing risk to developing student safety plans.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.12745,0.40482,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42249,0.26392,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-04","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"evidence","title":"Several states developed their own K-12 BTAM guidelines (FL, SC, TX, VA, WI)","quote":"Several states have developed their own guidelines for BTAM at K–12 schools (e.g., Florida Department of Education, 2025; State of South Carolina, 2023; Texas School Safety Center, undated; Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, 2023; Wisconsin Department of Justice Office of School Safety, 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-models","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.15033,0.44017,0.72225,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45785,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47552,0.68245,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-05","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Private experts and organizations have designed and published their own BTAM models","quote":"Private experts and organizations have also contributed to the field by designing and publishing their own models.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.82348,0.47552,0.04901,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4932,0.74114,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-06","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"evidence","title":"Prominent, widely used frameworks include those from federal agencies such as NTAC (NTAC, 2018)","quote":"Additionally, prominent and widely used frameworks for establishing BTAM in schools include those created by U.S. federal government agencies, such as the U.S. Secret Service’s NTAC (NTAC, 2018).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.12745,0.51088,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52855,0.6452,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-07","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"School districts have designed their own individual BTAM models to fit their contexts and needs","quote":"Importantly, school districts across the country have also designed their own individual BTAM models to fit their unique contexts and needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["locally-developed-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.7848,0.52855,0.0878,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54623,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56391,0.13154,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-08","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"As in the previous chapter, analysis stays on the 82 percent of schools with an official BTAM team","quote":"As in the previous chapter, we remain focused on the 82 percent of schools that told us they had an official BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro 3","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"The 82 percent official-team share is of all surveyed principals (Figure 2.1, p027); the report prints no other base."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.74572,0.58159,0.1269,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59926,0.69372,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-09","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"statement","title":"Survey item on model use: five named models, a model not listed, or a locally developed model","quote":"We asked schools whether they used a named model to structure their approach to BTAM, allowing them to select among a list of five named models; specify the name of a model not included in the response options; or indicate that they used a locally developed model that draws on other models and resources to fit their needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named models","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.12745,0.6826,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70027,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71795,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73563,0.03963,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-10","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"A minority of schools (20 pct) reported using an available named BTAM model","quote":"As shown in Table 6.1, a minority of schools (20 percent) reported using an available named BTAM model.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named models","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1404,"label":"Teams answering which program the team uses to structure its BTAM approach (Table 6.1)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1404)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_6_1_n_1404","base_page":53,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 6.1 note gives n = 1,404; text restates the table."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.379,0.7533,0.49346,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77098,0.23709,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-11","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"There was no convergence around any particular BTAM model","quote":"There was no convergence around any particular model.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named models","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.37374,0.77098,0.39475,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-12","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"30 percent used a locally developed BTAM model, possibly drawing on other models","quote":"Specifically, 30 percent said they were using a BTAM model developed locally, potentially drawing on other models and resources to craft a process for use by their specific school or school district.","tag":"V","reason":"Text says most principals reported locally developed models, but the locally developed figure is 30 percent, below 50 percent","concepts":["locally-developed-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named models","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1404,"label":"Teams answering which program the team uses to structure its BTAM approach (Table 6.1)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1404)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_6_1_n_1404","base_page":53,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 6.1 note gives n = 1,404; text restates the table."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.61348,0.78866,0.25916,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80633,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.82401,0.34236,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-13","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Another 11 pct reported using a BTAM model not listed in the response options","quote":"Another 11 percent reported using a BTAM model not listed in the response options.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named models","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1404,"label":"Teams answering which program the team uses to structure its BTAM approach (Table 6.1)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1404)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_6_1_n_1404","base_page":53,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 6.1 note gives n = 1,404; text restates the table."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.48458,0.82401,0.38799,0.01788],[0.12745,0.84169,0.20827,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-14","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Footnote: no additional information was requested about locally developed programs","quote":"We did not ask for additional information about these locally developed programs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","locally-developed-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.14379,0.89785,0.4911,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-16","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"The chapter investigates which BTAM frameworks or models schools are using","quote":"In this chapter, we investigate which BTAM frameworks or models schools are using.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.15033,0.58159,0.58728,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-17","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"statement","title":"Respondents could also say their school used no defined BTAM model or did not know","quote":"Respondents could also indicate that their school did not use a defined model as part of their approach to BTAM or that they did not know.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","no-defined-model"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named models","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.17441,0.73563,0.69805,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7533,0.24467,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p052-18","page":52,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Most principals reported their schools used locally developed BTAM models","quote":"Instead, most principals reported their schools were using locally developed models.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["locally-developed-models","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named models","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":52,"rects":[[0.77769,0.77098,0.09478,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78866,0.47828,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 52). Claim p052-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p052-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p052-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-01","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Table 6.1 Named models: All 20 pct, Not Addressed 22 pct, Encouraged 13 pct, Early Legis. 23 pct","quote":"Named models | 20 | 22 | 13 | 23","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","subgroup-differences"],"supports":["p052-10"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 6.1. Percentage of Schools Using Various BTAM Models","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table 6.1 columns: All, Not Addressed (other states), States That Encouraged BTAM Use, Early Legislation States","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1404 | 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[1404,423,481,842],"base":"table_6_1_columns","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Table 6.1 columns: All and three state-policy groups."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":53,"rects":[[0.12851,0.20993,0.69421,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-02","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Table 6.1 \"Other\" program: All 11 pct, Not Addressed 8 pct, Encouraged 9 pct, Early Legis. 12 pct","quote":"“Other” program | 11 | 8 | 9 | 12","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","subgroup-differences"],"supports":["p052-13"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 6.1. Percentage of Schools Using Various BTAM Models","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table 6.1 columns: All, Not Addressed (other states), States That Encouraged BTAM Use, Early Legislation States","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1404 | 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[1404,423,481,842],"base":"table_6_1_columns","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Table 6.1 columns: All and three state-policy groups."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":53,"rects":[[0.12851,0.23229,0.69392,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-03","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Table 6.1 Locally developed: all 30 pct, not addressed 26, encouraged 33, early legislation 30","quote":"Locally developed program | 30 | 26 | 33 | 30","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["locally-developed-models","subgroup-differences"],"supports":["p052-12"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 6.1. Percentage of Schools Using Various BTAM Models","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table 6.1 columns: All, Not Addressed (other states), States That Encouraged BTAM Use, Early Legislation States","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1404 | 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[1404,423,481,842],"base":"table_6_1_columns","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Table 6.1 columns: All and three state-policy groups."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":53,"rects":[[0.12851,0.25466,0.69431,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-04","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Table 6.1 No defined program: all 18 pct, not addressed 19, encouraged 19, early legislation 17","quote":"No defined program | 18 | 19 | 19 | 17","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["no-defined-model","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 6.1. Percentage of Schools Using Various BTAM Models","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table 6.1 columns: All, Not Addressed (other states), States That Encouraged BTAM Use, Early Legislation States","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1404 | 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[1404,423,481,842],"base":"table_6_1_columns","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Table 6.1 columns: All and three state-policy groups."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":53,"rects":[[0.12851,0.27702,0.69377,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-05","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Table 6.1 Don't know: All 22 pct, Not Addressed 24 pct, Encouraged 27 pct, Early Legis. 18 pct","quote":"Don’t know | 22 | 24 | 27 | 18","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["no-defined-model","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 6.1. Percentage of Schools Using Various BTAM Models","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table 6.1 columns: All, Not Addressed (other states), States That Encouraged BTAM Use, Early Legislation States","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1404 | 423 | 481 | 842 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[1404,423,481,842],"base":"table_6_1_columns","base_page":152,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Table 6.1 columns: All and three state-policy groups."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":53,"rects":[[0.12851,0.29938,0.69394,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-06","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"statement","title":"Table 6.1 source item: program the team uses to structure its BTAM approach (n = 1,404)","quote":"This table depicts response data from the following survey question: “What program does this team currently use to structure its approach to BTAM?” (n = 1,404).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 6.1. Percentage of Schools Using Various BTAM Models","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.16482,0.31939,0.69727,0.01044],[0.12851,0.33012,0.10753,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-07","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Table 6.1 includes only respondents whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 6.1. Percentage of Schools Using Various BTAM Models","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.24476,0.33012,0.41807,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-08","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"definition","title":"Table 6.1 rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding","quote":"Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 6.1. Percentage of Schools Using Various BTAM Models","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"Rounding note, not a survey percentage"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.66921,0.33012,0.17368,0.01044],[0.12851,0.34085,0.10387,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-09","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"State-developed frameworks most often cited: Florida, Texas, and Wisconsin models","quote":"developed frameworks referenced above, most often the Florida Harm Prevention and Threat Management Model, Texas School Safety Center Threat Assessment Guidelines, and Wisconsin School Threat Assessment and Management Protocol (Florida Department of Education, 2025; Texas School Safety Center, undated; Wisconsin Department of Justice Office of School Safety, 2025).","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 53 part and the sentence begins on page 52. Full sentence (pages 52–53): “In free-text responses, some of these principals mentioned using the state-developed frameworks referenced above, most often the Florida Harm Prevention and Threat Management Model, Texas School Safety Center Threat Assessment Guidelines, and Wisconsin School Threat Assessment and Management Protocol (Florida Department of Education, 2025; Texas School Safety Center, undated; Wisconsin Department of Justice Office of School Safety, 2025).”","concepts":["named-models","state-models"],"supports":[],"cites":["p052-04"],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of named models paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.12745,0.37405,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.39173,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40941,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42708,0.44072,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-10","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"conclusion","title":"These state frameworks largely align with best practices identified by the Secret Service's NTAC","quote":"These frameworks largely align with best practices identified by the U.S. Secret Service’s NTAC.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","state-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of named models paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.58215,0.42708,0.29045,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44476,0.3695,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-11","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"18 percent of principals use no defined BTAM model; 22 percent were not sure which model is used","quote":"Meanwhile, 18 percent of principals responded that they do not use a defined model as part of the approach to BTAM, and 22 percent were not sure what BTAM model their school or district was using.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["no-defined-model"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: No defined model","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1404,"label":"Teams answering which program the team uses to structure its BTAM approach (Table 6.1)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1404)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"table_6_1_n_1404","base_page":53,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 6.1 note gives n = 1,404; text restates the table."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.15033,0.46244,0.72231,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48011,0.6378,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-12","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Likelihood of using named models depended on various factors, most notably state policy context","quote":"Schools’ likelihood of using named models depended on various factors, most notably their state policy context.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named model likelihood","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.15033,0.49779,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51547,0.05135,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-13","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Schools in states with 2019 legislation were the most likely to use named models","quote":"Unsurprisingly, schools in states that already had legislation in 2019 were the most likely to use named models (some states with early legislation included states where named models were developed in their state—e.g., Virginia).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named model likelihood","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.18877,0.51547,0.68381,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53314,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55082,0.17623,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-14","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Named model use still relatively uncommon in early-legislation states, equal to not-addressed states","quote":"However, the use of named models was still relatively uncommon even in these states and equal to the likelihood of schools in states that did not address BTAM in 2019 policy.","tag":"V","reason":"Text says early-legislation states are the most likely and also equal to not-addressed states; Table 6.1 shows 23 percent versus 22 percent","concepts":["named-models","state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named model likelihood","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.3172,0.55082,0.55546,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5685,0.66586,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-15","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"States that encouraged but did not mandate BTAM in 2019 were least likely to use named models","quote":"Schools in the group of states that encouraged but did not mandate BTAM use in 2019 were the least likely to use named BTAM models.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named model likelihood","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.80087,0.5685,0.07172,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58617,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60385,0.10196,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p053-16","page":53,"section":"ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use","type":"fact","title":"Schools with smaller teams, large districts or district-only teams least likely to use named models","quote":"Our results also show that schools with smaller BTAM teams, those located in large school districts, and those that only have district-level teams are the least likely to adopt named models.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","named-models","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Named model likelihood","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":53,"rects":[[0.23803,0.60385,0.63444,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62153,0.66279,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 53). Claim p053-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p053-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-6-what-btam-models-do-schools-use#p053-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-01","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Adoption analysis covers 50 percent of principals (n = 866) present at initial implementation","quote":"we focus on the 50 percent of principals in our sample (n = 866) who said they were at their current school for that school’s initial implementation of BTAM","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro","case":false,"sample":{"n":866,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 866 of 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Page prints n = 866; sample base N = 1,746."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.47394,0.35288,0.3986,0.01806],[0.12745,0.37073,0.66088,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-02","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"statement","title":"Survey gave principals seven possible adoption reasons and asked them to select up to three","quote":"Our survey provided principals a list of seven possible reasons for the initial adoption of BTAM at their school and asked them to select up to three that best explain their context.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Reasons list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.12745,0.49446,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51214,0.50527,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-03","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Of respondents naming drivers, 40 percent picked one reason, 29 percent two, 26 percent three","quote":"(Forty percent picked one reason, 29 percent picked two, and 26 percent picked three.)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Reasons list","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note gives n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.40391,0.54749,0.46864,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56517,0.11839,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-04","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"59 percent of principals selected best practice for violence prevention as a main driver of adoption","quote":"The perception that BTAM is a best practice for violence prevention topped the list of reasons why schools implemented BTAM in the first place: 59 percent of principals selected this option as a main driver.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Best practice topped","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note gives n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.15033,0.58285,0.7223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60052,0.677,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-05","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Next most common driver was school- or district-level policy requirements","quote":"The next most common driver was policy requirements set at either the school or district level, which we discuss in more detail below.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Best practice topped","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.81132,0.60052,0.06122,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6182,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63588,0.12685,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-06","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Other drivers: liability 11 percent, outside organizations 8 percent, school community 5 percent","quote":"Few respondents selected other reasons as main drivers: Only 11 percent of principals reported that their school had concerns about being held liable in cases of school violence; 8 percent said that other organizations on which their school depends (e.g., local law enforcement) encouraged them to adopt a BTAM program; and 5 percent said their school community wanted them to adopt a BTAM program.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Best practice topped","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note gives n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.26299,0.63588,0.60968,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65355,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67123,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68891,0.69736,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-07","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"5 percent of principals said BTAM was implemented directly in response to a violent incident","quote":"Notably, 5 percent of principals reported that their school implemented BTAM directly in response to a violent incident in their school or district.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Best practice topped","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note prints n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.83262,0.68891,0.03992,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70659,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72426,0.23322,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-08","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"conjecture","title":"Schools adopt BTAM mainly for a few reasons: best-practice belief and state or local requirements","quote":"Taken together, these patterns suggest that schools are primarily adopting BTAM programs for a small number of reasons—most notably their belief that it is a best practice for school safety and because of state or local requirements.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Taken together","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.15033,0.74194,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75962,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77729,0.14843,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-09","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"conjecture","title":"Violent incidents and community encouragement may be fringe reasons, likely not driving factors","quote":"We interpret these results as an indication that other factors—such as experiencing a violent incident or school community encouragement—may be fringe contributing reasons but are likely not the driving factors for BTAM adoption.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Taken together","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.28417,0.77729,0.58842,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79497,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81265,0.26905,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-10","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Principals in early-mandate or early-encouragement states saw policy as a driver","quote":"Interestingly, principals in states that mandated BTAM early (i.e., in 2019) or strongly encouraged its adoption early (also in 2019) perceived that such policies were a driver for BTAM adoption at their schools (e.g., half of the principals in states with early legislation said that state or local law was a main driver in their decision to implement BTAM) (see the purple box in Figure 7.1).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Interestingly","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.1 (53*) early-legislation subgroup; n = 452 overall."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.15033,0.83032,0.72232,0.01788],[0.12745,0.848,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.86568,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88335,0.43143,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-11","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"statement","title":"Principals were asked about personal involvement in initial implementation of a named or local model","quote":"We asked all principals whether they were personally involved in the initial implementation of their school’s BTAM model and whether they reported using a named BTAM model or one that was locally created for their context.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.12745,0.28234,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30002,0.74503,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3177,0.09018,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-12","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"statement","title":"Involved principals were asked why the school or district adopted BTAM and what steps preceded it","quote":"If they were, we asked why their school or district initially adopted a BTAM approach and about any steps the school or district may have taken prior to implementation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.22729,0.3177,0.64532,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33537,0.54652,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p054-13","page":54,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Nearly all respondents identified between one and three main drivers","quote":"Excluding those respondents who said they did not know about the main drivers for implementation, nearly all respondents identified between one and three reasons as main drivers.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Reasons list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":54,"rects":[[0.64054,0.51214,0.2321,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52982,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54749,0.2626,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 54). Claim p054-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p054-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p054-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-01","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Best practice for violence prevention: other states 61, encouraged 59, early legislation 58 (%)","quote":"Behavioral assessment and management is a best practice for violence prevention | 61 | 59 | 58","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note prints n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":55,"rects":[[0.75591,0.20991,0.01463,0.01185]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-02","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Required by state or local law: other states 13, encouraged 45*, early legislation 53* (%)","quote":"We were required to by state or local law | 13 | 45* | 53*","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note prints n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":55,"rects":[[0.16998,0.26213,0.52631,0.01302]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-03","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Required by district policy: other states 28, encouraged 41, early legislation 48* (%)","quote":"We were required to by school district policy | 28 | 41 | 48*","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note prints n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":55,"rects":[[0.14827,0.30666,0.52506,0.01285]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-04","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Liability concerns: other states 11, encouraged states 16, early legislation states 9 (%)","quote":"We had concerns about being held liable in cases of school violence | 11 | 16 | 9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note prints n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":55,"rects":[[0.51904,0.35802,0.01463,0.01185]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-05","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Other organizations encouraged adoption: other states 8, encouraged 10, early legislation 8 (%)","quote":"Other organizations we depend on (e.g., our local law enforcement department) encouraged us to adopt a BTAM program | 8 | 10 | 8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note prints n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":55,"rects":[[0.20623,0.40151,0.29575,0.01274]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-06","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"School community wanted BTAM: other states 8, encouraged states 9, early legislation states 3 (%)","quote":"Our school community wanted us to have a BTAM program | 8 | 9 | 3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note prints n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":55,"rects":[[0.48484,0.44683,0.00731,0.01185]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-07","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Violent incident response: other states 9, encouraged states 6, early legislation states 4 (%)","quote":"We had a violent incident in our school or district and we implemented the program as part of our response | 9 | 6 | 4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note prints n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":55,"rects":[[0.20851,0.49044,0.26765,0.01312]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-08","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"statement","title":"Figure 7.1 note: main-drivers question (n = 452), select up to three","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “What were the main drivers for the implementation of your BTAM program?” (n = 452). Respondents were instructed to select up to three responses.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note gives n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":55,"rects":[[0.16429,0.58746,0.69464,0.01125],[0.12526,0.59889,0.48297,0.01125]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-09","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Figure 7.1 note: Other 7 percent, Don’t know 3 percent, None of these 2 percent","quote":"Respondents were also given an “Other” option, selected by 7 percent of respondents; a “Don’t know” option, selected by 3 percent of respondents; and a “None of these were main drivers” option, selected by 2 percent of respondents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":452,"label":"Principals answering the implementation drivers question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 452)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_drivers_452","base_page":55,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.1 note gives n = 452."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":55,"rects":[[0.61514,0.59889,0.22027,0.01125],[0.12526,0.61033,0.73005,0.01125],[0.12526,0.62176,0.31786,0.01125]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-10","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Figure 7.1 includes only respondents with a team and model present at initial implementation","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team; that their team was using a named model that we listed, an “Other” model, or a locally created one; and that they were around for the initial implementation of this model.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":55,"rects":[[0.45003,0.62176,0.41868,0.01125],[0.12526,0.6332,0.73354,0.01125],[0.12526,0.64464,0.20745,0.01125]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-11","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Figure 7.1 asterisk marks a statistically significant difference from other states","quote":"An asterisk (*) indicates that the percentage of schools in states that had early legislation or in states that encouraged BTAM use is statistically significantly different from the percentage of schools in other states.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.1. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Model, Percentage Who Identified Various Reasons as a Main Driver for Adoption, by State Policy Context","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":55,"rects":[[0.33952,0.64464,0.50465,0.01125],[0.12526,0.65607,0.62592,0.01125]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-12","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"conclusion","title":"State policy is not the determining factor in BTAM uptake by schools","quote":"The fact that BTAM programs are still very common even in those states where adoption of BTAM was neither mandated nor encouraged in 2019 further highlights the finding that state policy is not the determining factor in uptake of BTAM by schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":55,"rects":[[0.7838,0.67994,0.08876,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69762,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7153,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73297,0.14025,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-13","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"conjecture","title":"Schools or districts likely made a decision about whether and which BTAM model to adopt","quote":"Before formally adopting a BTAM model, it is likely that schools (or districts) engaged in a decisionmaking process about whether to do so and, having decided to move forward, about which specific model to adopt.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Planning","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":55,"rects":[[0.12745,0.81631,0.74522,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83398,0.74103,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-14","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"statement","title":"Principals were given a list of planning actions drawn from the literature on implementation","quote":"Drawing on the published literature describing how schools plan and prepare for the implementation of new programs, and the types of activities that are recommended as part of implementation efforts, we provided principals with a list of actions their school or district administrators may have taken as part of this process","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Planning","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":55,"rects":[[0.12745,0.85166,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.86934,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88701,0.74508,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p055-15","page":55,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Principals in early-mandate or early-encouragement states still cited best practice as a main reason","quote":"still saw BTAM as a best practice for violence prevention as a main reason for adoption.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 55 part and the sentence begins on page 54. Full sentence (pages 54–55): “However, a greater percentage of these principals still saw BTAM as a best practice for violence prevention as a main reason for adoption.” “These principals” are those in states that mandated BTAM early or strongly encouraged its adoption early (in 2019), per the preceding sentence on page 54.","concepts":["adoption-reasons","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":55,"rects":[[0.17133,0.67994,0.60423,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 55). Claim p055-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p055-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p055-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-01","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"statement","title":"Principals selected which listed actions applied to their school or district BTAM implementation","quote":"and asked them to select which, if any, were applicable to their school or district BTAM implementation process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.05147,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-02","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"conjecture","title":"Small districts (fewer than 10,000 students) approached adoption somewhat differently","quote":"With the caveat that principals in large districts were more likely to report not knowing about the specific actions their school or district took in the lead up to BTAM implementation, principals’ reports suggest that small districts (those serving fewer than 10,000 students) approached adoption somewhat differently from large districts (see Figure 7.2).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Small versus large districts","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.15033,0.12279,0.7223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.19591,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-03","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Small-district principals more likely to consult local law enforcement (48 versus 33 percent)","quote":"For example, principals of schools in small districts were more likely to report consulting with local law enforcement agencies (48 versus 33 percent, respectively).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Small versus large districts","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 451)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Small versus large district group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 451."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.33583,0.17582,0.53682,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.56158,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-04","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Large-district principals more likely to survey or meet students, parents, community","quote":"Conversely, principals in large districts were more likely to indicate that school or district administrators surveyed or met with students, parents, and/or the larger school community.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["community-partnerships","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Small versus large districts","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.70166,0.1935,0.17082,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.36183,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-05","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"conjecture","title":"Small and large districts may have sought buy-in or collaboration from differing groups","quote":"Taken together, these findings suggest that small and large districts may have sought buy-in or collaboration from differing groups before adoption.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Small versus large districts","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.49742,0.22885,0.37514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.63875,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-06","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Large districts more likely to have estimated funding and resource needs and ensured availability","quote":"Large districts were also more likely to have spent time estimating funding and other resource levels necessary to implement BTAM and ensuring their availability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Small versus large districts","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.77358,0.24653,0.09898,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28188,0.26684,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-07","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Small districts more outward-facing; large districts more inward-facing in planning","quote":"More small districts also engaged in outward-facing activities (e.g., discussing participation with community providers, consulting with law enforcement), whereas more large districts engaged in inward-facing activities (e.g., surveying their [larger population] of school staff","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Small versus large districts","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.40273,0.28171,0.46982,0.01806],[0.12745,0.29956,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31706,0.6855,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-08","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Surveyed or met with school staff: small district 29, large district 34 (%)","quote":"Surveyed or met with school staff | 29 | 34","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.2. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Program, Percentage Who Identified Various Actions Their School or District Administrators Took Before BTAM Implementation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.2 total n = 451; district-size group Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":56,"rects":[[0.25607,0.469,0.19551,0.01177]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-09","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Surveyed or met with students, parents, community: small district 14, large district 24 (%)","quote":"Surveyed or met with students, parents, and/or the larger school community* | 14 | 24","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["community-partnerships","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.2. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Program, Percentage Who Identified Various Actions Their School or District Administrators Took Before BTAM Implementation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.2 total n = 451; district-size group Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":56,"rects":[[0.12745,0.21117,0.749,0.03556]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-10","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Estimated funding and resources: small district 14, large district 24 (%)","quote":"Estimated funding and other resource levels necessary to implement the program and ensured they were available* | 14 | 24","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.2. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Program, Percentage Who Identified Various Actions Their School or District Administrators Took Before BTAM Implementation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.2 total n = 451; district-size group Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":56,"rects":[[0.19704,0.57407,0.25485,0.01177]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-11","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Consulted local law enforcement: small district 48, large district 33 (%)","quote":"Consulted with our local law enforcement organization* | 48 | 33","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.2. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Program, Percentage Who Identified Various Actions Their School or District Administrators Took Before BTAM Implementation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.2 total n = 451; district-size group Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":56,"rects":[[0.2835,0.62032,0.16476,0.02439]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-12","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Inventoried intervention programs: small district 34, large district 27 (%)","quote":"Inventoried what intervention programs we had available | 34 | 27","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.2. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Program, Percentage Who Identified Various Actions Their School or District Administrators Took Before BTAM Implementation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.2 total n = 451; district-size group Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":56,"rects":[[0.27936,0.67288,0.1689,0.02439]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-13","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Discussed participation with community and service providers: small district 38, large 28 (%)","quote":"Identified and discussed participation in BTAM with relevant community and service provider organizations (e.g., mental health providers, social service agencies, non-governmental service providers) | 38 | 28","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["community-partnerships","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.2. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Program, Percentage Who Identified Various Actions Their School or District Administrators Took Before BTAM Implementation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 7.2 total n = 451; district-size group Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":56,"rects":[[0.1303,0.7128,0.31795,0.04963]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-14","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"statement","title":"Figure 7.2 note: actions-before-implementation question (n = 451), select all that apply","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Which of the following actions do you know your school took before implementing its BTAM program?” (n = 451). Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.2. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Program, Percentage Who Identified Various Actions Their School or District Administrators Took Before BTAM Implementation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.16481,0.82408,0.70484,0.01118],[0.12605,0.83544,0.5577,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-15","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Figure 7.2: 22 percent did not know of actions; 5 percent said none were completed","quote":"Respondents were also given the following reply options: “I don't know whether any of these actions were taken” (selected by 22 percent of respondents); and “Our school or district administrators did not complete any of these actions” (selected by 5 percent of respondents).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.2. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Program, Percentage Who Identified Various Actions Their School or District Administrators Took Before BTAM Implementation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.2 note gives n = 451."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.68997,0.83544,0.17927,0.01118],[0.12605,0.8468,0.7346,0.01118],[0.12605,0.85816,0.54815,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-16","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Figure 7.2 includes only respondents with a team and model present at initial implementation","quote":"This figure includes only those who said that their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team; that their team was using a named model that we listed, an “other” model, or a locally created one; and that they were around for the initial implementation of this model.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.2. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Program, Percentage Who Identified Various Actions Their School or District Administrators Took Before BTAM Implementation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.68357,0.85816,0.16232,0.01118],[0.12605,0.86952,0.72713,0.01118],[0.12605,0.88087,0.5406,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p056-17","page":56,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Figure 7.2 asterisk marks significant small versus large district difference","quote":"An asterisk (*) indicates that the percentage of principals in small districts who said their school or district administrators took a specific action before implementing its BTAM program was statistically significantly different from the percentage of principals in large districts who said similarly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 7.2. Among Schools That Use a Named or Locally Created BTAM Program, Percentage Who Identified Various Actions Their School or District Administrators Took Before BTAM Implementation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":56,"rects":[[0.67342,0.88087,0.16926,0.01118],[0.12605,0.89223,0.71808,0.01118],[0.12605,0.90359,0.64991,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 56). Claim p056-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p056-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p056-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p057-01","page":57,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"conjecture","title":"Smaller districts may seek buy-in outside their school community; larger ones use internal resources","quote":"This could also suggest that smaller districts are having to look outside their immediate school community for buy-in and support, relative to larger districts that are able to draw and depend more on internal resources.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of preceding paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":57,"rects":[[0.38686,0.08744,0.48562,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.27105,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p057-02","page":57,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Most schools did not carry out many recommended planning activities; none done by over half","quote":"Although only 5 percent of respondents overall said that their school or district administrators engaged in none of the activities we listed, no one option was implemented by more than half of represented schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Despite these differences","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.2 note gives n = 451."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":57,"rects":[[0.34166,0.15814,0.53089,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.18306,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p057-03","page":57,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Most common planning activity was consulting local law enforcement (just over 42 percent)","quote":"The most common planning activity across schools was to consult with local law enforcement (just over 42 percent of schools did that).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Despite these differences","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.2 note gives n = 451."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":57,"rects":[[0.31824,0.1935,0.55428,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.36681,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p057-04","page":57,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Surveying students or parents and estimating funding needs least common (more than 17 percent)","quote":"Across the other options, surveying or meeting with students or parents and estimating funding needs were the least common (more than 17 percent reported doing each of those).","tag":"V","reason":"The text says 'more than 17 percent' for the least common options, while Figure 7.2 reports 14% (small districts) and 24% (large districts) for them.","concepts":["funding","pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Despite these differences","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.2 note gives n = 451."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":57,"rects":[[0.50753,0.21117,0.36502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.1359,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p057-05","page":57,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"About 30 percent of schools implemented each of the other three planning activities","quote":"Only about 30 percent of schools implemented one of each of the other three types of planning activities (surveying or meeting with staff, inventorying intervention programs, and discussing participation with community organizations and service providers).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Despite these differences","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":451,"label":"Principals answering the pre-implementation actions question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 451)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_actions_451","base_page":56,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 7.2 note gives n = 451."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":57,"rects":[[0.27646,0.24653,0.59612,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28188,0.47412,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p057-06","page":57,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"conjecture","title":"Many schools did some planning but few pursued a comprehensive set; potential readiness gaps","quote":"These data suggest that while many schools did engage in some pre-implementation planning, few pursued a comprehensive set of activities, indicating potential gaps in readiness or variability across districts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Despite these differences","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":57,"rects":[[0.61622,0.28188,0.2564,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29956,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31723,0.45927,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p057-07","page":57,"section":"ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models","type":"fact","title":"Most schools did not carry out many recommended planning activities for BTAM adoption","quote":"Despite these differences, most schools did not carry out many of these recommended activities when planning for BTAM adoption.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Despite these differences","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":57,"rects":[[0.15033,0.14047,0.72229,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.20569,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 57). Claim p057-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p057-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-7-why-did-schools-adopt-specific-btam-models#p057-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-01","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"definition","title":"Behavioral threat assessment gathers information to judge whether a student may pose risk of harm","quote":"When a case is referred to a BTAM team, the behavioral threat assessment component of BTAM involves gathering information to determine whether a student who engaged in concerning behavior may pose a risk of harm.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","risk-assessment"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.12745,0.28217,0.74509,0.01806],[0.12745,0.30002,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3177,0.05626,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-02","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"definition","title":"Assessment has two main stages: gathering information, then judging risk of harm","quote":"The assessment process can be divided into two main stages: (1) gathering information to understand the nature and severity of the concerning behavior or threat and (2) making a judgment about the risk of harm the individual poses to themself or others.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["risk-assessment","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Chapter introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.19253,0.3177,0.68002,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33537,0.74498,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35305,0.34617,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-03","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"definition","title":"Chapter analyzes principals' responses on the assessment component of BTAM programs","quote":"In this chapter, we analyze principals’ responses to questions about the assessment component of their BTAM programs  (the management and support component is discussed in the next chapter).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","risk-assessment"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In this chapter","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.15033,0.37055,0.72221,0.01806],[0.12745,0.3884,0.63275,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-04","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"statement","title":"Chapter examines assessment process, data sources used, and transparency","quote":"We investigate what the process looks like at schools across the country, what data BTAM teams are using to make decisions about risk of harm, and the level of transparency schools are integrating into the behavioral threat assessment process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","risk-assessment"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In this chapter","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.77234,0.3884,0.1003,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40608,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42376,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44143,0.05146,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-05","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Chapter focuses on the 82 percent of schools with an official BTAM team","quote":"In this chapter, we focus on the 82 percent of schools that told us they had an official BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In this chapter","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"The 82 percent official-team share is of all surveyed principals (Figure 2.1, p027); the report prints no other base."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.18688,0.44143,0.67288,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-06","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Authors hypothesized BTAM teams could structure assessment in four overarching ways","quote":"we hypothesized that BTAM teams could structure their processes and deliberations in four overarching ways when assessing the seriousness of a particular student’s behavior or the potential risk of harm they posed.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Using existing interview- and survey-based research","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.41676,0.58285,0.45571,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60052,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6182,0.27,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-07","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"definition","title":"Options capture the standardization of a team's process across cases","quote":"The options were meant to capture the degree of consistency or standardization that the BTAM team applied across cases—that is, whether these teams use a common structure and assessment process to consistently collect similar data across cases and a consistent method for deliberation across the set of cases referred to them.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Using existing interview- and survey-based research","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.40528,0.6182,0.46727,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63588,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65355,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67123,0.2919,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-08","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"statement","title":"Table 8.1 presents four operational types and the percentage of principals choosing each","quote":"Table 8.1 presents the four operational types included in a survey question focused on the assessment process and the percentage of principals who indicated that the option best described the structure and processes of their BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Using existing interview- and survey-based research","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.43218,0.67123,0.44036,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68891,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70659,0.41135,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-09","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"conjecture","title":"Types further down the table are more likely to produce consistent results and maintain performance","quote":"Drawing on the research literature on program implementation and quality improvement, operational types that are further down the table reflect modes of BTAM implementation that are more likely to produce consistent results case by case and maintain performance over time, thanks to their standardization (see, e.g., Bohanon, Caputo Love, and Morrissey, 2021).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","implementation-fidelity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Using existing interview- and survey-based research","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.54751,0.70659,0.32504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72426,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74194,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75962,0.69762,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-10","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Teams are spread across the four operational types","quote":"As shown in Table 8.1, BTAM teams at schools across the country are spread across the four different operational types.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Table 8.1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.15033,0.77729,0.72231,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79497,0.12119,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-11","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Only 31 percent of teams use highly standardized approaches","quote":"Only 31 percent of teams are using what we labeled as highly standardized approaches—that is, applying common structures and processes in meetings and both collecting consistent data and using a standardized process for threat assessment across referred cases.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Table 8.1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1394,"label":"Teams answering how the team assesses seriousness during meetings","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1394)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"risk_assessment_1394","base_page":59,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 8.1 note gives n = 1,394."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.25745,0.7948,0.6151,0.01806],[0.12745,0.81265,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83032,0.45983,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-12","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"79 percent of teams use a common meeting structure (sum of bottom three rows of Table 8.1)","quote":"However, 79 percent of teams are using a common meeting structure (the sum of the bottom three rows in Table 8.1)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Table 8.1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1394,"label":"Teams answering how the team assesses seriousness during meetings","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1394)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"risk_assessment_1394","base_page":59,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 8.1 note gives n = 1,394."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.59629,0.83032,0.27628,0.01788],[0.12745,0.848,0.53179,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p058-13","page":58,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"evidence","title":"NTAC guidance emphasizes standardization across cases through clearly defined processes","quote":"NTAC guidance for effective BTAM implementation in K–12 schools emphasizes standardization across cases, through the establishment of “clearly defined processes and procedures to guide assessments” (NTAC, 2018, p. 7).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":58,"rects":[[0.14379,0.89911,0.7287,0.01533],[0.12745,0.913,0.59578,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 58). Claim p058-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p058-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p058-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-01","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Unstructured BTAM: 21 percent of schools; common structure No, similar data No, standardized process","quote":"Unstructured BTAM | No | No | No | 21","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 8.1 BTAM Operational Types and Percentage of Schools with BTAM Teams Using Each Type","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1394,"label":"Teams answering how the team assesses seriousness during meetings","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1394)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"risk_assessment_1394","base_page":59,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 8.1 note gives n = 1,394."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":59,"rects":[[0.12815,0.18234,0.67475,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-02","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Individualized threat assessment: 28 percent of schools; common structure Yes, similar data No, stan","quote":"Individualized threat assessment | Yes | No | No | 28","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 8.1 BTAM Operational Types and Percentage of Schools with BTAM Teams Using Each Type","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1394,"label":"Teams answering how the team assesses seriousness during meetings","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1394)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"risk_assessment_1394","base_page":59,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 8.1 note gives n = 1,394."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":59,"rects":[[0.12815,0.2047,0.11988,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-03","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Threat assessment with standardized data: 20 percent of schools; common structure Yes, similar data ","quote":"Threat assessment with standardized data | Yes | Yes | No | 20","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 8.1 BTAM Operational Types and Percentage of Schools with BTAM Teams Using Each Type","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1394,"label":"Teams answering how the team assesses seriousness during meetings","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1394)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"risk_assessment_1394","base_page":59,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 8.1 note gives n = 1,394."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":59,"rects":[[0.12815,0.23906,0.13599,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-04","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Highly standardized BTAM: 31 percent of schools; common structure Yes, similar data Yes, standardize","quote":"Highly standardized BTAM | Yes | Yes | Yes | 31","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 8.1 BTAM Operational Types and Percentage of Schools with BTAM Teams Using Each Type","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1394,"label":"Teams answering how the team assesses seriousness during meetings","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1394)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"risk_assessment_1394","base_page":59,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 8.1 note gives n = 1,394."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":59,"rects":[[0.12815,0.27342,0.11862,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-05","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"statement","title":"Table 8.1 survey question on how team operates when assessing seriousness (n = 1,394)","quote":"NOTE: This table depicts response data from the following survey question: “Which of the following statements best describes how your BTAM team operates when it is assessing the seriousness of a particular student’s behavior or potential threat during a team meeting?” (n = 1,394).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 8.1 BTAM Operational Types and Percentage of Schools with BTAM Teams Using Each Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.12815,0.30542,0.71912,0.01044],[0.12815,0.31615,0.70176,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-06","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"statement","title":"The table includes only respondents whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"This table includes only those who said that their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 8.1 BTAM Operational Types and Percentage of Schools with BTAM Teams Using Each Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.49453,0.32689,0.36673,0.01044],[0.12815,0.33762,0.12224,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-07","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"51 percent of teams collect common data across all cases (sum of the bottom two rows of Table 8.1)","quote":"common data across all cases (the sum of the bottom two rows).","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 59 part and the sentence begins on page 58 (claim p058-12). Full sentence (pages 58–59): “However, 79 percent of teams are using a common meeting structure (the sum of the bottom three rows in Table 8.1), and 51 percent are collecting common data across all cases (the sum of the bottom two rows).”","concepts":["assessment-process-types","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: common data across all cases","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1394,"label":"Teams answering how the team assesses seriousness during meetings","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1394)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"risk_assessment_1394","base_page":59,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 8.1 n = 1,394."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.12745,0.37127,0.42556,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-08","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Large teams and teams also supported by district-level teams were more likely to use an entirely sta","quote":"Large teams (meaning teams with more roles represented) and teams in schools that were also supported by district-level BTAM teams were more likely to apply an entirely standardized process to the behavioral threat assessment process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","district-level-team","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: common data across all cases","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.56483,0.37127,0.30772,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38895,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40663,0.56646,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-09","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Going down Table 8.1, teams and processes become more structured and consistent","quote":"Going down the table, teams and their processes become more structured and more consistent in how they operate—collect data, apply assessment practices, and respond to cases that may pose risk to their school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Going down the table","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.15033,0.4243,0.72223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44198,0.74102,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-10","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"conclusion","title":"Structure and consistency help ensure threats are not missed and students are treated fairly","quote":"Such structure and consistency are important in helping ensure that situations that might pose a threat are not missed and that students are treated fairly and appropriately through the BTAM process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","implementation-fidelity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Going down the table","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.12745,0.45966,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47733,0.63639,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-11","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"conjecture","title":"Survey results suggest teams use a variety of information sources to assess risk","quote":"Our survey results suggest that BTAM teams use a variety of information sources to assess the risk of harm posed by students referred to the team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our survey results suggest","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.12745,0.60612,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6238,0.27529,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-12","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"evidence","title":"Different BTAM models recommend different information, but virtually all recommend broad data collec","quote":"Different BTAM models recommend collecting and using different types of information, but virtually all recommend broad data collection and integrating information from many sources to build the best understanding of student behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our survey results suggest","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.4125,0.6238,0.46005,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64148,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65915,0.49961,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-13","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"statement","title":"Principals were given a list of 14 potential data sources","quote":"We provided principals with a list of 14 potential data sources in our survey, ranging from interviews with students, school staff, and parents to reviewing discipline, academic, and other school records; law enforcement records; and social media accounts for referred students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our survey results suggest","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.63499,0.65915,0.23746,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67683,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69451,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71218,0.21019,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-14","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"statement","title":"Principals were asked which sources their teams rely on and how often","quote":"We asked principals which sources their BTAM teams rely on to conduct behavioral threat assessments and how often they use these sources.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our survey results suggest","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.35281,0.71218,0.5198,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72986,0.48488,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-15","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"conjecture","title":"Principals' responses suggest teams use a variety of data sources to inform risk-level assessments","quote":"As shown in Figure 8.1, principals’ responses suggest that BTAM teams use a variety of data sources to inform their assessments of risk level.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","risk-assessment"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our survey results suggest","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.62255,0.72986,0.24997,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74754,0.74111,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-16","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Teams also use many of those sources frequently","quote":"Teams also use many of those sources frequently.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our survey results suggest","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.12745,0.76521,0.33565,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-17","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"73 percent of principals said teams interview the referred student every time a student is referred","quote":"School BTAM teams rely first and foremost on interviews with the referred student to make decisions about potential risk of harm: 73 percent of principals indicated that their BTAM teams use this specific information source every time a student is referred to the BTAM process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our survey results suggest","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note gives n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.15033,0.78289,0.72217,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80057,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81824,0.51027,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p059-18","page":59,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"evidence","title":"The list of 14 sources is based on guidance from NTAC and models such as CSTAG","quote":"This list is based on guidance provided by existing BTAM frameworks, such as guidance provided by NTAC and such named models as the Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines (CSTAG).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["cstag","ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":59,"rects":[[0.14379,0.88396,0.72872,0.01533],[0.12745,0.89785,0.50707,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 59). Claim p059-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p059-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p059-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-01","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Interviews with student: every time 73 percent, sometimes 26 percent, never 1 percent","quote":"Interviews with . . . Student | 73 | 26 | 1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.12745,0.81723,0.749,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-02","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Interviews with witnesses: every time 64 percent, sometimes 34 percent, never 1 percent","quote":"Witnesses^a | 64 | 34 | 1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.2549,0.21121,0.49323,0.0126]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-03","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Interviews with teacher/staff knowledgeable about student: every time 57 percent, sometimes 43 perce","quote":"Teacher/school staff knowledgeable about student | 57 | 43 | 0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.14737,0.23048,0.59958,0.02249]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-04","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Interviews with parents or guardians: every time 55 percent, sometimes 44 percent, never 1 percent","quote":"Parents or guardians | 55 | 44 | 1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.19918,0.26237,0.54854,0.01306]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-05","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Interviews with potential target of a threat: every time 53 percent, sometimes 45 percent, never 2 p","quote":"Potential target of a threat | 53 | 45 | 2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.16844,0.28796,0.58089,0.01303]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-06","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Discipline records: every time 60 percent, sometimes 40 percent, never 0 percent","quote":"Records: Discipline records^b | 60 | 40 | 0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.12745,0.83491,0.74895,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-07","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Special education records: every time 58 percent, sometimes 41 percent, never 1 percent","quote":"Special education records | 58 | 41 | 1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.12745,0.83491,0.74895,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-08","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Academic records: every time 43 percent, sometimes 55 percent, never 2 percent","quote":"Academic records | 43 | 55 | 2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.12745,0.85259,0.7489,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-09","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Records from other in-district schools a student attended: every time 38 percent, sometimes 59 perce","quote":"Other in-district schools a student attended | 38 | 59 | 2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.18053,0.43828,0.56942,0.02249]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-10","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Records from other out-of-district schools a student attended: every time 29 percent, sometimes 68 p","quote":"Other out-of-district schools a student attended | 29 | 68 | 3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.15537,0.46345,0.59593,0.02249]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-11","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Outside medical organizations: every time 20 percent, sometimes 75 percent, never 5 percent","quote":"Outside medical organizations | 20 | 75 | 5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.144,0.49365,0.61094,0.01234]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-12","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Law enforcement records: every time 17 percent, sometimes 64 percent, never 19 percent","quote":"Law enforcement records | 17 | 64 | 19","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.12745,0.88794,0.74898,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-13","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Outside governmental organizations: every time 15 percent, sometimes 74 percent, never 11 percent","quote":"Outside governmental organizations | 15 | 74 | 11","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.19189,0.53895,0.57547,0.02249]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-14","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Student’s social media/online footprint: every time 15 percent, sometimes 77 percent, never 8 percen","quote":"Student’s social media/online footprint^c | 15 | 77 | 8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note prints n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":60,"rects":[[0.3722,0.596,0.38708,0.01226]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-15","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"statement","title":"Figure 8.1 survey question on how often the team uses each source (n = 1,395)","quote":"NOTE: This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “When a student is referred to your BTAM team for concerning behavior, how often does your team use the following sources of information to assess the level of risk posed by the student?” (n = 1,395).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.12749,0.69068,0.73642,0.01118],[0.12749,0.70204,0.72038,0.01118],[0.12749,0.7134,0.03029,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-16","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"statement","title":"Figure 8.1 includes only respondents whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.1673,0.7134,0.44621,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-17","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"statement","title":"Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding","quote":"Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1. Among Schools with BTAM Teams, Percentage That Use Various Sources of Information to Assess a Student’s Risk of Harm, by Frequency","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"Rounding note, not a survey percentage"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.62032,0.7134,0.24862,0.01118],[0.12749,0.72475,0.04778,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-18","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"definition","title":"Footnote a: witnesses are, for example, peers or staff who witnessed the behavior","quote":"For example, peers or staff who witnessed the behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["interviews","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1 footnote a","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.1346,0.73863,0.29916,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-19","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"definition","title":"Footnote b: discipline records include but are not limited to history of prior threats","quote":"Including but not limited to history of prior threats.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1 footnote b","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.13499,0.75251,0.26397,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-20","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"definition","title":"Footnote c: survey specified a publicly available social media/online footprint","quote":"We specified “publicly available” social media/online footprint.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1 footnote c","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.1346,0.7664,0.32759,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-21","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"definition","title":"Footnote d: Sometimes includes rarely, sometimes, or frequently, collapsed for readability","quote":"Including respondents who selected “rarely,” “sometimes,” or “frequently.” We collapsed these three categories into one for readability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 8.1 footnote d","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.13499,0.78028,0.71881,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-22","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Half or more of principals report teams use interviews with other people every time","quote":"victims—every time they assess a student’s risk.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 60 part and the sentence begins on page 59. Full sentence (pages 59–60): “Half (or more) of principals also reported their teams use interviews with other people—witnesses, teachers, parents or guardians, and potential victims—every time they assess a student’s risk.”","concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: tial victims","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.15439,0.81723,0.3282,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-23","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Fewer principals use records in every assessment; discipline, special education, and academic record","quote":"Fewer principals indicated that their teams use various types of records in every threat assessment, but when they do, discipline records, special education records, and academic records top the list of records BTAM teams use most often.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: tial victims","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.4912,0.81723,0.38136,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83491,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85259,0.50383,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-24","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"conjecture","title":"Results suggest teams use other types of records at least some of the time","quote":"Results also suggest BTAM teams use other types of records at least some of the time.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: tial victims","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.63933,0.85259,0.23313,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87026,0.35811,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p060-25","page":60,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"64 percent of principals said teams sometimes use law enforcement records; 17 percent use them in ev","quote":"For example, 64 percent of principals said their teams sometimes use law enforcement records, but only 17 percent of principals said they use these types of records in every case, likely because few students have law enforcement records.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","outside-data-sources"],"supports":["p060-12"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: tial victims","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note gives n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":60,"rects":[[0.49444,0.87026,0.37811,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88794,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.90562,0.4953,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 60). Claim p060-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p060-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p060-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-01","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Consistent with only 18 percent naming police and court records a top-two officer-member role","quote":"with survey responses that examined the role of law enforcement officers who were members of BTAM teams discussed previously, in which only 18 percent indicated that providing information from police and court records was one of the officer-member’s two most important roles.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 61 part and the sentence begins on page 60. Full sentence (pages 60–61): “Note that this finding is consistent with survey responses that examined the role of law enforcement officers who were members of BTAM teams discussed previously, in which only 18 percent indicated that providing information from police and court records was one of the officer-member’s two most important roles.”","concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: with survey responses","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":854,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 854)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_854","base_page":121,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Law enforcement role question (Table A.22), official teams column N = 854; respondents with law enforcement on the team."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.45473,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-02","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Only 14 percent of principals said teams review students' public social media for every case","quote":"Somewhat surprisingly, only 14 percent of principals said their BTAM teams review students’ publicly available social media accounts or online footprint for every case.","tag":"V","reason":"Text says 14 percent review social media for every case, but Figure 8.1 shows 15 (every time).","concepts":["information-gathering","outside-data-sources"],"supports":["p060-14"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Somewhat surprisingly","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 8.1 note gives n = 1,395."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.15033,0.14047,0.72218,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.45436,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-03","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"The vast majority of schools check social media accounts at least sometimes","quote":"The vast majority of schools check these accounts at least sometimes, though not in all cases.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Somewhat surprisingly","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.5905,0.15814,0.28194,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.35321,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-04","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"High school principals review social media at roughly twice the rate of elementary and middle school","quote":"High school principals said they review a student’s publicly available social media or online footprint at roughly twice the rate of their elementary and middle school counterparts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["outside-data-sources","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Somewhat surprisingly","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.48844,0.17582,0.38411,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.08926,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-05","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"evidence","title":"Threats against K–12 schools via social media have risen (Moore et al., 2024)","quote":"This is somewhat surprising, given the rise of threats made against K–12 schools via social media (see, e.g., Moore et al., 2024).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["outside-data-sources","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Somewhat surprisingly","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.22638,0.21117,0.64617,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.23568,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-06","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"conjecture","title":"BTAM decisions are high stakes, so questions may arise about correctness and fairness","quote":"Because the decisions made by BTAM teams can be high stakes for both the students involved and individuals concerned by student behavior and those potentially affected by any threats, questions may arise about whether decisions made by the team are correct and whether they appropriately and fairly balance student and school community safety needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["risk-assessment","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Because the decisions made by BTAM teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.12745,0.35764,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37531,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.39299,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.41067,0.24603,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-07","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"conjecture","title":"Given data sensitivity, it can be difficult for the process to be transparent enough to satisfy ever","quote":"Given the sensitivity of the data and decisionmaking involved in behavioral threat assessment, it can be difficult for the process to be transparent enough to satisfy everyone in all cases.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["privacy-information-sharing","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Because the decisions made by BTAM teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.38108,0.41067,0.49146,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42834,0.74503,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44602,0.03545,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-08","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"statement","title":"Principals were asked whether it would be feasible to transparently explain the outcome of their thr","quote":"To probe these issues, we asked principals whether they thought it would be feasible for their BTAM team to transparently explain the outcome of their threat assessment process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Because the decisions made by BTAM teams","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.17157,0.44602,0.70089,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4637,0.53021,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-09","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Sixty percent of principals said it would be feasible to justify decisions to concerned individuals ","quote":"Sixty percent of principals said they believe it would be feasible for their BTAM teams to justify their decisions about a specific case to concerned individuals outside the teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sixty percent of principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1392,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1392)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1392","base_page":131,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.39 (feasible to explain rationale), official teams column N = 1,392."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.15033,0.48137,0.72213,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49905,0.51446,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-10","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"definition","title":"Feasible means teams could explain the rationale to a parent, guardian, or other concerned individua","quote":"In other words, if asked, BTAM teams would be able to explain the rationale behind an assessment decision to a parent, guardian, or other concerned individual (i.e., why a student was determined to pose or not pose a threat).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sixty percent of principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.65053,0.49905,0.22202,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51673,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53441,0.59274,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-11","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Principals said explanations are possible because the process captures detailed rationale and data","quote":"Principals indicated that such explanations would be possible because their BTAM process captures detailed information about both the rationale and data behind an assessment.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sixty percent of principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.73342,0.53441,0.13926,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55208,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56976,0.34144,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-12","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Another 32 percent of principals said their team could potentially justify an outcome","quote":"Another 32 percent of principals said they believe their BTAM team could potentially justify an outcome.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Another 32 percent of principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1392,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1392)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1392","base_page":131,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.39 (feasible to explain rationale), official teams column N = 1,392."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.15033,0.58726,0.7182,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-13","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Principals were evenly split: half cite case-to-case variation, half cite verbal deliberations","quote":"Principals were evenly split over why this might be difficult: Half of this group noted that explaining an outcome would be difficult because of how much their process differs from case to case (i.e., their team does not use a standardized process for assessment), and the other half felt it would be difficult because assessments are the result of verbal deliberations among BTAM team members (i.e., there is no documentation that could serve as the basis for explanation).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["standardization-gaps","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Another 32 percent of principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.12745,0.60511,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62279,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64047,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65814,0.74503,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67582,0.22436,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-14","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"7 percent of principals said their team could not explain the rationale because files and deliberati","quote":"The remaining 7 percent of principals said their BTAM team would not be able to explain the rationale behind the outcome of their threat assessment process of a student because their BTAM files and deliberations are closed.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["privacy-information-sharing","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Another 32 percent of principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1392,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1392)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1392","base_page":131,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.39 (feasible to explain rationale), official teams column N = 1,392."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.36396,0.67582,0.5087,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6935,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71117,0.27647,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p061-15","page":61,"section":"ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm","type":"fact","title":"Principals with more standardized, well-documented processes were most likely to say they could expl","quote":"Principals in schools with more standardized and well-documented BTAM processes—often schools with large BTAM teams (meaning teams with more roles represented) and those served by both school-level and district-level BTAM teams—were most likely to indicate that their teams would be able explain the rationale behind an assessment decision to concerned individuals (e.g., parents or other community members), highlighting a key advantage of consistency in assessment procedures.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals in schools with more standardized","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":61,"rects":[[0.15033,0.72885,0.72224,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74653,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7642,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78188,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79956,0.48018,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 61). Claim p061-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p061-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-8-how-do-btam-teams-assess-risk-of-harm#p061-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-01","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"definition","title":"BTAM management and support component identifies interventions for assessed students","quote":"The management and support component of BTAM focuses on identifying appropriate interventions and supportive programming for students who have been assessed by the BTAM team as posing a potential risk to themselves or others.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The management and support component","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.12745,0.28217,0.74515,0.01806],[0.12745,0.30002,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3177,0.16544,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-02","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"evidence","title":"BTAM models emphasize individualized responses and recommend varied intervention options","quote":"BTAM models emphasize individualized responses and recommend a variety of intervention options, such as academic or social/emotional supportive services, monitoring, counseling, and safety planning tailored to the assessed needs of the individual and the situation at hand (see, e.g., Jackson et al., 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The management and support component","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.3028,0.3177,0.56978,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33537,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35305,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37073,0.07362,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-03","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Goal of intervention planning is the right mix of resources for behavioral change and safety","quote":"The goal of intervention planning is to identify the right composition of resources and supports that can prompt and sustain positive behavioral change for the student involved while also ensuring the safety of the broader school community.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":["p062-02"],"element":"paragraph: The management and support component","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.21372,0.37073,0.65887,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3884,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40608,0.23423,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-04","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Many BTAM models differ in specificity of management and support guidance","quote":"Many BTAM models differ in the specificity of their guidance for management and support strategies, leaving schools and their safety partners to develop their own approaches.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The management and support component","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.36943,0.40608,0.50312,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42376,0.72993,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-05","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Chapter focuses on the 82 percent of surveyed schools with an official BTAM team","quote":"We focus on the 82 percent of schools in our survey that told us they had an official BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In this chapter","case":false,"sample":{"n":1408,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 1408 of 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"The 82 percent official-team share is of all surveyed principals (Figure 2.1, p027); the report prints no other base."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.45562,0.49446,0.41693,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51214,0.24317,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-06","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Principals were given four options for how their BTAM team decides on an intervention plan","quote":"We presented principals with four options for how their BTAM team might decide on an intervention or safety plan for a student assessed as posing a risk of harm and asked them to select which statement best describes their team’s process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We presented principals with four options","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.12745,0.64093,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65861,0.74499,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67628,0.20387,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-07","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"16 percent of principals: team has a standard set of actions for every assessed student","quote":"Our BTAM team has a standard set of actions that it takes for every student assessed as a potential school safety concern (16 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We presented principals with four options","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1380,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1380)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.42 (intervention plan process), official teams column N = 1,380."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.16233,0.70911,0.71033,0.01788],[0.1634,0.72679,0.22809,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-08","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"33 percent of principals: team members add elements based on professional expertise and discipline","quote":"Our BTAM team members recommend elements to add to each intervention plan based on their professional expertise and services from their discipline (e.g., a counselor identifies the types of counseling that should be included in the plan) (33 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We presented principals with four options","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1380,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1380)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.42 (intervention plan process), official teams column N = 1,380."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.16233,0.74446,0.71022,0.01788],[0.1634,0.76214,0.7091,0.01788],[0.1634,0.77982,0.32622,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-09","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"28 percent of principals: team draws on an inventory of school and community resources","quote":"Our BTAM team draws on an inventory of resources available across the school and community to collaboratively choose interventions for an intervention or safety plan (28 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We presented principals with four options","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1380,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1380)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.42 (intervention plan process), official teams column N = 1,380."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.16233,0.79749,0.71022,0.01788],[0.1634,0.81517,0.54117,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-10","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"23 percent of principals: team uses an inventory plus decision support tools","quote":"Our BTAM team draws on an inventory of resources and decision support tools that help guide choices among intervention options and match interventions to individual student needs (23 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We presented principals with four options","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1380,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1380)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.42 (intervention plan process), official teams column N = 1,380."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.16233,0.83285,0.71024,0.01788],[0.1634,0.85052,0.63945,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p062-11","page":62,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"The chapter covers how schools select interventions and the options offered in school or by referral","quote":"In this chapter, we discuss how schools with official BTAM programs are approaching the behavioral threat management and support component of BTAM, reviewing responses about the decisionmaking process for selecting interventions and supports and the types of interventions schools are offering, both at the school and through referral to outside services.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In this chapter","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":62,"rects":[[0.15033,0.44143,0.72227,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45911,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47679,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49446,0.32029,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 62). Claim p062-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p062-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p062-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-01","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"BTAM intent: interventions that benefit the student and ensure school community safety","quote":"The intent of BTAM is to use information about the student and their behavior to determine the right types of interventions that will simultaneously benefit the student (address the concerning behavior to decrease the risk of harm) and also ensure the safety of the school community.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The intent of BTAM","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.15033,0.08744,0.72218,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.53035,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-02","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conclusion","title":"Using a standard set of actions for every student is counter to the BTAM goal","quote":"BTAM teams using a standard set of actions for every student they assess (our first response option) is counter to this goal.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The intent of BTAM","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.66407,0.12279,0.20854,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.63885,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-03","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Standard-set option least commonly selected: only 16 percent of principals","quote":"This was least commonly selected by principals, with only 16 percent indicating that their BTAM responded the same way in every case referred.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning"],"supports":["p062-07"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The intent of BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1380,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1380)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.42 (intervention plan process), official teams column N = 1,380."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.77498,0.14047,0.09758,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.14664,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-04","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conclusion","title":"Other three responses customized planning and reflected increasingly robust BTAM implementation","quote":"The other three responses described programs that customized intervention planning in different ways and reflected increasingly robust implementation of BTAM practices.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The intent of BTAM","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.28194,0.17582,0.59054,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.59502,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-05","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Most common approach, chosen by one-third: members bring options from their disciplines","quote":"The most common approach or option, selected by one-third of respondents, was that BTAM teams rely on their members to “bring intervention options from their individual professional disciplines to the table” during intervention planning.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","team-roles"],"supports":["p062-08"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The most common approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1380,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1380)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.42 (intervention plan process), official teams column N = 1,380."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.15033,0.21117,0.72229,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.20074,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-06","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"evidence","title":"Multidisciplinary teams are recommended or required to ensure this happens (NTAC, 2018)","quote":"Ensuring that this happens is a strong driver behind recommendations or even requirements for BTAM teams to be multidisciplinary (see, e.g., NTAC, 2018).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The most common approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.33574,0.24653,0.53685,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.51496,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-07","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Relying on members might produce inconsistent decisions if key members are absent or turnover is fre","quote":"Notably, such practice also relies heavily on having the right people “at the table” for every case; if key BTAM team members are regularly absent from meetings or team meetings are unplanned or a team is affected by frequent staff turnover, a school’s BTAM program might reach inconsistent decisions about which interventions to use from case to case.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The most common approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.65398,0.2642,0.21863,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28188,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29956,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31723,0.69566,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-08","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"definition","title":"Other two approaches build systems and decision aids as a support system for the team","quote":"The other two approaches/options include building systems and decision aids that help teams design intervention plans, essentially providing a “support system for the team” to build a strong and consistent process for selecting interventions across different students assessed by the team while still developing plans that are consistent for students’ needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The other two approaches/options","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.15033,0.33491,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35259,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37026,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38794,0.20416,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-09","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Both include an intervention inventory so teams need not rely on individual members' memory and atte","quote":"Both include building an inventory of interventions that are available to the school, so the team is not reliant on the memory and attendance of individual team members to be aware of what intervention options are available to meet a student’s needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The other two approaches/options","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.34095,0.38794,0.53157,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40562,0.74524,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42329,0.42976,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-10","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"evidence","title":"Building an inventory is recommended in some BTAM models and in PBIS or MTSS","quote":"Building such an inventory is a recommended practice in some BTAM models and in other models for school-based behavioral management (e.g., PBIS or MTSS).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The other two approaches/options","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.56407,0.42329,0.3085,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44097,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45865,0.0423,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-11","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Twenty-eight percent of respondents used an inventory without additional decision support tools","quote":"Twenty-eight percent of respondents indicated that their teams used such an inventory but did not have additional decision support tools to help them do so.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tools"],"supports":["p062-09"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The other two approaches/options","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1380,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1380)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.42 (intervention plan process), official teams column N = 1,380."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.18142,0.45865,0.69112,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47632,0.35286,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-12","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"definition","title":"Most robust option supplements the inventory with structured decision support tools","quote":"The most robust approach/option supplements the intervention inventory with structured decision support tools that help teams select interventions tailored to the student’s needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The other two approaches/options","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.48759,0.47632,0.38496,0.01788],[0.12745,0.494,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51168,0.10292,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-13","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Just under a quarter (23 percent) had both an intervention inventory and decision support tool","quote":"Just under a quarter of respondents (23 percent) indicated that their BTAM team had both an intervention inventory and decision support tool that helped them as they designed intervention plans.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tools"],"supports":["p062-10"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The other two approaches/options","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1380,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1380)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.42 (intervention plan process), official teams column N = 1,380."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.23805,0.51168,0.63457,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52935,0.69737,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-14","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Structured planning with tools and inventories may help ensure fairer and more consistent outcomes","quote":"Compared with more ad hoc approaches, structured intervention planning—supported by tools and inventories—may help ensure airer and more consistent outcomes across students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["equity-disparities","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The other two approaches/options","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.83276,0.52935,0.03979,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54703,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56471,0.46875,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-15","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"More than half of schools (51 percent) support intervention planning with an inventory","quote":"Because both of these response options included having an intervention inventory available, taken together they indicate that more than half of schools (51 percent) support intervention planning with an inventory of available intervention options.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tools"],"supports":["p062-09","p062-10"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The other two approaches/options","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1380,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1380)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.42 (intervention plan process), official teams column N = 1,380."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.6044,0.56471,0.26806,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58238,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60006,0.63877,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-16","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"91 percent of BTAM teams involve parents or guardians; 84 percent involve the referred student","quote":"According to principals’ reports, 91 percent of school BTAM teams typically involve parents or guardians of the referred student in the intervention and safety planning process; 84 percent also noted involving the referred student in the process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: According to principals’ reports","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1379","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.43 (parent/student involvement), note n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.12745,0.72885,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74653,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7642,0.215,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-17","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Parents and students were generally consulted rather than directly participating in decisions","quote":"Principals indicated that parents and students were generally consulted to provide information that informs the team’s decisions, as opposed to directly participating in planning decisions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: According to principals’ reports","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.35169,0.7642,0.5209,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78188,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79956,0.03501,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-18","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"72 percent of schools consulted with parents or guardians; only 19 percent allowed direct participat","quote":"For example, 72 percent of schools consulted with parents or guardians, but only 19 percent allowed parents to directly participate in planning decisions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: According to principals’ reports","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1379","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.43 (parent/student involvement), note n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.17123,0.79956,0.70138,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81723,0.36206,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p063-19","page":63,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conclusion","title":"Parents add value, but trained BTAM team members select interventions","quote":"In short, although parents provide added value to the intervention planning process thanks to their knowledge, awareness, and buy-in, principals confirmed that trained BTAM team members are responsible for ultimately selecting appropriate interventions and supports.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: According to principals’ reports","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":63,"rects":[[0.49831,0.81723,0.37433,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83491,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85259,0.74103,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 63). Claim p063-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p063-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p063-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-01","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"BTAM teams almost universally have a variety of intervention options available","quote":"Schools’ BTAM teams almost universally have a variety of intervention options available to them when it comes to intervening with a student assessed as posing a risk of harm to themself or others.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Schools’ BTAM teams almost universally","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.12745,0.14345,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.16113,0.64729,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-02","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Substance use treatment is the only option not universally available: 79 percent of schools have it","quote":"The only intervention not universally available across responding schools—but still widely available—is substance use treatment; 79 percent of schools have this intervention as an available option.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The only intervention not universally available","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 (p065) note gives n = 1,384; the text restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.15033,0.23183,0.71609,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24951,0.62654,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-03","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"More secondary than elementary schools have substance use treatment, likely because illicit use rise","quote":"Unsurprisingly, more secondary schools have access to substance use treatment options than elementary schools, likely because the percentage of youth reporting they use any illicit substance increases with age (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2023).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","intervention-menu","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The only intervention not universally available","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.76189,0.24951,0.1083,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26719,0.70944,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28486,0.73275,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30254,0.23442,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-04","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Virtually all schools use trusted-adult programming: 53 percent often, 42 percent sometimes, 4 perce","quote":"For example, virtually all schools use programming to build trusted relationships with adults, but the frequency they use these interventions varies: 53 percent report using this often; 42 percent report sometimes; and 4 percent report rarely using it as an option.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Schools use many of their available intervention options","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 (p065) note gives n = 1,384; the text restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.3291,0.42628,0.54345,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44395,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.46163,0.53461,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-05","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"91 percent have the option to permanently remove students, yet 30 percent of schools never use it","quote":"As an example, while 91 percent of principals indicate that their BTAM team has the option to permanently remove students from school via expulsion or relocation, 30 percent of schools report never using this option.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our results also highlight","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 (p065) note gives n = 1,384; the text restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.54528,0.49698,0.32732,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51466,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53234,0.43211,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-06","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"47 percent of schools said their BTAM teams often refer students to mental health counseling or care","quote":"For example, 47 percent of schools said their BTAM teams often refer students to mental health counseling or care.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","mental-health"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School BTAM teams use some intervention options","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 (p065) note gives n = 1,384; the text restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.70094,0.55001,0.17167,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56769,0.65043,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-07","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Only 17 percent often use special education supports and 5 percent often refer to substance use trea","quote":"By contrast, only 17 percent report that they often use special education supports, and 5 percent report that they often refer students to substance use treatment.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","students-with-disabilities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School BTAM teams use some intervention options","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 (p065) note gives n = 1,384; the text restates the figure."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.78795,0.56769,0.08469,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58537,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60304,0.2905,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-08","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Differences in frequency are likely related to the types of cases referred to BTAM teams","quote":"These differences in frequency with which schools use specific interventions are likely related to the types of cases referred to BTAM teams—that is, incidents that involve substance use may be rarer as part of the case types referred to BTAM teams, therefore leading schools to only rarely include such treatment as part of an intervention plan.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School BTAM teams use some intervention options","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.42766,0.60304,0.44498,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62072,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6384,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65607,0.45568,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-09","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conclusion","title":"Special education supports are only appropriate for some students, explaining only-sometimes use","quote":"Similarly, special education supports are only appropriate for some students, explaining why schools tend to report using them only sometimes as an intervention.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","students-with-disabilities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School BTAM teams use some intervention options","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.59155,0.65607,0.28104,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67375,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69143,0.0856,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-10","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Most frequently reported interventions could be considered support-focused or supportive discipline","quote":"could be considered support-focused or supportive discipline interventions meant to modify student behavior (see, e.g., Jackson et al., 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Notably, the interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.77849,0.72678,0.09406,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74446,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76214,0.13672,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-11","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Restrictive interventions, such as removal from school or law enforcement referral, are implemented ","quote":"Restrictive interventions—such as temporary or permanent removal from school or referral to law enforcement—are implemented less frequently.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Notably, the interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.2787,0.76214,0.59376,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77981,0.4306,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-12","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"definition","title":"Safety interventions are protective measures for the at-risk individual, target, and school communit","quote":"Safety interventions can include a range of protective measures to ensure the safety of the at-risk individual, the target of a threat, and members of the school community more broadly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","response-target-victim"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.14379,0.87007,0.72878,0.01533],[0.12745,0.88396,0.35871,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-13","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"definition","title":"Safety intervention examples: daily backpack searches or changes to class schedules","quote":"Specific examples include daily backpack searches or changes to class schedules.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.49187,0.88396,0.38062,0.01533],[0.12745,0.89785,0.08911,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-14","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Intervention options vary: skill-building, trusted adults, special education, counseling, removal","quote":"As shown in Figure 9.1, these options vary and can include skill-building services, programs geared toward building relationships with trusted adults, special education supports, mental health counseling, or temporary removal from school (e.g., suspension).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Schools’ BTAM teams almost universally","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.78404,0.16113,0.08849,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1788,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.19648,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21416,0.19897,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-15","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Schools use many available intervention options with some regularity","quote":"Schools use many of their available intervention options with some regularity as part of their behavioral threat management process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Schools use many of their available intervention options","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.12745,0.4086,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42628,0.1926,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-16","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"A small number of available interventions are not employed as widely as expected given availability","quote":"Our results also highlight a small number of interventions that are available to school BTAM teams but not employed as widely as expected given the availability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our results also highlight","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.15033,0.47931,0.72223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49698,0.40885,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p064-17","page":64,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"School BTAM teams use some intervention options more often than others","quote":"School BTAM teams use some intervention options more often than others.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: School BTAM teams use some intervention options","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":64,"rects":[[0.15033,0.55001,0.54044,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 64). Claim p064-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p064-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p064-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-01","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Supports and safety interventions for the targets or victims of threats: never 1, rarely 5, sometime","quote":"Supports and safety interventions for the targets or victims of threats | 1 | 5 | 39 | 55 | 1 | 99 | 99","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.76919,0.71361,0.01575]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-02","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Programming to build relationships with trusted adults: never 1, rarely 4, sometimes 42, often 53, n","quote":"Programming to build relationships with trusted adults | 1 | 4 | 42 | 53 | 1 | 99 | 99","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.76743,0.71361,0.01356]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-03","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Mental health counseling or care: never 1, rarely 3, sometimes 46, often 47, no option 2, available ","quote":"Mental health counseling or care | 1 | 3 | 46 | 47 | 2 | 98 | 97","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","mental-health"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.76227,0.71361,0.01405]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-04","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Skill-building services or programs: never 2, rarely 13, sometimes 49, often 34, no option 3, availa","quote":"Skill-building services or programs | 2 | 13 | 49 | 34 | 3 | 97 | 96","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.76743,0.71361,0.01356]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-05","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Behavioral or movement controls in school: never 2, rarely 14, sometimes 51, often 31, no option 2, ","quote":"Behavioral or movement controls in school | 2 | 14 | 51 | 31 | 2 | 98 | 96","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.78567,0.71361,0.01021]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-06","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Behavioral corrections or discipline: never 2, rarely 7, sometimes 42, often 46, no option 2, availa","quote":"Behavioral corrections or discipline | 2 | 7 | 42 | 46 | 2 | 98 | 96","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.76743,0.71361,0.01356]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-07","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Programming to build peer relationships and engagement: never 3, rarely 18, sometimes 49, often 27, ","quote":"Programming to build peer relationships and engagement | 3 | 18 | 49 | 27 | 3 | 97 | 94","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.75621,0.71361,0.01186]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-08","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Special education or disability supports: never 3, rarely 16, sometimes 63, often 17, no option 1, a","quote":"Special education or disability supports | 3 | 16 | 63 | 17 | 1 | 99 | 96","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","students-with-disabilities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.77632,0.71361,0.01252]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-09","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Temporary removal from school (suspension): never 3, rarely 20, sometimes 55, often 20, no option 2,","quote":"Temporary removal from school (suspension) | 3 | 20 | 55 | 20 | 2 | 98 | 95","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.79127,0.71361,0.0129]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-10","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Family support and intervention programming: never 4, rarely 21, sometimes 49, often 17, no option 8","quote":"Family support and intervention programming | 4 | 21 | 49 | 17 | 8 | 92 | 88","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.79127,0.71361,0.0129]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-11","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Academic or vocational programming: never 6, rarely 30, sometimes 40, often 9, no option 15, availab","quote":"Academic or vocational programming | 6 | 30 | 40 | 9 | 15 | 85 | 79","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.77237,0.71361,0.01257]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-12","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Law enforcement action or criminal justice action: never 17, rarely 37, sometimes 36, often 7, no op","quote":"Law enforcement action or criminal justice action | 17 | 37 | 36 | 7 | 4 | 96 | 80","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.749,0.71361,0.0114]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-13","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Substance use treatment: never 18, rarely 30, sometimes 25, often 5, no option 21, available 79, use","quote":"Substance use treatment | 18 | 30 | 25 | 5 | 21 | 79 | 61","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.74506,0.71361,0.01461]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-14","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Permanent removal from school (expulsion or relocation): never 30, rarely 38, sometimes 19, often 3,","quote":"Permanent removal from school (expulsion or relocation) | 30 | 38 | 19 | 3 | 9 | 91 | 61","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.1 note gives n = 1,384."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":65,"rects":[[0.14151,0.76189,0.71361,0.01029]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-15","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Figure 9.1 note: survey question on use of options in intervention plans (n = 1,384)","quote":"NOTE: This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “When your BTAM team intervenes with a student who is assessed as being at some risk of causing harm to themselves or others, how commonly are the following options part of the resulting intervention or safety plan?” (n = 1,384).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":65,"rects":[[0.81123,0.13742,0.01447,0.76903],[0.82594,0.39968,0.01447,0.50677]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-16","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Figure 9.1 includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":65,"rects":[[0.82594,0.09876,0.01447,0.29376],[0.84064,0.85784,0.01447,0.04861]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p065-17","page":65,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Figure 9.1 bars may not sum to totals because of rounding","quote":"Bars may not sum to totals because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.1. Percentage of Schools with Various Intervention Options Available to Their BTAM Team and How Often They Use Them","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":65,"rects":[[0.84064,0.65272,0.01447,0.19985]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 65). Claim p065-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p065-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p065-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-01","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Patterns give some initial confidence schools scale interventions to incident types and severity","quote":"confidence that schools are scaling their interventions to the types and severity of incidents under the purview of their BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.18324,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-02","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"evidence","title":"BTAM is framed as an alternative to exclusionary discipline, which risks long-term harms","quote":"BTAM in K–12 schools is framed as an alternative to exclusionary school discipline, which has been recognized as risking long-term harms to students and causing other damage to a school’s community (Huang and Cornell, 2021; Cornell et al., 2018; Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports, 2023).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","prevention","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM is framed as an alternative","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.12745,0.2339,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.25158,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26925,0.70315,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-03","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Survey provides insight into schools' use of suspension, expulsion, and law enforcement referral","quote":"Our survey provides insight into whether and how schools with BTAM programs in place report that they use exclusionary practices such as suspension, expulsion, and referral to law enforcement as part of their threat management processes.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":["p066-02"],"element":"paragraph: BTAM is framed as an alternative","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.84383,0.26925,0.02877,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28693,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30461,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32228,0.15898,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-04","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Responses suggest teams rarely use exclusionary discipline, especially at elementary level, but do s","quote":"Although principals’ survey responses suggest that BTAM teams rarely use exclusionary discipline measures—especially at the elementary level—they show that teams do still use these options (see Figure 9.1).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","grade-level-scope"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Although principals’ survey responses","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.15033,0.33996,0.72228,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35764,0.73701,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-05","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Thirty percent of principals said their BTAM teams never use exclusionary discipline","quote":"Thirty percent of principals reported their BTAM teams never use exclusionary discipline (i.e., they never expel students, place them in different schools, or suspend them for a month or more).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Although principals’ survey responses","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.2 note gives n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.12745,0.37531,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.39299,0.59141,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-06","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Exclusionary discipline use: rarely 46 percent, sometimes 21 percent, frequently 3 percent, always 1","quote":"Meanwhile, 46 percent of principals said their BTAM teams rarely use exclusionary discipline; 21 percent reported doing so sometimes; 3 percent reported frequently turning to exclusionary discipline; and 1 percent said they always employ such measures.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Although principals’ survey responses","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.2 (p067) note gives n = 1,379; the text restates it."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.73741,0.39299,0.13514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.41067,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42834,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44602,0.15905,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-07","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Exclusionary discipline appears more common than referral to law enforcement","quote":"Our results also suggest that exclusionary discipline practices are more common than referrals to law enforcement (i.e., arresting or prosecuting students for their threatening or concerning behavior).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Although principals’ survey responses","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.29655,0.44602,0.57598,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4637,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48137,0.08809,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-08","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Forty percent never refer students to law enforcement for arrest or prosecution; another 40 percent ","quote":"Forty percent of principals said their BTAM teams never refer students to law enforcement for arrest or prosecution, and another 40 percent said they rarely make such referrals.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Although principals’ survey responses","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.2 (p067) note gives n = 1,379; the text restates it."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.22938,0.48137,0.64315,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49905,0.5965,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-09","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Law enforcement referral: sometimes sixteen percent, frequently 4 percent, always 1 percent","quote":"Sixteen percent said they sometimes did so, and 4 percent and 1 percent said they either frequently or always referred cases to law enforcement for arrest or prosecution, respectively.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Although principals’ survey responses","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.2 (p067) note gives n = 1,379; the text restates it."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.73277,0.49905,0.13979,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51673,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53441,0.37984,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-10","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conclusion","title":"Authors lack data on caseload size or case nature behind frequent exclusionary or arrest use","quote":"Although it is concerning that a handful of schools reported engaging in such practices frequently or every time a case is referred to the BTAM team, we do not have information about the size of teams’ caseloads or about the nature of specific cases.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Although principals’ survey responses","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.5149,0.53441,0.35759,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55208,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56976,0.61679,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-11","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conclusion","title":"BTAM teams do not commonly rely on exclusionary practices to intervene with students","quote":"Overall, our data demonstrate that BTAM teams do not commonly rely on exclusionary practices as the means of intervening with students who display behaviors that elicit concerns for the safety of themselves and others.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Although principals’ survey responses","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.75312,0.56976,0.11954,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58744,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60511,0.65381,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-12","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Elementary schools were particularly likely to say they never use exclusionary discipline","quote":"Our data also show that elementary schools—whose BTAM teams likely deal with relatively less serious student behavior compared with secondary schools—were particularly likely to say they never use exclusionary discipline for students referred to a BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","grade-level-scope","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our data also show","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.15033,0.62279,0.72218,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64047,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65814,0.40212,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-13","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Elementary principals significantly more likely to say they never refer students to law enforcement","quote":"Elementary school principals were also significantly more likely to say they never refer students to law enforcement for arrest or prosecution, as shown in Figure 9.2.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our data also show","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.53946,0.65814,0.33308,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67582,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6935,0.06856,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-14","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Some elementary schools said their teams have expelled or referred students to law enforcement with ","quote":"However, although these practices are less common in elementary schools compared with middle and high schools, some elementary schools said that their BTAM teams have expelled or referred students to law enforcement with some regularity.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","exclusionary-discipline","grade-level-scope"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Our data also show","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.20391,0.6935,0.66866,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71117,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72885,0.26215,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-15","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Chapter 11 offers further analysis of whether assessments and interventions work as expected","quote":"See Chapter 11 for additional analyses about whether BTAM assessments and interventions are working as expected in practice.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.14379,0.86376,0.72884,0.01533],[0.12745,0.87765,0.0479,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p066-16","page":66,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Schools might suspend students for shorter amounts of time that might still be considered exclusiona","quote":"However, schools might suspend students for shorter amounts of time that still might be considered exclusionary.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":66,"rects":[[0.14379,0.89785,0.67558,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 66). Claim p066-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p066-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p066-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-01","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Excl. discipline, Total: never 30, rarely 46, sometimes 21; frequently and every time unlabeled","quote":"Total | 30 | 46 | 21 | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.2 note gives n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":67,"rects":[[0.13176,0.49558,0.72682,0.01121]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-02","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Excl. discipline, Elementary: never 43, rarely 42, sometimes 13; frequently/every time unlabeled","quote":"Elementary | 43 | 42 | 13 | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1379)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"School-level rows; group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":67,"rects":[[0.20966,0.42958,0.64966,0.01218]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-03","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Excl. discipline, Middle: never 13, rarely 52, sometimes 30, frequently 4; every time unlabeled","quote":"Middle | 13 | 52 | 30 | 4 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1379)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"School-level rows; group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":67,"rects":[[0.20966,0.42958,0.64966,0.01218]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-04","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Excl. discipline, High: never 11, rarely 52, sometimes 32, frequently 4; every time unlabeled","quote":"High | 11 | 52 | 32 | 4 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1379)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"School-level rows; group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":67,"rects":[[0.12745,0.70927,0.7451,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-05","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Arrest or prosecution, Total: never 40, rarely 40, sometimes 16, frequently 4; every time unlabeled","quote":"Total | 40 | 40 | 16 | 4 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 9.2 note gives n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":67,"rects":[[0.13176,0.49558,0.72682,0.01121]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-06","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Arrest/prosecution, Elementary: never 56, rarely 30, sometimes 10; frequently/every time unlabeled","quote":"Elementary | 56 | 30 | 10 | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1379)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"School-level rows; group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":67,"rects":[[0.20966,0.42958,0.64966,0.01218]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-07","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Arrest or prosecution, Middle: never 21, rarely 52, sometimes 21, frequently 6; every time unlabeled","quote":"Middle | 21 | 52 | 21 | 6 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1379)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"School-level rows; group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":67,"rects":[[0.20966,0.42958,0.64966,0.01218]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-08","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Arrest or prosecution, High: never 15, rarely 56, sometimes 24, frequently 4; every time unlabeled","quote":"High | 15 | 56 | 24 | 4 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1379)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"School-level rows; group sizes are not printed. Figure total n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":67,"rects":[[0.12745,0.70927,0.7451,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-09","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Figure 9.2 note: survey questions on expulsion, school change, long suspension, and arrest or prosec","quote":"NOTE: This figure depicts response data from the following survey questions: “When your BTAM team assesses students, how frequently are students expelled, placed in a different school, or suspended for one month or more for their threatening or concerning behavior?” and “When your BTAM team assesses students, how frequently are students arrested or prosecuted for their threatening or concerning behavior?” (n = 1,379).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","exclusionary-discipline","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.13176,0.46142,0.73963,0.01121],[0.13176,0.4728,0.72339,0.01121],[0.13176,0.48419,0.72916,0.01121],[0.13176,0.49558,0.11507,0.01121]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-10","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Figure 9.2 includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.25639,0.49558,0.44737,0.01121]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-11","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Figure 9.2 bars may not sum to totals because of rounding; some labels removed","quote":"Bars may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data labels have been removed for readability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.71058,0.49558,0.14458,0.01121],[0.13176,0.50696,0.39828,0.01121]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-12","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"definition","title":"Exclusionary discipline includes expulsion, relocation, and suspension of one month or more","quote":"Includes expulsion, relocation (i.e., placed in a different school), and suspension for one month or more.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 9.2. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Use Exclusionary Discipline and Referral to Law Enforcement, by Frequency and Grade Level","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.13747,0.52088,0.55421,0.01121]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-13","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Many interventions BTAM teams could recommend cost money to provide","quote":"Many interventions that BTAM teams could recommend for students assessed as being at risk of harming themselves or others cost money to provide.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Many interventions that BTAM teams could recommend","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.12745,0.60321,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62089,0.33427,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-14","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Private-provider mental health counseling has a cost depending on means or insurance","quote":"For example, mental health counseling through a private provider has a cost, and how much a family might have to pay to access such services will be determined by whether they have financial means or relevant medical insurance coverage.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","mental-health"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Many interventions that BTAM teams could recommend","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.47094,0.62089,0.40168,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63856,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65624,0.5491,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-15","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Presumably cost influences the likelihood a student receives an intervention","quote":"Presumably, the cost of an intervention will influence the likelihood of a student receiving that intervention, especially if borne by the student and the student’s family, and could be an insurmountable barrier for some families.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Many interventions that BTAM teams could recommend","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.68588,0.65624,0.18665,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67392,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69159,0.63934,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-16","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"If services are free, student uptake may be higher, increasing the likelihood of meeting needs and s","quote":"If services are provided at no cost through the school or other community sources, student uptake may be higher, increasing the likelihood that intervention efforts will successfully meet their needs and school safety goals.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Many interventions that BTAM teams could recommend","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.77563,0.69159,0.09681,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70927,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72695,0.69016,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-17","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Survey asked about four services provided at no cost, inside or outside school","quote":"We asked whether schools provide four different types of services at no cost to students’ families either inside school or outside school through an external service provider: skill-building services, mental health counseling or care, substance use treatment, and family support and intervention programming.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We asked whether schools provide four different types of services","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.15033,0.74463,0.72232,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7623,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77998,0.65986,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-18","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Four services chosen because they often require licensed professionals and are more likely offered o","quote":"We specifically selected these four intervention options because they often require licensed clinicians, therapists, or other professionals, and are more likely to be offered outside school, relative to such options as peer mentoring programs or extra academic support.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We asked whether schools provide four different types of services","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.7948,0.77998,0.07775,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79766,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81533,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83301,0.27821,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p067-19","page":67,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Mental health counseling is described as the most frequently used intervention and potentially highe","quote":"As shown in Figure 9.1 mental health counseling or care is the most frequently used intervention in the broader list of intervention options and also potentially one of the higher-cost intervention options recommended by a BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":"Figure 9.1 'Often' column shows mental health counseling at 47, below supports/safety interventions (55) and trusted-adult programming (53)","concepts":["free-mental-health-services","mental-health"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Figure 9.1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":67,"rects":[[0.15033,0.85069,0.72227,0.01788],[0.12745,0.86836,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88604,0.18267,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 67). Claim p067-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p067-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p067-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p068-01","page":68,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Three-quarters of principals: BTAM program provides free mental health counseling or care","quote":"mental health counseling or care to students free of charge, either at school or by placing the student in an outside program.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 68 part and the sentence begins on page 67. Full sentence (pages 67–68): “Three-quarters of principals indicated that their schools’ BTAM program provides mental health counseling or care to students free of charge, either at school or by placing the student in an outside program.”","concepts":["free-mental-health-services","mental-health"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: continuation","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1374,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1374)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1374","base_page":132,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.41 official teams column N = 1,374."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":68,"rects":[[0.16678,0.08744,0.70567,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.13585,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p068-02","page":68,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"70 percent provided free skill-building services; 58 percent free family support and intervention pr","quote":"Additionally, 70 percent of schools provided skill-building services free of charge to students referred to BTAM, and 58 percent provided free family support and intervention programming (also either at schools or by placing the student in an outside program).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Additionally, 70 percent","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1374,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1374)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1374","base_page":132,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Free-of-charge services question; Table A.41 (p132) official BTAM teams N = 1,374. No n printed on p068."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":68,"rects":[[0.15033,0.12279,0.72224,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.30615,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p068-03","page":68,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Only 37 percent of schools provided free substance use treatment to students referred to BTAM","quote":"Meanwhile, only 37 percent of schools provided free substance use treatment to students referred to BTAM; note that schools reported using this intervention option infrequently (as shown in Figure 9.1).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Additionally, 70 percent","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1374,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1374)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1374","base_page":132,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Free-of-charge services question; Table A.41 (p132) official BTAM teams N = 1,374. No n printed on p068."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":68,"rects":[[0.44569,0.15814,0.42693,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.21344,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p068-04","page":68,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Substance use treatment is likely especially costly for students and families (NIDA, 2024)","quote":"Relative to other intervention options, substance use treatment is also likely especially costly for students and their families (see, e.g., NIDA, 2024).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Additionally, 70 percent","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":68,"rects":[[0.3528,0.1935,0.51983,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.47669,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p068-05","page":68,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"evidence","title":"2023–2024 federal data: 84 percent of public schools provided mental health interventions; 63 percen","quote":"Federal government data for the 2023–2024 school year show that 84 percent of public schools provided mental health interventions for students, and 63 percent of schools used district or school funding to support these mental health services.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","mental-health","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 4","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"NCES 2023-2024 figure cited in footnote, not this survey"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":68,"rects":[[0.14379,0.27491,0.72876,0.01533],[0.12745,0.2888,0.74148,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p068-06","page":68,"section":"ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans","type":"evidence","title":"Only 9 percent of schools strongly agree they can effectively provide mental health services for all","quote":"However, only 9 percent of schools “strongly agree” that they are able to effectively provide these services for all students in need (NCES, 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 4","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"NCES 2023-2024 figure cited in footnote, not this survey"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":68,"rects":[[0.12745,0.30269,0.74503,0.01533],[0.12745,0.31658,0.10913,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 68). Claim p068-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p068-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-9-how-do-btam-teams-develop-intervention-plans#p068-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-01","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"BTAM should not end once an intervention plan has been put in place","quote":"Behavioral threat management and support should not end once an intervention plan has been put in place.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Behavioral threat management and support","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.12745,0.24825,0.74111,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-02","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Process should continue to ensure plan is carried out and reduces student risk","quote":"Instead, the process should continue to ensure that the intervention plan is being carried out appropriately and that it is successfully reducing the risk posed by a student.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Behavioral threat management and support","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.12745,0.26593,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28361,0.4204,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-03","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"evidence","title":"Monitoring should ideally continue until team is no longer concerned (NTAC, 2018)","quote":"Such monitoring should ideally continue until the BTAM “team is no longer concerned about the student or [their potential] risk for violence” (NTAC, 2018).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Behavioral threat management and support","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.55543,0.28361,0.31716,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30128,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31896,0.03166,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-04","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Monitoring and follow-up to ensure interventions are implemented as directed are critical","quote":"Monitoring and follow-up to ensure that interventions and supports are being implemented as directed are therefore critical.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Behavioral threat management and support","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.17094,0.31896,0.70156,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33664,0.14243,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-05","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Chapter focuses on the 82 percent of schools with official BTAM teams","quote":"We focus on the 82 percent of schools that stated in the survey they had official BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Behavioral threat management and support","case":false,"sample":{"n":1408,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 1408 of 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"The 82 percent share is of all surveyed principals; 1,408 is the number with an official BTAM team (p040, p070)."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.57122,0.35431,0.3014,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37199,0.34751,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-06","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"96 percent of schools engage in some monitoring after a plan is implemented","quote":"As shown in Figure 10.1, virtually all schools (96 percent) said they engage in some sort of monitoring after a student’s behavioral intervention or safety plan has been implemented.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Figure 10.1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.1 (p071) note gives n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.12745,0.50078,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51845,0.49644,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-07","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Active monitoring is usually a direct responsibility of the BTAM team","quote":"Usually, this active monitoring is a direct responsibility of the BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Figure 10.1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.6321,0.51845,0.24036,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53613,0.27383,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-08","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Half of schools: BTAM team monitors all cases with a plan and adjusts as needed","quote":"Half of schools said their BTAM team actively manages and monitors the progress of all cases where a behavioral or safety plan has been implemented and adjusted as needed.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Figure 10.1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering what the BTAM team does after an intervention or safety plan is implemented (Figure 10.1)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_after_plan_1379","base_page":71,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.1 note (p071) prints n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.4095,0.53613,0.46304,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55364,0.74093,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-09","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Another 23 percent of schools: BTAM team monitors only some students","quote":"Another 23 percent said their BTAM team does this only for some students during the implementation of a behavioral or safety plan.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Figure 10.1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.1 (p071) note gives n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.12745,0.57131,0.74506,0.01806],[0.12745,0.58916,0.17055,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-10","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Twenty-five percent of schools rely on teachers, counselors and others without the BTAM team","quote":"Twenty-five percent of schools reported that they rely on teachers, counselors, and others to monitor progress and adjust interventions without directly involving the BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Twenty-five percent of schools reported","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering what the BTAM team does after an intervention or safety plan is implemented (Figure 10.1)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_after_plan_1379","base_page":71,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.1 note (p071) prints n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.15033,0.60684,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62451,0.52696,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-11","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"District-level teams seem most likely to rely on staff outside the BTAM team","quote":"District-level teams seem most likely to rely on school staff outside the BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Twenty-five percent of schools reported","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.6619,0.62451,0.21068,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64219,0.36279,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-12","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"37 percent of principals with only a district-level BTAM program rely exclusively on other staff","quote":"As shown in Figure 10.1, 37 percent of principals with only a district-level BTAM program said they rely exclusively on other staff for monitoring.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Twenty-five percent of schools reported","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Figure 10.1 subgroup (school-level / district-level / both) percentage; the report prints only the total n = 1,379, not the subgroup counts."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.49852,0.64219,0.37396,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65987,0.65072,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-13","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Presumably district teams prefer school-level staff for monitoring","quote":"Presumably, these district-level teams prefer to rely on school-level staff for monitoring, given their more regular, day-to-day contact with the student.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Twenty-five percent of schools reported","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.7879,0.65987,0.08459,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67754,0.74522,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69522,0.21745,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-14","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Large teams with more roles more likely to monitor all students; smaller teams rely on others","quote":"Large BTAM teams that include representation of more roles are also more likely to actively monitor all students’ progress, while smaller teams are more likely to rely on teachers, counselors, and others to monitor progress and make adjustments.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring-responsibility","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Twenty-five percent of schools reported","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.3532,0.69522,0.51934,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7129,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73058,0.42143,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-15","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Survey item asked whether plans include measurable goals or thresholds for progress","quote":"We asked principals whether the intervention or safety plans that their BTAM teams develop include measurable goals or thresholds for student progress that then inform decisions about any required changes to the plan.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["measurable-goals"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We asked principals whether","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.12745,0.83664,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85431,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87199,0.057,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p070-16","page":70,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Forty percent of schools lack measurable goals; 60 percent integrate them via active monitoring","quote":"Forty percent of schools are not integrating such measurable goals, and 60 percent did report that their BTAM teams engage in some level of active monitoring to integrate measurable goals into intervention","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["measurable-goals","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We asked principals whether","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Measurable-goals question (Table A.46, p135) is asked of official teams that monitor, N = 984; text says 60/40, table 61/39."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":70,"rects":[[0.19283,0.87199,0.67969,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88967,0.74511,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 70). Claim p070-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p070-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p070-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-01","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.1 Total: all 49, some 23, reliance on others 25, total 96","quote":"Total | 49 | 23 | 25 | 96","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":["p070-06"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Engage in Monitoring After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.1 (p071) note gives n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":71,"rects":[[0.15033,0.74299,0.7261,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-02","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.1 School level: all 43, some 27, reliance on others 28, total 98","quote":"School level | 43 | 27 | 28 | 98","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Engage in Monitoring After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Figure 10.1 subgroup (school-level / district-level / both) percentage; the report prints only the total n = 1,379, not the subgroup counts."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":71,"rects":[[0.12601,0.27132,0.73765,0.01226]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-03","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.1 District level: all 38, some 16, reliance on others 37, total 91","quote":"District level | 38 | 16 | 37 | 91","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":["p070-12"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Engage in Monitoring After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Figure 10.1 subgroup (school-level / district-level / both) percentage; the report prints only the total n = 1,379, not the subgroup counts."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":71,"rects":[[0.12835,0.42079,0.58496,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-04","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.1 Both: all 56, some 22, reliance on others 19, total 97","quote":"Both | 56 | 22 | 19 | 97","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Engage in Monitoring After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Figure 10.1 subgroup (school-level / district-level / both) percentage; the report prints only the total n = 1,379, not the subgroup counts."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":71,"rects":[[0.21473,0.32079,0.64358,0.0118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-05","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Fig 10.1 survey question on what the team does after a plan is implemented (n = 1,379)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Which of the following statements best describes what your BTAM team does after a student’s behavioral intervention or safety plan has been implemented?” (n = 1,379).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Engage in Monitoring After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.16713,0.39806,0.70005,0.01118],[0.12835,0.40942,0.57961,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-06","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.1 includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Engage in Monitoring After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.71751,0.40942,0.13034,0.01118],[0.12835,0.42079,0.31272,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-07","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.1 bars may not sum to totals because of rounding","quote":"Bars may not sum to totals because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":"Total row segments 49 + 23 + 25 = 97, but the printed total label is 96 (attributed to rounding in the note).","concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.1. Percentage of Schools Whose BTAM Teams Engage in Monitoring After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.44788,0.42079,0.25863,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-08","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"No significant differences in developing measurable goals, except schools in large districts","quote":"We did not observe significant differences in schools’ likelihood of developing measurable goals across school characteristics, with one exception: schools in large districts were more likely to develop such goals, compared with schools in small districts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["measurable-goals","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: continuation","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.17176,0.45511,0.70079,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47279,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49047,0.27974,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-09","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Most schools rely on periodic reports; two-thirds get reports from designated teachers","quote":"Most schools rely on periodic reports and updates, including two-thirds that receive periodic reports from designated teachers who have direct contact with the student and regularly speak with the student as part of the plan (e.g., check-in, check-out programs).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We also asked principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.24872,0.63693,0.62383,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65461,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67228,0.43268,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-10","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"A majority of schools receive periodic updates from other school staff such as counselors","quote":"Fewer—though still a majority—of schools receive periodic updates from other school staff, such as school counselors.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We also asked principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.57336,0.67228,0.29915,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68996,0.51712,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-11","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"One-third receive reports from outside providers, likely because they are in fewer cases","quote":"Only one-third receive periodic reports from outside service providers, likely because outside providers are involved in comparatively fewer cases relative to school personnel.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","service-provider-capacity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We also asked principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.653,0.68996,0.21953,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70764,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72531,0.2283,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-12","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"60 percent of BTAM teams revisit cases during meetings, regularly, by event, or both","quote":"In total, 60 percent of BTAM teams revisit cases during their meetings, although schools were split over whether their teams revisited cases at regular time intervals, only when specific events warranted (e.g., when a student returns to school after an absence), or some combination.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In total, 60 percent","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.15033,0.74299,0.7222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76067,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77834,0.47266,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-13","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Forty percent of schools reported not revisiting cases at all","quote":"Forty percent of schools reported not revisiting cases at all.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In total, 60 percent","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.60936,0.77834,0.26318,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79602,0.14242,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-14","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"One-third of principals analyzed data and tracked progress, e.g., behavioral graphs","quote":"Meanwhile, one-third of principals reported that they analyzed data and tracked progress as part of their BTAM programs (e.g., they use behavioral graphs to visualize improvements in student behavior).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Meanwhile, one-third of principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.15033,0.8137,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83137,0.69557,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-15","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Slightly more than 15 percent of schools use a formal case management system","quote":"Only slightly more than 15 percent of schools reported using a formal case management system that tracks data on the cases monitored by the BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Meanwhile, one-third of principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.83783,0.83137,0.03481,0.01788],[0.12745,0.84905,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.86673,0.27454,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p071-16","page":71,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Principals asked what BTAM teams do as part of active monitoring of student cases (Figure 10.2)","quote":"We also asked principals what their BTAM teams are doing as part of their active monitoring of student cases (see Figure 10.2).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We also asked principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":71,"rects":[[0.12745,0.61925,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63693,0.10815,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 71). Claim p071-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p071-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p071-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-01","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.2 Periodic reports from teachers who have direct contact with the student: 65 percent","quote":"Periodic reports on progress from . . . | Teachers who have direct contact with the student | 65","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":72,"rects":[[0.12785,0.15011,0.23382,0.01205]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-02","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.2 Periodic reports from staff designated to speak with the student regularly: 65 percent","quote":"Periodic reports on progress from . . . | Staff designated to speak with the student regularly as part of the plan | 65","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":72,"rects":[[0.12785,0.15011,0.23382,0.01205]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-03","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.2 Periodic reports from other school staff: 59 percent","quote":"Periodic reports on progress from . . . | Other school staff^a | 59","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":72,"rects":[[0.12785,0.15011,0.23382,0.01205]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-04","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.2 Periodic reports from outside providers: 32 percent","quote":"Periodic reports on progress from . . . | Outside providers^b | 32","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":72,"rects":[[0.12785,0.15011,0.23382,0.01205]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-05","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.2 Revisiting cases when specific events occur: 39 percent","quote":"Revisiting cases during regular BTAM meetings . . . | When specific events occur^c | 39","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":72,"rects":[[0.12785,0.26437,0.31754,0.01205]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-06","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.2 Revisiting cases at regular time intervals: 38 percent","quote":"Revisiting cases during regular BTAM meetings . . . | At regular time intervals | 38","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":72,"rects":[[0.12785,0.26437,0.31754,0.01205]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-07","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.2 Manually analyze data and track progress: 31 percent","quote":"Manually analyze data and track progress^d | 31","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":72,"rects":[[0.1908,0.3395,0.44279,0.0126]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-08","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.2 Specific information/case management system: 15 percent","quote":"Specific information/case management system | 15","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":984,"label":"Teams that monitor some or all students progress after intervention plans","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 984)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"monitoring_progress_984","base_page":72,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.2 (p072) note gives n = 984, teams that actively monitor."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":72,"rects":[[0.16115,0.37589,0.38986,0.01474]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-09","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"statement","title":"Fig 10.2 survey question on how team monitors progress against a plan (n = 984)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “How does your school or district BTAM team monitor progress against a student intervention/safety plan?” (n = 984).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.16702,0.46343,0.66421,0.01118],[0.12824,0.47479,0.33209,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-10","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.2 includes only schools whose teams actively monitor some or all students","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team and that their team engages in active monitoring of some or all students’ progress.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.46961,0.47479,0.38015,0.01118],[0.12824,0.48616,0.50645,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-11","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"fact","title":"Fig 10.2 response options have been truncated for readability","quote":"Response options have been truncated for readability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.64156,0.48616,0.21229,0.01118],[0.12824,0.49752,0.0728,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-12","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"definition","title":"Fig 10.2 note a: other school staff, for example counselors","quote":"For example, counselors.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.13535,0.51141,0.13259,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-13","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"definition","title":"Fig 10.2 note b: outside providers, for example reports on treatment delivery","quote":"For example, reports on treatment delivery.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.13575,0.5253,0.22914,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-14","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"definition","title":"Fig 10.2 note c: specific events, for example a student returning after an absence","quote":"For example, when a student returns to school after an absence.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.13535,0.53919,0.34458,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-15","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"definition","title":"Fig 10.2 note d: manual analysis, for example behavioral graphs","quote":"For example, use of behavioral graphs to visualize improvements in student behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 10.2. Among Schools with BTAM Teams That Engage in Active Monitoring, Percentage Who Use Specific Monitoring Activities","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.13575,0.55308,0.45401,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-16","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"conclusion","title":"There is variability in how schools approach monitoring and follow-up","quote":"In sum, there is variability in how schools approach monitoring and follow-up as part of their BTAM programs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In sum, there is variability","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.15033,0.58014,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59782,0.04335,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-17","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"conclusion","title":"Nearly all schools monitor after an intervention, but BTAM team involvement differs significantly","quote":"While nearly all schools engage in some form of monitoring after implementing an intervention or safety plan, the level of involvement by BTAM teams differs significantly from school to school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In sum, there is variability","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.1796,0.59782,0.69306,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6155,0.64787,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-18","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"conclusion","title":"Most schools rely on BTAM teams to monitor, but almost 25 percent delegate to other school staff","quote":"Most schools rely on their BTAM teams to actively manage and monitor student progress, but almost 25 percent delegate this responsibility to other school staff, particularly in cases involving district-level teams or smaller BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","monitoring-responsibility"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In sum, there is variability","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 10.1 (p071) note gives n = 1,379."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.78277,0.6155,0.0898,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63317,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65085,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66853,0.04108,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-19","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"conclusion","title":"Most schools incorporate measurable goals; fewer use formal tracking systems","quote":"Additionally, while most schools incorporate measurable goals into their intervention plans, fewer use formal systems to track progress, relying instead on periodic updates and reports from school personnel.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","measurable-goals"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In sum, there is variability","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.17806,0.66853,0.69447,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6862,0.74109,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-20","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Findings suggest most schools track progress but methods and intensity vary widely","quote":"These findings suggest that while most schools are taking steps to track progress after interventions are implemented, the methods and intensity of monitoring vary widely.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: These findings suggest","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.15033,0.70388,0.7223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72156,0.46689,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-21","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Structured goals, case reviews and tracking systems may be better positioned to adjust early","quote":"Schools using structured goals, routine case reviews, and formal tracking systems may be better positioned to adjust interventions early and improve long-term outcomes.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["measurable-goals","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: These findings suggest","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.60156,0.72156,0.27103,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73923,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75691,0.13951,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p072-22","page":72,"section":"ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans","type":"conjecture","title":"Broader adoption of consistent monitoring strategies may support greater effectiveness","quote":"As BTAM practices mature, broader adoption of consistent monitoring strategies may support greater effectiveness.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: These findings suggest","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":72,"rects":[[0.27534,0.75691,0.59723,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77459,0.19732,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 72). Claim p072-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p072-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-10-how-do-btam-teams-monitor-intervention-plans#p072-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-01","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"BTAM interventions and supports should be tailored to the student's specific needs","quote":"The interventions and supports assigned by BTAM teams in response to concerning behavior should be tailored to the specific needs of a student identified by a team as posing a risk of harm to self or others.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Opening paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.74934,0.35305,0.12327,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37073,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3884,0.54562,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-02","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"BTAM defined as a proactive approach to identifying, assessing, and supporting students","quote":"BTAM is a proactive approach to identifying, assessing, and providing appropriate interventions and supports for students who display a behavior that elicits concerns about their own safety or the safety of others.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Opening paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.74924,0.3177,0.1233,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33537,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35305,0.61379,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-03","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Prior chapters analyzed principals' reports on BTAM issues, risk assessment and interventions","quote":"we analyzed principals’ reports about the types of issues their BTAM teams are involved in, how teams assess risk, and the types of interventions they use to respond to incidents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Opening paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.26918,0.30002,0.60334,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3177,0.61353,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-04","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Survey presented scenarios and asked three questions about responses before detailed BTAM questions","quote":"Before principals answered any detailed questions about their BTAM team and program, we presented them with a series of scenarios describing distinct school safety incidents and then asked three questions about how they would respond to each specific incident.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.32154,0.44143,0.55102,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45911,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47679,0.55604,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-05","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Survey sought to learn whether BTAM is working as intended at schools nationwide","quote":"our survey sought to understand whether BTAM is working as intended at schools around the country","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.73318,0.40608,0.13937,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42376,0.56068,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-06","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Scenario questions aimed to elicit information close to practice on situations principals faced","quote":"Through these scenario-based questions, we sought to elicit information that was as close to practice as possible about situations that principals may have encountered and had to address in their own schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.69866,0.47679,0.17387,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49446,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51214,0.50599,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-07","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"All principals received three scenarios: one low, one high-risk, one medium level","quote":"All principals received three different scenarios: (1) one scenario capturing a low-level behavioral incident that would typically fall outside the scope of a BTAM team, (2) one scenario capturing a high-risk incident that would fall within the scope of a BTAM team, and (3) one medium-level scenario falling somewhere in between.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.15033,0.52982,0.72228,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54749,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56517,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58285,0.05751,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-08","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"More variation expected in responses to medium-level scenarios","quote":"For the medium-level scenarios, we expected more variation in principals’ responses about whether they would refer such incidents to their school’s BTAM team and the types of interventions that might be implemented in response to the student’s behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.19236,0.58285,0.68021,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60052,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6182,0.34531,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-09","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario questions let authors examine how schools determine BTAM boundaries and criteria","quote":"These scenario-based questions allowed us to examine in more depth how schools are determining the boundaries and criteria for their BTAM programs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.47966,0.6182,0.39297,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63588,0.65937,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-10","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"16 scenarios administered: eight elementary and eight secondary","quote":"We administered a total of 16 different scenarios, eight of which focused on situations occurring in elementary schools and eight on incidents more relevant to secondary schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.15033,0.65355,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67123,0.49341,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-11","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Principals were randomly assigned scenarios conditional on school grade level","quote":"Principals were randomly assigned scenarios conditional on their school grade level.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.62944,0.67123,0.24312,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68891,0.33412,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-12","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Higher number of medium-level scenarios purposely included","quote":"We purposely included a higher number of medium-level scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.47546,0.68891,0.39705,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70659,0.06454,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-13","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table B.1 gives the full wording for all 16 scenarios","quote":"In Appendix B, Table B.1, we provide the full wording for all 16 scenarios presented to respondents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.15033,0.74194,0.68284,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-14","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"This chapter covers only schools with official BTAM teams","quote":"Note that this chapter also only presents results for schools that had official BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.14379,0.84987,0.5386,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-15","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Schools with other BTAM-like teams or none also answered scenarios but are omitted","quote":"Schools that had other school-based BTAM-like behavior teams or no BTAM teams also answered questions about these scenarios, as described in Appendix B.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.6897,0.84987,0.18277,0.01533],[0.12745,0.86376,0.7451,0.01533],[0.12745,0.87765,0.03156,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-16","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Schools with other BTAM-like teams or no teams are omitted from this chapter's analyses","quote":"These schools are omitted from our analyses here.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.16588,0.87765,0.29602,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-17","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Previous chapters presented data framing how BTAM teams and programs function nationwide","quote":"Previous chapters have presented data that frame how BTAM teams and programs function at schools across the country.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Opening paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.12745,0.28234,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30002,0.08045,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-18","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Chapter includes boxes with scenario descriptions where scenarios appear in the text","quote":"This chapter also includes boxes with scenario descriptions where specific scenarios appear in the text.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.84124,0.74194,0.03137,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75962,0.67905,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p074-19","page":74,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Key behavioral elements were extracted from each scenario and summarized for ease of interpretation","quote":"For ease of interpretation, we extracted key behavioral elements captured in each scenario and summarize them in","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 74 part and the sentence continues on page 75. Full sentence (pages 74–75): “For ease of interpretation, we extracted key behavioral elements captured in each scenario and summarize them in Table 11.1.”","concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":74,"rects":[[0.81526,0.75962,0.05739,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77729,0.74501,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 74). Claim p074-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p074-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p074-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-01","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Authors collapsed all 16 scenarios into key behavioral elements, using Scenario E as example","quote":"The box below (“Identifying Behavior Elements in Scenarios”) also uses Scenario E as an illustrative example of how we collapsed the scenarios down to the key behavioral elements they contained.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.20751,0.08744,0.66504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.67575,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-02","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"The process of identifying behavior elements was completed for all 16 scenarios","quote":"We completed this process for all 16 scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.81059,0.10511,0.06196,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.26124,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-03","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Fictitious incidents are not exhaustive; an illustration of what schools are likely addressing","quote":"Note that these fictitious incidents are not meant to be an exhaustive representation of the types of safety-related incidents occurring in schools but rather an illustration of what schools are likely addressing.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.39682,0.12279,0.47584,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.19743,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-04","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Some scenario categorizations may be ambiguous or open to interpretation","quote":"We also note that some of these categorizations may be ambiguous or open to interpretation, which we believe also accurately reflects the experiences of today’s schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.33303,0.15814,0.53956,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.61667,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-05","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Shortened descriptions of key details appear in parentheses when scenarios are discussed","quote":"we also include a shortened description of these key details in parentheses as a reminder for the reader.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph about shortened descriptions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.58473,0.1935,0.28784,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.41251,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-06","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Principals' scenario responses used to see which incidents involve BTAM teams and how","quote":"We first use principals’ responses to scenarios to discern what sorts of incidents involve school BTAM teams and how they are involved.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Section intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.12745,0.29451,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31218,0.18412,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-07","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Analysis also considers who makes the initial decision when it is not the BTAM team","quote":"We also consider when the BTAM team is identified as most likely to make the initial decision about how to respond to a student’s behavior in response to an incident and, if not the BTAM team, who else in the school makes initial decisions about how to respond to that type of incident.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Section intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.32026,0.31218,0.55235,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32986,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.34754,0.6711,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-08","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"After each scenario, respondents were asked who would make the initial response decision","quote":"After presenting each behavioral scenario, we asked respondents who would make the initial decision about how to respond to the behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Initial decision paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.12745,0.44981,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.46749,0.21372,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-09","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Initial decisionmaker was expected to differ by scenario and school","quote":"Given different circumstances across the schools in our sample, we expected that the person or group making that initial decision could differ from scenario to scenario and school to school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Initial decision paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.34808,0.46749,0.52459,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48516,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50284,0.04453,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-10","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Up to 12 options listed for initial decisionmaker, including BTAM team and administrators","quote":"Therefore, we listed up to 12 options, including the BTAM team and a teacher or school administrator (e.g., principal or assistant principal); a counselor, nurse, social worker, or psychologist; an SRO (or other school-based law enforcement officer), non-school-based law enforcement officer, security officer or guard;","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Initial decision paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.18537,0.50284,0.68718,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52052,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53819,0.74094,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-11","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario E vignette: graphic drawing of a shooting in a problem-solving drawing assignment","quote":"Scenario E: In a drawing assignment that asked students to visualize different ways to solve problems, a student draws a graphic picture of someone shooting at a group of people, including details like bleeding and other physical injuries.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Identifying Behavior Elements in Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.15033,0.61427,0.69944,0.01747],[0.15033,0.63112,0.69935,0.01703],[0.15033,0.64754,0.17721,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-12","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario E vignette: teacher notes unreachable family and withdrawn, sad student","quote":"The teacher mentions previous unsuccessful attempts to contact the student’s family about their academic progress, and that the student had recently appeared withdrawn and sad in class.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Identifying Behavior Elements in Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.33563,0.64754,0.51399,0.01703],[0.15033,0.66395,0.69932,0.01703],[0.15033,0.68037,0.03088,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-13","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Scenario E element: fixation on violence (graphic picture of someone shooting)","quote":"fixation on violence (graphic picture of someone shooting at a group of people)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Identifying Behavior Elements in Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.18775,0.72077,0.51622,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-14","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Scenario E element: concerning home context (unsuccessful attempts to contact family)","quote":"concerning home context (previous unsuccessful attempts to contact the student’s family)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Identifying Behavior Elements in Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.18775,0.73718,0.58672,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-15","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Scenario E element: history of academic issues (academic progress)","quote":"history of academic issues (academic progress)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Identifying Behavior Elements in Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.18775,0.7536,0.30205,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-16","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Scenario E element: withdrawal or depression (withdrawn and sad in class)","quote":"withdrawal or depression (appeared withdrawn and sad in class).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Identifying Behavior Elements in Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.18775,0.77001,0.41995,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-17","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 also shows the number of respondents per scenario (n)","quote":"Table 11.1 also shows the total number of respondents who answered questions about each scenario during the survey (denoted by n).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.14379,0.83598,0.72874,0.01533],[0.12745,0.84972,0.08143,0.01548]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-18","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"Existing guidance, including NTAC, does not expect BTAM teams to respond first to all incidents","quote":"Note that existing guidance around BTAM, including NTAC guidance, does not expect BTAM teams to be the first line of response for all incidents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.14379,0.87007,0.72875,0.01533],[0.12745,0.88396,0.15007,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p075-19","page":75,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"Guidance expects BTAM teams to be notified of and assess higher-risk situations","quote":"However, guidance does expect these teams to be notified of and to assess situations that present a higher risk of harm.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":75,"rects":[[0.28456,0.88396,0.58801,0.01533],[0.12745,0.89785,0.11636,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 75). Claim p075-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p075-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p075-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-01","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"T11.1 Severity A-P: Low,Low,Med.,Med.,Med.,Med.,Med.,High,Low,Med.,Med.,Med.,Med.,Med.,Med.,High","quote":"Severity level | Low | Low | Med. | Med. | Med. | Med. | Med. | High | Low | Med. | Med. | Med. | Med. | Med. | Med. | High","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.12425,0.87326,0.70801,0.01164]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-02","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"T11.1 Expected BTAM?: Yes for Scenarios H and P; No for A, B, I; Maybe for the rest","quote":"Expected BTAM? | No | No | Maybe | Maybe | Maybe | Maybe | Maybe | Yes | No | Maybe | Maybe | Maybe | Maybe | Maybe | Maybe | Yes","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.12425,0.8659,0.70801,0.01175]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-03","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"T11.1 n A-P: 353 335 131 148 137 137 133 687 734 139 128 103 134 126 107 734","quote":"n | 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 | 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.14151,0.83398,0.67523,0.01083]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-04","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 History of misbehavior: scenarios A, B, F, G, H, I, J, M","quote":"History of misbehavior | X | X | | | | X | X | X | X | X | | | X | | |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.12425,0.85858,0.70801,0.01029]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-05","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 Physical altercation: scenarios B, C, H, K, P","quote":"Physical altercation | | X | X | | | | | X | | | X | | | | | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.12425,0.85979,0.70801,0.01261]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-06","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 Explicit threat: scenarios D, F, H, O, P","quote":"Explicit threat | | | | X | | X | | X | | | | | | | X | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.12425,0.85451,0.70801,0.013]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-07","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 Fixation on violence: scenarios E, G, N, O","quote":"Fixation on violence | | | | | X | | X | | | | | | | X | X |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.12425,0.85979,0.70801,0.01153]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-08","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 History of violence: scenarios F, H, M","quote":"History of violence | | | | | | X | | X | | | | | X | | |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.14151,0.84047,0.67523,0.01514]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-09","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 History of academic issues: scenarios D, E, I, J, M, O","quote":"History of academic issues | | | | X | X | | | | X | X | | | X | | X |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.14151,0.84788,0.67523,0.00986]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-10","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 Suspected substance use: scenarios C, J","quote":"Suspected substance use | | | X | | | | | | | X | | | | | |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.12425,0.85334,0.70801,0.01015]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-11","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 Bullying: scenarios H, P","quote":"Bullying | | | | | | | | X | | | | | | | | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.12425,0.86761,0.70801,0.01107]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-12","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 Weapon (use and/or access): scenarios F, H, L, P","quote":"Weapon (use and/or access) | | | | | | X | | X | | | | X | | | | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.14151,0.84301,0.67523,0.01259]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-13","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 Withdrawal or depression: scenarios D, E, N, O","quote":"Withdrawal or depression | | | | X | X | | | | | | | | | X | X |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.12425,0.85451,0.70801,0.01061]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-14","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 Special education context: scenarios B, M","quote":"Special education context | | X | | | | | | | | | | | X | | |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.14151,0.84301,0.67523,0.01276]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p076-15","page":76,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Table 11.1 Concerning home context: scenarios E, F, G, P","quote":"Concerning home context | | | | | X | X | X | | | | | | | | | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table 11.1. Behavior Elements Included in Scenarios Presented to Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":76,"rects":[[0.14151,0.84301,0.67523,0.01276]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 76). Claim p076-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p076-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p076-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-01","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Initial decisionmaker options also included an outside BTAM team and MTSS, PBIS or similar team","quote":"an outside BTAM team; or a MTSS, PBIS, or other behavioral support team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.5153,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-02","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Principals could select only one initial-decisionmaker response option","quote":"Principals could select only one response option.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation paragraph 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.65596,0.08744,0.21659,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.11024,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-03","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Principals rarely identified the BTAM team as initial decisionmaker, even for most serious incidents","quote":"Principals rarely identified the BTAM team as the party making the initial decision in response to an incident, even for the most serious types of incidents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.15033,0.12279,0.72227,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.36542,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-04","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Rare BTAM initial decisions were expected since teams typically receive reports then respond","quote":"This was expected, given that a BTAM team typically receives reports of behavior and then moves forward with response rather than making the initial decision in response to an incident.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.50114,0.14047,0.37147,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.21213,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-05","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Principals identified teacher, principal or counselor as making initial judgments","quote":"Instead, principals identified three other individuals as making these initial judgments: a teacher, principal, or counselor.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.34782,0.17582,0.52482,0.01788],[0.54641,0.1935,0.32291,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-06","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.1 shows share of schools listing these personnel as first decisionmaker per scenario","quote":"Figure 11.1 shows the percentage of schools that listed these personnel as the first decisionmaker for each of the scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.54641,0.21117,0.32611,0.01788],[0.54641,0.22885,0.32618,0.01788],[0.54641,0.24653,0.16821,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-07","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Chapter also includes boxes with brief examples of each scenario","quote":"Also, throughout this chapter, we have boxes with brief examples of each scenario.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.72286,0.24653,0.1497,0.01788],[0.54641,0.2642,0.32616,0.01788],[0.54641,0.28188,0.09355,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-08","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Teachers typically first decide on lowest-level incidents, though administrators also play this role","quote":"As shown in Figure 11.1, teachers are typically the first to make decisions in response to the lowest-level incidents—although even in these cases, the principal or another school administrator also plays this role.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.56928,0.29956,0.30327,0.01788],[0.54641,0.31723,0.32619,0.01788],[0.54641,0.33491,0.32612,0.01788],[0.54641,0.35259,0.32618,0.01788],[0.54641,0.37026,0.22477,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-09","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Principals overwhelmingly identified a school administrator as first decisionmaker in most scenarios","quote":"Overall, however, principals overwhelmingly identified a school administrator as the first decisionmaker for most of the scenarios in the survey (see purple circles in Figure 11.1).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.77844,0.37026,0.09411,0.01788],[0.54641,0.38794,0.32614,0.01788],[0.54641,0.40562,0.32614,0.01788],[0.54641,0.42329,0.32617,0.01788],[0.54641,0.44097,0.19937,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-10","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"About a quarter of principals named counselors as first decisionmaker in elementary Scenarios D, E","quote":"For certain scenarios (such as Scenario D [explicit threat, history of academic issues, withdrawal or depression] and Scenario E [violence fixation, history of academic issues, withdrawal or depression, concerning home context] at the elementary school level), about a quarter of principals identified school counselors as the first decisionmaker.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","mental-health"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":148,"label":"Scenario D respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 148 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_D","base_page":76,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) per-scenario n: D 148, E 137."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.76005,0.44097,0.1125,0.01788],[0.54641,0.45818,0.32614,0.01835],[0.54641,0.47632,0.32614,0.01788],[0.54641,0.49354,0.32615,0.01835],[0.54641,0.51168,0.32618,0.01788],[0.54641,0.52935,0.32617,0.01788],[0.54641,0.54703,0.32617,0.01788],[0.54641,0.56471,0.32614,0.01788],[0.54641,0.58238,0.07323,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-11","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Secondary principals most often named an administrator, then a teacher (Scenarios I and K)","quote":"Secondary school principals most commonly identified a school administrator as the initial decisionmaker; the second most commonly selected option was a teacher (e.g., in Scenario I [history of misbehavior and academic issues] and Scenario K [physical altercation]).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.63007,0.58238,0.24247,0.01788],[0.54641,0.60006,0.32616,0.01788],[0.54641,0.61774,0.32617,0.01788],[0.54641,0.63542,0.32617,0.01788],[0.54641,0.65263,0.32614,0.01835],[0.54641,0.6703,0.32614,0.01835],[0.54641,0.68845,0.04292,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-12","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Only secondary scenario with counselor as initial decisionmaker was Scenario N (22 percent)","quote":"The only secondary school scenario where principals selected the school counselor as the initial decisionmaker (22 percent of respondents) was Scenario N (violence fixation, withdrawal or depression).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Paragraph 3","case":false,"sample":{"n":126,"N":126,"label":"Scenario N respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 126 of 126)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_N","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario N n = 126."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.61085,0.68845,0.26172,0.01788],[0.54641,0.70612,0.32615,0.01788],[0.54641,0.7238,0.32617,0.01788],[0.54641,0.74148,0.32614,0.01788],[0.54641,0.75915,0.17553,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-13","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario D vignette: 'I am going to kill you for that' shouted, academic problems, student cried","quote":"Scenario D: A student has an intense verbal confrontation with another student at school, shouting, “I am going to kill you for that.” The student has no history of fighting or disruptive behavior but has had academic problems. A teacher who spoke with the student does not believe the threat was serious but does note that the student started crying during their conversation and would not share why they were so upset.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-explicit-threat"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario D","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.15033,0.22447,0.35033,0.0166],[0.15033,0.23941,0.35035,0.01618],[0.15033,0.25393,0.35033,0.01618],[0.15033,0.26845,0.35032,0.01618],[0.15033,0.28297,0.35035,0.01618],[0.15033,0.29749,0.35031,0.01618],[0.15033,0.31201,0.35035,0.01618],[0.15033,0.32653,0.24886,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-15","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario I vignette: repeatedly disruptive in biology class, struggling with material","quote":"Scenario I: A student is repeatedly disruptive in their biology class, talking with other students or playing on their phone. Though in a course normally taken by students one grade below theirs, the student still appears to be struggling with the material. The teacher has made attempts to correct or redirect the behavior but has been unsuccessful and reached a point where frustration is affecting the entire class.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-disruptive-behavior"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario I","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.15033,0.545,0.35037,0.0166],[0.15033,0.55994,0.35031,0.01618],[0.15033,0.57446,0.35033,0.01618],[0.15033,0.58898,0.35029,0.01618],[0.15033,0.60351,0.35031,0.01618],[0.15033,0.61803,0.35036,0.01618],[0.15033,0.63255,0.35034,0.01618],[0.15033,0.64707,0.15282,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-16","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario K vignette: P.E. pushing between two students, one still angry and agitated","quote":"Scenario K: During P.E., two students begin pushing each other during a soccer activity. When the P.E. teacher approaches and tells them to stop, both back off and apologize to varying degrees. The teacher notices and is concerned that one of the students still appears angry and agitated after the fight.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-physical-altercation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario K","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.15033,0.70683,0.35031,0.0166],[0.15033,0.72177,0.35033,0.01618],[0.15033,0.73629,0.35033,0.01618],[0.15033,0.75081,0.35033,0.01618],[0.15033,0.76533,0.35035,0.01618],[0.15033,0.77985,0.13689,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-17","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Respondents saw some initial-decisionmaker options only if their school had such personnel","quote":"With the exceptions of teacher; school administrator; non-school-based law enforcement; and MTSS, PBIS, or other behavioral support team, respondents only saw each potential initial decisionmaker if they responded previously that they had such personnel at their school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.14379,0.84987,0.72876,0.01533],[0.12745,0.86376,0.74499,0.01533],[0.12745,0.87765,0.14768,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p077-18","page":77,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Select initial-decisionmaker results presented; Tables A.14 and A.15 give additional information","quote":"We present select results here, but see Tables A.14 and A.15 in Appendix A for additional information.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":77,"rects":[[0.14379,0.89785,0.60546,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 77). Claim p077-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p077-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p077-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-01","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario A: Teacher 58*, Counselor 6, School administrator 29, BTAM team 0","quote":"A | 58 (ringed) | 6 | 29 | 0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":353,"N":353,"label":"Scenario A respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 353 of 353)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_A","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario A n = 353."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-02","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario B: Teacher 20, Counselor unlabeled, School administrator 64*, BTAM team 3","quote":"B | 20 | [unlabeled] | 64 (ringed) | 3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":335,"N":335,"label":"Scenario B respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 335 of 335)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_B","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario B n = 335."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-03","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario C: Teacher unlabeled, Counselor 2, School administrator 84*, BTAM team 4","quote":"C | [unlabeled] | 2 | 84 (ringed) | 4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":131,"N":131,"label":"Scenario C respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 131 of 131)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_C","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario C n = 131."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-04","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario D: Teacher 13, Counselor 22, School administrator 53*, BTAM team 4","quote":"D | 13 | 22 | 53 (ringed) | 4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":148,"N":148,"label":"Scenario D respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 148 of 148)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_D","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario D n = 148."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-05","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario E: Teacher 25, Counselor 27, School administrator 34*, BTAM team 5","quote":"E | 25 | 27 | 34 (ringed) | 5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":137,"N":137,"label":"Scenario E respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 137 of 137)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_E","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario E n = 137."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-06","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario F: Teacher 19, Counselor 3, School administrator 58*, BTAM team 15","quote":"F | 19 | 3 | 58 (ringed) | 15","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":137,"N":137,"label":"Scenario F respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 137 of 137)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_F","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario F n = 137."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.12425,0.89403,0.70347,0.01506]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-07","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario G: Teacher 14, Counselor 5, School administrator 59*, BTAM team 12","quote":"G | 14 | 5 | 59 (ringed) | 12","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":133,"N":133,"label":"Scenario G respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 133 of 133)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_G","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario G n = 133."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-08","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario H: Teacher 8, Counselor 0, School administrator 68*, BTAM team 15","quote":"H | 8 | 0 | 68 (ringed) | 15","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":687,"N":687,"label":"Scenario H respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 687 of 687)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_H","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario H n = 687."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-09","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario I: Teacher 56*, Counselor 9, School administrator 23, BTAM team 1","quote":"I | 56 (ringed) | 9 | 23 | 1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":734,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 734 of 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_I","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario I n = 734."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-10","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario J: Teacher 5, Counselor unlabeled, School administrator 85*, BTAM team 2","quote":"J | 5 | [unlabeled] | 85 (ringed) | 2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":139,"N":139,"label":"Scenario J respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 139 of 139)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_J","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario J n = 139."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.14151,0.35612,0.67148,0.01065]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-11","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario K: Teacher 51*, Counselor 9, School administrator 35, BTAM team 0","quote":"K | 51 (ringed) | 9 | 35 | 0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":128,"N":128,"label":"Scenario K respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 128 of 128)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_K","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario K n = 128."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.14151,0.39995,0.67148,0.00868]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-12","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario L: Teacher 15, Counselor 0, School administrator 76*, BTAM team 4","quote":"L | 15 | 0 | 76 (ringed) | 4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":103,"N":103,"label":"Scenario L respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 103 of 103)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_L","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario L n = 103."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-13","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario M: Teacher 11, Counselor 1, School administrator 80*, BTAM team 2","quote":"M | 11 | 1 | 80 (ringed) | 2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":134,"N":134,"label":"Scenario M respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 134 of 134)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_M","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario M n = 134."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-14","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario N: Teacher 18, Counselor 22, School administrator 44*, BTAM team 12","quote":"N | 18 | 22 | 44 (ringed) | 12","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":126,"N":126,"label":"Scenario N respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 126 of 126)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_N","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario N n = 126."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-15","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario O: Teacher 0, Counselor unlabeled, School administrator 58*, BTAM team 13","quote":"O | 0 | [unlabeled] | 58 (ringed) | 13","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":107,"N":107,"label":"Scenario O respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 107 of 107)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_O","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario O n = 107."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-16","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 Scenario P: Teacher unlabeled, Counselor 1, School administrator 77*, BTAM team 12","quote":"P | [unlabeled] | 1 | 77 (ringed) | 12","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":{"n":734,"N":734,"label":"Scenario P respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 734 of 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_P","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario P n = 734."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":78,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-17","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 question wording; n = 1,422 low, 1,423 medium, 1,421 high-severity observations","quote":"NOTE: This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Which person or group is most likely to make the initial decision about how to respond to this student’s behavior?” (n = 1,422 observations for low-severity scenarios; n = 1,423 observations for medium-severity scenarios; n = 1,421 observations for high-severity scenarios).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":78,"rects":[[0.78374,0.10917,0.01451,0.79936],[0.79848,0.25934,0.01451,0.6492]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-18","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.1 includes only respondents whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":78,"rects":[[0.79848,0.11047,0.01451,0.1416],[0.81322,0.70699,0.01451,0.20154]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p078-19","page":78,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Some data labels were removed from Fig 11.1 for readability","quote":"Some data labels have been removed for readability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.1. Percentage of Schools That Identified Various Personnel as the Initial Decisionmaker, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":78,"rects":[[0.81322,0.48506,0.01451,0.21666]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 78). Claim p078-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p078-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p078-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-01","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"When BTAM team was not initial decisionmaker, respondents were asked if it would be made aware","quote":"to an incident, as was the case for most respondents, we asked whether the BTAM team would be made aware of the incident.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation paragraph (right column)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.51307,0.08744,0.35955,0.01788],[0.51307,0.10511,0.35945,0.01788],[0.51307,0.12279,0.15604,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-02","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Except lowest-risk scenarios, most principals said BTAM team would be notified afterward","quote":"With the exception of the lowest-risk scenarios, most principals indicated that their BTAM team would be notified of the student’s behavior after the initial response decision.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation paragraph (right column)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.68096,0.12279,0.19164,0.01788],[0.51307,0.14047,0.35947,0.01788],[0.51307,0.15814,0.35944,0.01788],[0.51307,0.17582,0.31776,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-03","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Notification least likely where teachers decide first: Scenarios A, I and K","quote":"Scenarios where this was least likely to happen corresponded to those where teachers were identified as most likely to make the initial decision about how to respond (Scenario A [history of misbehavior] at the elementary school level, and Scenarios I [history of misbehavior and academic issues] and K [physical altercation] at the secondary school level).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation paragraph (right column)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.84345,0.17582,0.0291,0.01788],[0.51307,0.1935,0.35948,0.01788],[0.51307,0.21117,0.3595,0.01788],[0.51307,0.22885,0.35952,0.01788],[0.51307,0.24606,0.3595,0.01835],[0.51307,0.2642,0.35948,0.01788],[0.51307,0.28188,0.35945,0.01788],[0.51307,0.29956,0.27968,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-04","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Pattern held for all scenarios, even most serious ones, per Figure 11.2","quote":"As shown in Figure 11.2, this pattern held for all scenarios in the survey—even the most serious ones.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.2 paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.53595,0.31723,0.33663,0.01788],[0.51307,0.33491,0.35559,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-05","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Scenario N: 94 percent of secondary BTAM teams involved (12 percent decide, 82 percent made aware)","quote":"In this situation, 94 percent of secondary schools reported that their BTAM teams would be involved somehow, either as the party making the initial decision about how to respond to an incident (12 percent of respondents) or by being made aware of the incident later (82 percent of respondents).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.2 paragraph","case":false,"sample":{"n":126,"N":126,"label":"Scenario N respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 126 of 126)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_N","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario N n = 126."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.61528,0.37026,0.25727,0.01788],[0.51307,0.38794,0.3595,0.01788],[0.51307,0.40562,0.35943,0.01788],[0.51307,0.42329,0.35943,0.01788],[0.51307,0.44097,0.35944,0.01788],[0.51307,0.45865,0.29584,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-06","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"BTAM chosen as initial decisionmaker more often as scenarios get more serious","quote":"The likelihood that principals selected the BTAM team as the party responsible for making the initial decision about how to respond to an incident does increase as the scenarios get more serious.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Likelihood paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.53595,0.47632,0.33657,0.01788],[0.51307,0.494,0.35945,0.01788],[0.51307,0.51168,0.35946,0.01788],[0.51307,0.52935,0.28571,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-07","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Under 1 percent of principals named BTAM team initial decisionmaker in Scenario I","quote":"Less than 1 percent of principals identified the school BTAM team as the party making the initial decision about how to respond to behavior depicted in Scenario I (history of misbehavior and academic issues), our lowest-level scenario for secondary schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-disruptive-behavior"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Likelihood paragraph","case":false,"sample":{"n":734,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 734 of 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_I","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario I n = 734."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.80667,0.52935,0.06582,0.01788],[0.51307,0.54703,0.35946,0.01788],[0.51307,0.56471,0.35949,0.01788],[0.51307,0.58238,0.35948,0.01788],[0.51307,0.60006,0.35948,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61774,0.30182,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-08","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Scenario P: 12 percent of principals named BTAM team initial decisionmaker","quote":"For Scenario P (physical altercation, explicit threat, bullying, weapon, concerning home context), however, the highest-level scenario set in a secondary school environment, 12 percent of principals identified the BTAM team as the party making the initial decision about how to respond to an incident.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Likelihood paragraph","case":false,"sample":{"n":734,"N":734,"label":"Scenario P respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 734 of 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_P","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario P n = 734."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.43887,0.61727,0.43367,0.01835],[0.12745,0.63542,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65309,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67077,0.17482,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-09","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Even in very serious scenarios, principals rarely identified BTAM team as initial decisionmaker","quote":"Even in these very serious scenarios, principals still rarely identified their BTAM team as the entity making the initial response decision.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Likelihood paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.31067,0.67077,0.56197,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68845,0.37732,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-10","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Scenario data point to three types of situations showing how schools use BTAM teams","quote":"Across both elementary and secondary schools, our scenario data point to three types of situations that depict how schools are using BTAM teams:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-severity-levels","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Three types of situations","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.15033,0.70612,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7238,0.29391,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-11","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Low end (Scenarios A, I, K): teacher-handled class disruption or athletic-activity fight","quote":"At the low end of the spectrum are situations that might simply be dealt with by a teacher (Scenarios A, I, and K). These scenarios involved disruptive student behavior during class (e.g., interrupting lessons by talking with other students) or a fight between two students during an athletic activity.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-disruptive-behavior","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Three types of situations","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.16199,0.75616,0.71062,0.01835],[0.1634,0.7743,0.70925,0.01788],[0.1634,0.79198,0.57608,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-12","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Low-end scenarios: 26 to 28 percent would inform BTAM team; 72 to 73 percent would not","quote":"About one-quarter of respondents (26 percent to 28 percent) indicated that their school would inform their BTAM team of these types of incidents, but in the majority of cases (72 percent to 73 percent), the BTAM team would not be notified the incident occurred.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Three types of situations","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":353,"label":"Scenario A respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_A","base_page":76,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) per-scenario n: A 353, I 734, K 128."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.74539,0.79198,0.12712,0.01788],[0.1634,0.80966,0.70905,0.01788],[0.1634,0.82733,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.84501,0.22237,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-13","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Middle scenarios: administrator decides first; BTAM team much more likely to be made aware","quote":"In the middle are scenarios in which principals overwhelmingly identified a school administrator as the party making the initial decision about how to respond to an incident; in these situations, schools were much more likely to make their BTAM team aware of the incident, although they still did not reach the level","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Three types of situations","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.16199,0.86222,0.71056,0.01835],[0.1634,0.88036,0.70921,0.01788],[0.1634,0.89804,0.70916,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-14","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario A vignette: repeated class disruption, wandering and shouting for attention","quote":"Scenario A: A student is repeatedly disruptive in class, wandering the classroom, interrupting the lesson by talking to other students, and sometimes shouting loudly to get attention. The student does not respond to multiple teacher requests to stop their behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-disruptive-behavior"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario A","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.15033,0.10553,0.31702,0.0166],[0.15033,0.12047,0.31701,0.01618],[0.15033,0.13499,0.31697,0.01618],[0.15033,0.14951,0.317,0.01618],[0.15033,0.16403,0.31703,0.01618],[0.15033,0.17855,0.08907,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-15","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario N vignette: Columbine interest, laptop searches, increasingly withdrawn","quote":"Scenario N: A student notices that another student in class is especially interested in the details of the Columbine High School shooting and the personal history of the students involved. The student repeatedly brings up the attackers by name during discussions with peers and has been searching for information about the incident on their school laptop. The teacher has also noticed that the student has become increasingly withdrawn in class.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario N","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.15033,0.23495,0.31696,0.0166],[0.15033,0.24989,0.31699,0.01618],[0.15033,0.26441,0.31699,0.01618],[0.15033,0.27893,0.31702,0.01618],[0.15033,0.29345,0.31699,0.01618],[0.15033,0.30797,0.31699,0.01618],[0.15033,0.32249,0.31701,0.01618],[0.15033,0.33701,0.31699,0.01618],[0.15033,0.35153,0.30737,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p079-16","page":79,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario P vignette: hallway fight, bullied student with prior knife, unsecured firearms at home","quote":"Scenario P: A fight breaks out in the hallway during passing time, and student witnesses reported hearing one of the aggressors shout, “see you tomorrow for another round,” and the bullied student replying, “Fine. This ends tomorrow.” The incident involves a student who has a history of being bullied and was caught brandishing a knife (which they said they needed “to try to get all of them to stop”) last school year. An investigation determined that there were unsecured firearms in the family home.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-physical-altercation","scenario-weapon-access"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario P","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":79,"rects":[[0.15033,0.40919,0.31697,0.0166],[0.15033,0.4235,0.31696,0.01618],[0.15033,0.43739,0.31698,0.01618],[0.15033,0.45128,0.31697,0.01618],[0.15033,0.46517,0.31697,0.01618],[0.15033,0.47905,0.317,0.01618],[0.15033,0.49294,0.31697,0.01618],[0.15033,0.50683,0.31702,0.01618],[0.15033,0.52072,0.31699,0.01618],[0.15033,0.53461,0.31696,0.01618],[0.15033,0.5485,0.10311,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 79). Claim p079-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p079-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p079-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-01","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario A: total 27, be made aware 27, make initial decision unlabeled","quote":"A | 27 | 27 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":353,"N":353,"label":"Scenario A respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 353 of 353)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_A","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario A n = 353."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-02","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario B: total 56, be made aware 53, make initial decision unlabeled","quote":"B | 56 | 53 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":335,"N":335,"label":"Scenario B respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 335 of 335)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_B","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario B n = 335."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-03","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario C: total 57, be made aware 53, make initial decision unlabeled","quote":"C | 57 | 53 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":131,"N":131,"label":"Scenario C respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 131 of 131)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_C","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario C n = 131."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-04","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario D: total 79, be made aware 75, make initial decision unlabeled","quote":"D | 79 | 75 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":148,"N":148,"label":"Scenario D respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 148 of 148)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_D","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario D n = 148."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-05","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario E: total 86, be made aware 81, make initial decision unlabeled","quote":"E | 86 | 81 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":137,"N":137,"label":"Scenario E respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 137 of 137)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_E","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076), Scenario E n = 137."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-06","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario F: total 93, be made aware 77, make initial decision 15","quote":"| F | 93 | 77 | 15 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":137,"label":"Scenario F respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 137)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_F","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario F N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.1634,0.47181,0.32741,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-07","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario G: total 88, be made aware 76, make initial decision 12","quote":"| G | 88 | 76 | 12 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":133,"label":"Scenario G respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 133)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_G","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario G N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-08","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario H: total 96, be made aware 81, make initial decision 15","quote":"| H | 96 | 81 | 15 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":687,"label":"Scenario H respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 687)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_H","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario H N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-09","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario I: total 27, be made aware 26, make initial decision unlabeled","quote":"| I | 27 | 26 | [unlabeled] |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_I","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario I N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-10","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario J: total 63, be made aware 62, make initial decision unlabeled","quote":"| J | 63 | 62 | [unlabeled] |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":139,"label":"Scenario J respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 139)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_J","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario J N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.1634,0.59345,0.68979,0.01999]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-11","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario K: total 28, be made aware 28, make initial decision unlabeled","quote":"| K | 28 | 28 | [unlabeled] |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":128,"label":"Scenario K respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 128)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_K","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario K N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.1634,0.52085,0.68627,0.02188]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-12","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario L: total 76, be made aware 72, make initial decision unlabeled","quote":"| L | 76 | 72 | [unlabeled] |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":103,"label":"Scenario L respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 103)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_L","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario L N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-13","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario M: total 69, be made aware 67, make initial decision unlabeled","quote":"| M | 69 | 67 | [unlabeled] |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":134,"label":"Scenario M respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 134)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_M","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario M N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-14","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario N: total 94, be made aware 83, make initial decision 12","quote":"| N | 94 | 83 | 12 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":126,"label":"Scenario N respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 126)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_N","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario N N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-15","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario O: total 95, be made aware 82, make initial decision 13","quote":"| O | 95 | 82 | 13 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":107,"label":"Scenario O respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 107)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_O","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario O N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-16","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 Scenario P: total 95, be made aware 84, make initial decision 12","quote":"| P | 95 | 84 | 12 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario P respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_P","base_page":76,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) prints the Scenario P N only; the share is of that scenario's respondents, numerator not printed."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":80,"rects":[[0.3165,0.03657,0.367,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-17","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 questions; n = 1,420 low, 1,420 medium, 1,417 high-severity observations","quote":"NOTE: This figure depicts response data from the following survey questions: “Which person or group is most likely to make the initial decision about how to respond to this student’s behavior?” and “Would the BTAM team(s) serving your school be made aware of this student’s behavior?” (n = 1,420 observations for low-severity scenarios; n = 1,420 observations for medium-severity scenarios; n = 1,417 for high-severity scenarios).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.13123,0.39974,0.71096,0.0111],[0.13123,0.41102,0.70882,0.0111],[0.13123,0.42229,0.72776,0.0111],[0.13123,0.43357,0.14088,0.0111]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-18","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.2 includes only respondents whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.28142,0.43357,0.44305,0.0111]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-19","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Some data labels were removed from Fig 11.2 for readability","quote":"Some data labels have been removed for readability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.2. Percentage of Schools That Involve Their BTAM Teams, by Scenario and When Involved","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.73123,0.43357,0.12145,0.0111],[0.13123,0.44485,0.15278,0.0111]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-20","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Middle scenarios at elementary level: B and C, physical altercations with other risk factors","quote":"At the elementary level, these situations included Scenario B and Scenario C, which depicted physical altercations paired with other potential risk factors, such as substance use or parental refusal to allow their student to participate in supports for neurodiverse learners.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-physical-altercation","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet continuation (left column)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.44482,0.47181,0.04209,0.01788],[0.1634,0.48949,0.32353,0.01788],[0.1634,0.5067,0.32353,0.01835],[0.1634,0.52484,0.32357,0.01788],[0.1634,0.54252,0.32355,0.01788],[0.1634,0.5602,0.32352,0.01788],[0.1634,0.57787,0.16718,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-21","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Middle scenarios, secondary: J, L, M mix risk factors, usually one violence-suggestive element","quote":"At the secondary level, they included Scenarios J, L, and M, depicting incidents integrating a mix of risk factors, with usually only one element suggestive of potential violence.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-severity-levels","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet continuation (left column)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"clauses(all)","page":80,"rects":[[0.33704,0.57787,0.14615,0.01788],[0.1634,0.59555,0.17322,0.01788],[0.42312,0.59555,0.0638,0.01788],[0.1634,0.61323,0.28392,0.01788],[0.45584,0.61323,0.03104,0.01788],[0.1634,0.6309,0.32354,0.01788],[0.1634,0.64858,0.0557,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-22","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Middle scenarios: 53 percent to 72 percent of principals said BTAM team would be notified","quote":"In these elementary and secondary scenarios, between 53 percent and 72 percent of principals noted that the school BTAM team would be notified of such incidents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet continuation (left column)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":335,"label":"Scenario B respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 335 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_B","base_page":76,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) per-scenario n: B 335, C 131, J 139, L 103, M 134."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.23139,0.64858,0.25551,0.01788],[0.1634,0.66626,0.32356,0.01788],[0.1634,0.68393,0.54132,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-23","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"High end: greater likelihood BTAM decides initially, across grade levels","quote":"At the high end of the spectrum are those scenarios in which there was a greater likelihood for principals to identify the BTAM team as the party making the initial decision about how to respond to an incident, across grade levels.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: High-end bullet","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.16199,0.70115,0.71063,0.01835],[0.1634,0.71929,0.70926,0.01788],[0.1634,0.73696,0.12539,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-24","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"High end: near-universal BTAM involvement when BTAM team was not initial decisionmaker","quote":"And in cases in which the BTAM team was not the initial decisionmaker, principals reported near-universal involvement of their BTAM team in response to the scenario.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: High-end bullet","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.29707,0.73696,0.57554,0.01788],[0.1634,0.75464,0.56836,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-25","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"High-end scenarios: F, G, H at elementary level and N, O, P at secondary level","quote":"These included Scenarios F, G, and H at the elementary level and Scenarios N, O, and P at the secondary level.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: High-end bullet","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.73844,0.75464,0.13411,0.01788],[0.1634,0.77232,0.61914,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-26","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"High-end scenarios included explicit references to violence paired with other concerning behaviors","quote":"Across both sets, these scenarios included explicit references to violence paired with other concerning behaviors, such as withdrawal or depression.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: High-end bullet","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.79063,0.77232,0.08197,0.01788],[0.1634,0.78999,0.70922,0.01788],[0.1634,0.80767,0.18879,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-27","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Share saying BTAM team makes the initial decision in high-end scenarios never exceeded 15 percent","quote":"Nevertheless, the percentage of respondents who said that their BTAM team would make the initial decision about how to respond in these scenarios never exceeded 15 percent.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: High-end bullet","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":137,"label":"Scenario F respondents (observations)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 137 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_11_1_scenario_F","base_page":76,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Table 11.1 (p076) per-scenario n: F 137, G 133, H 687, N 126, O 107, P 734."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.35949,0.80767,0.51301,0.01788],[0.1634,0.82535,0.66548,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-27","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-27","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-27, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-27","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-27, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-27\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-27</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-27","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-28","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario C vignette: bus pushing altercation, smell of alcohol, other family concerned","quote":"Scenario C: A student gets into a pushing altercation with another student on the bus. After the altercation is broken up by the bus driver, the student says they were responding to having been tripped while they were walking down the aisle. During the discussion with the student, the bus driver believes he smells alcohol on the student’s breath. The parents of the other student involved in the altercation call the school the next day concerned for their child’s safety on the bus.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-physical-altercation","scenario-substance-use"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario C","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.53268,0.49139,0.31699,0.0166],[0.53268,0.50633,0.317,0.01618],[0.53268,0.52085,0.31699,0.01618],[0.53268,0.53537,0.31703,0.01618],[0.53268,0.54989,0.317,0.01618],[0.53268,0.56441,0.31699,0.01618],[0.53268,0.57893,0.31702,0.01618],[0.53268,0.59345,0.31699,0.01618],[0.53268,0.60797,0.31699,0.01618],[0.53268,0.62249,0.25202,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-28","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-28","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-28, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-28","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-28, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-28\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-28</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-28","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p080-29","page":80,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Scenario L fell between the middle group and the higher-level scenarios","quote":"Scenario L fell somewhere in between this middle group and the higher-level scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 7","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":80,"rects":[[0.14379,0.89785,0.5179,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-29","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-29","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-29, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-29","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 80). Claim p080-29, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-29\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p080-29</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p080-29","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-01","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"After each scenario the survey presented a set of possible intervention options (Table 11.2)","quote":"After presenting respondents with each scenario, the survey presented a set of possible intervention options (see Table 11.2).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Selection of intervention options intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":81,"rects":[[0.12745,0.12072,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1384,0.10335,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-02","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Interventions spanned warnings to parent consultation, substance use assessment and removal","quote":"The interventions spanned a variety of options, from warnings or verbal corrections of behavior to parent consultation and assessment for substance use treatment to temporary removal from school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Selection of intervention options intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":81,"rects":[[0.24574,0.1384,0.62671,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15607,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17375,0.04453,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-03","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Not all interventions are appropriate for every incident","quote":"Not all interventions are appropriate for every incident.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Selection of intervention options intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":81,"rects":[[0.17983,0.17375,0.37735,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-04","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"BTAM team might be expected to recommend substance use treatment only if use is known or suspected","quote":"For example, we might expect a BTAM team to only recommend substance use treatment in cases in which they know or suspect that a student is using or abusing alcohol or drugs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","scenario-substance-use"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Selection of intervention options intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":81,"rects":[[0.5651,0.17375,0.30741,0.01788],[0.12745,0.19143,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.20911,0.16964,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-05","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Principals asked which interventions the primary decisionmaker would likely take or recommend","quote":"We acknowledged this in our instructions to principals and asked them to indicate which intervention(s) the primary decisionmaker (whether or not it is the BTAM team) would likely take or recommend in response to the behavior depicted in each scenario.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Selection of intervention options intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":81,"rects":[[0.30477,0.20911,0.56773,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22678,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24446,0.45292,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-06","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Report focuses on high-level patterns in principals’ responses","quote":"In this section, we focus on high-level patterns in principals’ responses.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: High-level patterns","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":81,"rects":[[0.15033,0.26214,0.49576,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-07","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Across every scenario, each displayed intervention was selected by at least half of respondents","quote":"Across every scenario, each displayed intervention was selected by at least half of our respondents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.3 displays","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":81,"rects":[[0.82576,0.38082,0.04682,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3985,0.65551,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-08","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Warning to named targets or victims of threats and safety... | Target/victim support","quote":"Warning to named targets or victims of threats and safety planning to protect targets/victims | Target/victim support","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-target-victim"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.50393,0.45832,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-09","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Parent consultation or home visit | Notification","quote":"Parent consultation or home visit | Notification","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-notification"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.53828,0.65328,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-10","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Warning or verbal correction of behavior | Supportive discipline","quote":"Warning or verbal correction of behavior | Supportive discipline","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-supportive-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.56065,0.68179,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-11","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Disciplinary measures (e.g., in-school detention; removal... | Supportive discipline","quote":"Disciplinary measures (e.g., in-school detention; removal of privileges) | Supportive discipline","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-supportive-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.58301,0.68179,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-12","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Behavioral or movement controls (e.g., changes to arrival... | Supportive discipline","quote":"Behavioral or movement controls (e.g., changes to arrival time or passing times) | Supportive discipline","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-supportive-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.60537,0.68179,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-13","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Programming to help the student build relationships with ... | Support-focused","quote":"Programming to help the student build relationships with trusted adults (e.g., regular check-ins; adult mentoring) | Support-focused","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.62774,0.45483,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-14","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Skill-building services (e.g., social skills- or leadersh... | Support-focused","quote":"Skill-building services (e.g., social skills- or leadership skills-building program) | Support-focused","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.6621,0.66995,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-15","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Programming to help the student build peer relationships ... | Support-focused","quote":"Programming to help the student build peer relationships and engagement (e.g., friend or peer mentor groups) | Support-focused","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.68446,0.47561,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-16","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Individualized academic or vocational programming | Support-focused","quote":"Individualized academic or vocational programming | Support-focused","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.71882,0.66995,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-17","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Special education or disability supports | Support-focused","quote":"Special education or disability supports | Support-focused","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.74118,0.66995,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-18","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Mental health counseling or care | Support-focused","quote":"Mental health counseling or care | Support-focused","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.76355,0.66995,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-19","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Substance use treatment | Support-focused","quote":"Substance use treatment | Support-focused","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12745,0.15607,0.74904,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-20","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Family support and intervention programming for the stude... | Support-focused","quote":"Family support and intervention programming for the student and their family | Support-focused","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.80827,0.66995,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-21","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Temporary removal from school (suspension) | Restrictive","quote":"Temporary removal from school (suspension) | Restrictive","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.83064,0.65065,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-22","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Permanent removal from school (e.g., expulsion, transfer ... | Restrictive","quote":"Permanent removal from school (e.g., expulsion, transfer to an alternative school) | Restrictive","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.853,0.65065,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-23","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Table 11.2: Law enforcement action (for example, arrest), civil or cr... | Restrictive","quote":"Law enforcement action (for example, arrest), civil or criminal legal proceedings | Restrictive","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":81,"rects":[[0.12663,0.87536,0.65065,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-24","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"Table 11.2 note: interventions grouped into categories based on Jackson et al., 2025","quote":"Interventions are grouped into categories based on Jackson et al., 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE 11.2 Overview of Intervention Options Presented to Principals in Response to Scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":81,"rects":[[0.13533,0.89537,0.36219,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p081-25","page":81,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.3 displays the top three most commonly selected interventions for each of 16 scenarios","quote":"Figure 11.3 displays the top three most commonly selected interventions for each of our 16 scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.3 displays","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":81,"rects":[[0.12745,0.38082,0.69046,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 81). Claim p081-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p081-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p081-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-01","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.3 layout: elementary Scenarios A-H, secondary I-P; top three interventions by column","quote":"Column header: Most commonly used interventions. Columns: 1st, 2nd, 3rd. Row groups (vertical labels): Elementary (Scenarios A–H), Secondary (Scenarios I–P).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"clauses(1/2)","page":82,"rects":[[0.33506,0.13391,0.10017,0.01205],[0.32765,0.14653,0.11499,0.01205]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-02","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.3 legend maps eight icons to eight interventions","quote":"Assess need for or start mental health counseling or care","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":82,"rects":[[0.60608,0.491,0.22129,0.01178],[0.60608,0.50362,0.10773,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-04","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario A (elementary): 1st verbal warning; 2nd parent consultation; 3rd disciplinary","quote":"Scenario A | Elementary | Warning or verbal correction of behavior | Parent consultation or home visit | Disciplinary measures","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.18122,0.19516,0.65967,0.01392]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-05","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario B (elementary): 1st parent consultation; 2nd disciplinary; 3rd skill-building","quote":"Scenario B | Elementary | Parent consultation or home visit | Disciplinary measures | Skill-building services","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.18083,0.2246,0.06414,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-06","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario C (elementary): 1st parent consultation; 2nd disciplinary; 3rd substance use","quote":"Scenario C | Elementary | Parent consultation or home visit | Disciplinary measures | Substance use treatment","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.18034,0.24928,0.63676,0.0144]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-07","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario D (elementary): 1st parent consultation; 2nd mental health; 3rd disciplinary","quote":"Scenario D | Elementary | Parent consultation or home visit | Mental health counseling or care | Disciplinary measures","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.14314,0.27919,0.10183,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-08","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario E (elementary): 1st parent consultation; 2nd mental health; 3rd trusted adults","quote":"Scenario E | Elementary | Parent consultation or home visit | Mental health counseling or care | Programming for relationships with trusted adults","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.14314,0.3065,0.10183,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-09","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario F (elementary): 1st parent consultation; 2nd disciplinary; 3rd mental health","quote":"Scenario F | Elementary | Parent consultation or home visit | Disciplinary measures | Mental health counseling or care","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.18228,0.33379,0.06269,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-10","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario G (elementary): 1st parent consultation; 2nd mental health; 3rd disciplinary","quote":"Scenario G | Elementary | Parent consultation or home visit | Mental health counseling or care | Disciplinary measures","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.17986,0.35751,0.65081,0.01535]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-11","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario H (elementary): 1st Parent consultation; 2nd Suspension; 3rd Mental health care","quote":"Scenario H | Elementary | Parent consultation or home visit | Temporary removal from school (suspension) | Mental health counseling or care","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.18034,0.38276,0.6612,0.0174]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-12","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario I (secondary): 1st parent consultation; 2nd verbal warning; 3rd disciplinary","quote":"Scenario I | Secondary | Parent consultation or home visit | Warning or verbal correction of behavior | Disciplinary measures","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.18639,0.42425,0.63926,0.01436]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-13","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario J (secondary): 1st parent consultation; 2nd disciplinary; 3rd mental health","quote":"Scenario J | Secondary | Parent consultation or home visit | Disciplinary measures | Mental health counseling or care","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.183,0.4495,0.60439,0.0164]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-14","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario K (secondary): 1st verbal warning; 2nd parent consultation; 3rd disciplinary","quote":"Scenario K | Secondary | Warning or verbal correction of behavior | Parent consultation or home visit | Disciplinary measures","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.18102,0.48142,0.06391,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-15","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario L (secondary): 1st Parent consultation; 2nd Disciplinary measures; 3rd Suspension","quote":"Scenario L | Secondary | Parent consultation or home visit | Disciplinary measures | Temporary removal from school (suspension)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.14314,0.50362,0.57067,0.01687]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-16","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario M (secondary): 1st disciplinary; 2nd parent consultation; 3rd mental health","quote":"Scenario M | Secondary | Disciplinary measures | Parent consultation or home visit | Mental health counseling or care","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.14314,0.53601,0.10183,0.01244]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-17","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario N (secondary): 1st parent consultation; 2nd mental health; 3rd trusted adults","quote":"Scenario N | Secondary | Parent consultation or home visit | Mental health counseling or care | Programming for relationships with trusted adults","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.18034,0.56331,0.48192,0.01251]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-18","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario O (secondary): 1st parent consultation; 2nd mental health; 3rd trusted adults","quote":"Scenario O | Secondary | Parent consultation or home visit | Mental health counseling or care | Programming for relationships with trusted adults","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.17985,0.59061,0.06512,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-19","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.3 Scenario P (secondary): 1st Parent consultation; 2nd Suspension; 3rd Disciplinary measures","quote":"Scenario P | Secondary | Parent consultation or home visit | Temporary removal from school (suspension) | Disciplinary measures","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":82,"rects":[[0.18131,0.6179,0.06366,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-20","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.3 source question asked what actions the person or group would likely take or recommend","quote":"What action(s) would this person or group at your school likely take or recommend in response to this student’s behavior?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":82,"rects":[[0.20467,0.69638,0.64803,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-21","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.3 n = 1,420 low-severity, 1,420 medium-severity, 1,419 high-severity observations","quote":"(n = 1,420 observations for low-severity scenarios; n = 1,420 observations for medium-severity scenarios; 1,419 for high-severity scenarios)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":82,"rects":[[0.12799,0.70775,0.68503,0.01118],[0.12484,0.71911,0.05221,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-22","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Respondents selected all that apply; figure shows top three most commonly selected interventions","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply out of a list of interventions presented, and we display the top three most commonly selected interventions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":82,"rects":[[0.18643,0.71911,0.67476,0.01118],[0.12484,0.73048,0.17756,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-23","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.3 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.3. Top Three Most Commonly Selected Interventions, by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":82,"rects":[[0.30927,0.73048,0.44647,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-24","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Many top interventions were selected by large majorities of respondents","quote":"selected by large majorities of respondents (keeping in mind that principals could—and would be expected to—select multiple interventions that could be part of a holistic intervention plan in response to a particular incident).","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 82 part and the sentence begins on page 81. Full sentence (pages 81–82): “Many were selected by large majorities of respondents (keeping in mind that principals could—and would be expected to—select multiple interventions that could be part of a holistic intervention plan in response to a particular incident).”","concepts":["intervention-count","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":82,"rects":[[0.12745,0.75754,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77522,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79289,0.05661,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-25","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Parent consultation or home visit most common in 13 of 16 scenarios, second in the other three","quote":"in the vast majority of scenarios (13 out of 16 scenarios), a parent consultation or home visit was the most commonly selected intervention; it was the second most common intervention in the remaining three scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","response-notification"],"supports":["p082-04","p082-05","p082-06","p082-07","p082-08","p082-09","p082-10","p082-11","p082-12","p082-13","p082-14","p082-15","p082-16","p082-17","p082-18","p082-19","p082-01"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Patterns from Figure 11.3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":82,"rects":[[0.47766,0.81057,0.39481,0.01788],[0.12745,0.82825,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.84592,0.38067,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p082-26","page":82,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Bringing parents in may be the number one action schools take in response to any incident","quote":"This suggests that bringing parents into the process of responding to student behavioral concerns is the number one action schools take in response to any type of incident, whether it be low-level behavior issues or very serious threats.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","response-notification"],"supports":["p082-25"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Patterns from Figure 11.3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":82,"rects":[[0.51612,0.84592,0.35649,0.01788],[0.12745,0.8636,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88128,0.50327,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 82). Claim p082-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p082-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p082-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-01","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Function of a home visit and who performs it may differ across incident types","quote":"The function of a home visit and who performs that visit may differ across incident types.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","response-notification"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Home visit function","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.15033,0.08744,0.61665,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-02","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"For lower-risk incidents parental consultation might be a phone call by the principal","quote":"For lower-risk incidents with limited indicators of potential violence and no concern about weapon access, parental consultation might be a phone call made by the principal.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","response-notification"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Home visit function","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.77506,0.08744,0.09736,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.35654,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-03","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"In high-risk incidents a home visit might be made by law enforcement to assess weapon access","quote":"In high-risk incidents with substantial concerns about violence, a home visit might be made by a law enforcement officer to assess whether the student has access to firearms or other weapons in the home.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-notification","scenario-weapon-access"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Home visit function","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.4929,0.12279,0.37972,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.74497,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.26649,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-04","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Mental health counseling or care was a top intervention choice across most scenarios","quote":"Similarly, assessing the need for or starting mental health counseling and care was a top intervention choice for principals across most scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Home visit function","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.40134,0.15814,0.4712,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.52076,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-05","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"Mental health counseling prominence called somewhat unsurprising given post-COVID youth distress","quote":"This is somewhat unsurprising given heightened rates of depression and anxiety among youth following the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated rise in students seeking mental health services (Mahnken, 2023).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Home visit function","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.65675,0.17582,0.21589,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.51245,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-06","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Schools selected different interventions based on specific information in the scenario","quote":"Second, despite some commonalities in the most frequently chosen options, there is clear evidence that schools selected different intervention options based on the specific information presented in the scenario.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Second pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.15033,0.22885,0.72223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.74144,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-07","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Scenario C (altercation, suspected substance use): principals would assess or start treatment","quote":"For example, in Scenario C (physical altercation, suspected substance use), principals report that they would respond in part by assessing the need for or starting substance use treatment.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","scenario-substance-use"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Second pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.52288,0.2642,0.34971,0.01788],[0.52288,0.28188,0.34966,0.01788],[0.52288,0.29956,0.3497,0.01788],[0.52288,0.31723,0.28533,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-08","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Scenario E: principals would assess need for or start programming on trusted-adult relationships","quote":"In Scenario E (violence fixation, history of academic issues, withdrawal or depression, concerning home context), principals indicated they would assess the need for or start programming to help the student build relationships with trusted adults (for example, through regular check-ins or adult mentoring programs).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Second pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.81982,0.31677,0.05273,0.01835],[0.52288,0.33445,0.34969,0.01835],[0.52288,0.35259,0.34965,0.01788],[0.52288,0.37026,0.34965,0.01788],[0.52288,0.38794,0.34964,0.01788],[0.52288,0.40562,0.34967,0.01788],[0.52288,0.42329,0.34965,0.01788],[0.52288,0.44097,0.06711,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-09","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Patterns suggest schools tailor interventions and supports to the student and incident","quote":"Broadly, these patterns suggest that schools are tailoring interventions and supports based on specific information about the student and the incident.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Second pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.60768,0.44097,0.26489,0.01788],[0.52288,0.45865,0.34965,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47632,0.44673,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-10","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario E vignette: graphic drawing of shooting in a drawing assignment","quote":"Scenario E: In a drawing assignment that asked students to visualize different ways to solve problems, a student draws a graphic picture of someone shooting at a group of people, including details like bleeding and other physical injuries.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario E","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.15033,0.29593,0.3268,0.0166],[0.15033,0.31087,0.32685,0.01618],[0.15033,0.32539,0.3268,0.01618],[0.15033,0.33991,0.3268,0.01618],[0.15033,0.35443,0.20128,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-11","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario E: teacher reports unsuccessful attempts to contact family; student withdrawn and sad","quote":"The teacher mentions previous unsuccessful attempts to contact the student’s family about their academic progress, and that the student had recently appeared withdrawn and sad in class.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-violence-fixation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario E","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.36135,0.35443,0.11578,0.01618],[0.15033,0.36895,0.32682,0.01618],[0.15033,0.38347,0.3268,0.01618],[0.15033,0.39799,0.32677,0.01618],[0.15033,0.41251,0.09787,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-12","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Schools appear focused on supportive rather than restrictive interventions as most frequent steps","quote":"Third, schools appear to be focused on more supportive interventions, as opposed to restrictive measures, including exclusionary discipline, at least as the most frequently chosen steps in responding to incidents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","exclusionary-discipline","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Third pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.15033,0.494,0.72221,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51168,0.74097,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-13","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Principals choosing disciplinary measures opted for supportive discipline, not suspension/expulsion","quote":"When principals did select the use of disciplinary measures in response to behavior included in a scenario, they opted for supportive discipline measures, such as in-school detentions and removing privileges—versus outright exclusionary discipline, such as out-of-school suspension or expulsion.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-supportive-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Third pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.12745,0.52935,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54703,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56471,0.55532,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-14","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Law enforcement referral and permanent removal not among top interventions, even in severe scenarios","quote":"Even for the most serious scenarios, referral to law enforcement and permanent removal from school did not make principals’ lists of top interventions (although principals did frequently select temporary removal from school for a few scenarios).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Third pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.69212,0.56471,0.18047,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58238,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60006,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61774,0.0435,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-15","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Finding does not indicate schools avoid exclusionary discipline; some use it frequently","quote":"This finding does not indicate that schools are avoiding exclusionary discipline practices altogether; indeed, our results indicate that schools are still turning to such practices, some frequently (see more on this point below).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Third pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.18335,0.61774,0.68922,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63542,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65309,0.08278,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-16","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Exclusionary discipline and law enforcement referral are not schools' most common responses","quote":"However, the patterns in Figure 11.3 suggest that exclusionary discipline and referral to law enforcement are not the most common way that schools address the behaviors and situations depicted across our scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Third pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.22436,0.65309,0.64815,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6706,0.7451,0.01806],[0.12745,0.68845,0.09281,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-17","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Authors expected greatest divergence between least severe and most severe scenarios","quote":"We expected to observe the greatest divergence in responses across the least severe and most severe scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Expected divergence","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.12745,0.77178,0.74101,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p083-18","page":83,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Comparing least and most severe responses illuminates how responses change as concern rises","quote":"Comparing and contrasting how schools respond to the least and most severe incidents help illuminate how schools’ responses change as incidents become more serious and concerns about the safety of the student and school community also therefore increase.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Expected divergence","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":83,"rects":[[0.12745,0.78946,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80713,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.82481,0.28822,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 83). Claim p083-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p083-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p083-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-01","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.4 compares Scenarios A and H (elementary) and I and P (secondary)","quote":"In Figure 11.4, we present the percentage of schools that selected specific intervention options in response to the most severe and least severe scenarios, by grade level","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.4 introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.15033,0.08744,0.32682,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.34966,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.34967,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.14713,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-02","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Figure 11.4 contrasts similarities and differences in responses to different situations","quote":"Figure 11.4 draws a contrast between the similarities and differences across school responses to different situations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.4 introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.35401,0.2642,0.12311,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28188,0.34968,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29956,0.31499,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-03","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"At least 80 percent of schools consult parents or visit homes regardless of severity or grade level","quote":"regardless of incident severity or grade level, at least 80 percent of schools consult with parents or guardians or conduct a home visit.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","response-notification"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Parents almost always notified","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = None)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.38948,0.33491,0.08764,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35259,0.34969,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37026,0.34967,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38794,0.12008,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-04","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"About two-thirds of schools selected supportive discipline regardless of incident level","quote":"Furthermore, it is common for schools to address both low- and high-level incidents using supportive disciplinary measures, such as detention or removal of privileges; about two-thirds of schools selected these options regardless of incident level.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Parents almost always notified","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = None)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.26232,0.38794,0.21482,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40562,0.34967,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42329,0.34968,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44097,0.34969,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45865,0.34972,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47632,0.10778,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-05","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Schools respond differently to more-severe incidents than to lower-level ones","quote":"Our data also show that schools respond differently to more-severe incidents than they do to lower-level ones, as shown in Figure 11.4.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Respond differently to severity","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.15033,0.494,0.3268,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51168,0.34972,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52935,0.24801,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-06","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"About 60 percent would warn potential victims in severe cases; under 10 percent in low-level cases","quote":"For example, about 60 percent of schools said they would warn potential victims in the most severe situations, but less than 10 percent focused on warning potential victims in response to low-level incidents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-target-victim","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Respond differently to severity","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = None)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.3855,0.52935,0.09163,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54703,0.34969,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56471,0.34972,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58238,0.34967,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60006,0.31717,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-07","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Verbal warnings common for lower-level incidents but much less common in more severe cases","quote":"By contrast, use of verbal warnings was common for lower-level incidents but much less common in more severe cases.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Respond differently to severity","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.45916,0.60006,0.01796,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61774,0.34963,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63542,0.34968,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65309,0.12702,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-08","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Only very few principals would use restrictive measures for least severe incident","quote":"Only very few principals said they would use restrictive measures—such as law enforcement action or permanent removal from school—in response to the least severe incident we presented.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Respond differently to severity","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.2651,0.65309,0.21202,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67077,0.34968,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68845,0.34964,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70612,0.3497,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7238,0.06686,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-09","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Notable shares of schools said they use restrictive actions in the most severe cases","quote":"However, notable shares of schools said that they use such actions in the most severe cases.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Respond differently to severity","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.20297,0.7238,0.27417,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74148,0.34554,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-10","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Findings suggest widespread agreement on responses to lowest-level and most severe incidents","quote":"Altogether, these findings suggest that there is widespread agreement over how to respond to the lowest-level and most severe incidents and that schools are delineating in their responses to low-level versus severe incidents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Altogether","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.15033,0.75915,0.3268,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77683,0.34966,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79451,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81218,0.11128,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-11","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Schools answer low-level incidents with support-focused options, reserve restrictive ones for severe","quote":"Schools are responding to low-level incidents with support-focused intervention options and reserving restrictive practices for more severe incidents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","response-restrictive","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Altogether","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.24852,0.81218,0.62399,0.01788],[0.12745,0.82986,0.41126,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-12","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario A vignette: repeatedly disruptive student wanders, interrupts and shouts","quote":"Scenario A: A student is repeatedly disruptive in class, wandering the classroom, interrupting the lesson by talking to other students, and sometimes shouting loudly to get attention.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-disruptive-behavior"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario A","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.52288,0.10603,0.32681,0.0166],[0.52288,0.12097,0.32679,0.01618],[0.52288,0.13549,0.3268,0.01618],[0.52288,0.15001,0.20584,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-13","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario A: student does not respond to multiple teacher requests to stop","quote":"The student does not respond to multiple teacher requests to stop their behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-disruptive-behavior"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario A","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.73797,0.15001,0.11168,0.01618],[0.52288,0.16453,0.32681,0.01618],[0.52288,0.17905,0.08907,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-14","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario H vignette: history of fights with other students and classroom disruption","quote":"Scenario H: A student has a history of getting into fights with other students at school and being generally disruptive in the classroom.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-physical-altercation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario H","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.52288,0.2323,0.3268,0.0166],[0.52288,0.24724,0.3268,0.01618],[0.52288,0.26176,0.21372,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-15","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario H: student complained of being singled out and bullied by classmates","quote":"Earlier this year, the student complained about being singled out and bullied by many other members of the class.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-physical-altercation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario H","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.74463,0.26176,0.10506,0.01618],[0.52288,0.27628,0.32679,0.01618],[0.52288,0.2908,0.2921,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-16","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario H: student caught bringing a knife to school; firearms in family home","quote":"The student was later caught bringing a knife to school, explaining it was “for protection,” and an investigation determined that there were firearms in the family home.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-weapon-access"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario H","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.82494,0.2908,0.02478,0.01618],[0.52288,0.30532,0.32684,0.01618],[0.52288,0.31984,0.3268,0.01618],[0.52288,0.33436,0.3268,0.01618],[0.52288,0.34888,0.0796,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-17","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario H: after playground fight, student yells threat and warns a classmate","quote":"After a fight on the playground with a classmate, the student yells that “he’d be sorry” and warned another classmate that “they shouldn’t come to school tomorrow.”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-explicit-threat"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario H","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.60979,0.34888,0.23989,0.01618],[0.52288,0.3634,0.32681,0.01618],[0.52288,0.37792,0.32682,0.01618],[0.52288,0.39244,0.12355,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-18","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario I vignette: repeatedly disruptive in biology class, talking and on phone","quote":"Scenario I: A student is repeatedly disruptive in their biology class, talking with other students or playing on their phone.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-disruptive-behavior"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario I","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.52288,0.44568,0.32678,0.0166],[0.52288,0.46062,0.3268,0.01618],[0.52288,0.47514,0.12394,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-19","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario I: student in course normally taken one grade below appears to struggle","quote":"Though in a course normally taken by students one grade below theirs, the student still appears to be struggling with the material.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-disruptive-behavior"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario I","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.65688,0.47514,0.19283,0.01618],[0.52288,0.48966,0.32681,0.01618],[0.52288,0.50418,0.29411,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-20","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario I: teacher’s attempts to redirect unsuccessful; frustration affecting whole class","quote":"The teacher has made attempts to correct or redirect the behavior but has been unsuccessful, and reached a point where frustration is affecting the entire class.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-disruptive-behavior"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario I","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.82521,0.50418,0.02447,0.01618],[0.52288,0.5187,0.32681,0.01618],[0.52288,0.53322,0.32679,0.01618],[0.52288,0.54774,0.30936,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-21","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario P vignette: hallway fight with shouted exchange about tomorrow","quote":"Scenario P: A fight breaks out in the hallway during passing time, and student witnesses reported hearing one of the aggressors shout, “see you tomorrow for another round,” and the bullied student replying, “Fine. This ends tomorrow.”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-explicit-threat","scenario-physical-altercation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario P","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.52288,0.6025,0.32676,0.0166],[0.52288,0.61744,0.3268,0.01618],[0.52288,0.63196,0.32685,0.01618],[0.52288,0.64648,0.32677,0.01618],[0.52288,0.661,0.16924,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-22","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario P: student with history of being bullied caught brandishing a knife last year","quote":"The incident involves a student who has a history of being bullied and was caught brandishing a knife (which they said they needed “to try to get all of them to stop”) last school year.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-weapon-access"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario P","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.7042,0.661,0.14547,0.01618],[0.52288,0.67552,0.32677,0.01618],[0.52288,0.69004,0.32681,0.01618],[0.52288,0.70456,0.32679,0.01618],[0.52288,0.71908,0.02683,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-23","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Scenario P: investigation found unsecured firearms in the family home","quote":"An investigation determined that there were unsecured firearms in the family home.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-weapon-access"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario P","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.55864,0.71908,0.291,0.01618],[0.52288,0.7336,0.24665,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-24","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Footnote: purpose of consultation or home visit may differ across scenarios","quote":"As mentioned above, what that consultation or home visit is intended to accomplish may be different in different scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-notification"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 8","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.14379,0.8774,0.7252,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p084-25","page":84,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Footnote: low-level scenarios likely lack targets or victims of threats or violence","quote":"This could very likely be because lower-level incidents depicted in our scenarios, such as disruptive classroom behavior, do not involve targets or victims of threats or actual violence.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-target-victim","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 9","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":84,"rects":[[0.14379,0.8976,0.72882,0.01533],[0.12745,0.91149,0.34403,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 84). Claim p084-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p084-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p084-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-01","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.4 layout: Elementary and Secondary dot-plot panels, percentage of schools","quote":"Horizontal axis: Percentage of schools, ticks 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-02","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.4 legend: low-severity Scenario A, high-severity H (elementary); I and P (secondary)","quote":"Legend, Elementary panel: Low-severity incident (Scenario A) (blue diamond); High-severity incident (Scenario H) (orange diamond).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-03","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Parent consultation or home visit: Scn A 85 (overlap); Scn H 85 (overlap)","quote":"Notification | Parent consultation or home visit | 85 [markers overlap; single label 85] | 85 [markers overlap; single label 85]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-notification","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.68379,0.69459,0.0125]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-04","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Warning to named targets or victims of t: Scn A 6; Scn H 62","quote":"Target/victim support | Warning to named targets or victims of threats | 6 | 62","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-target-victim","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.7064,0.69459,0.0146]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-05","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Warning or verbal correction of behavior: Scn A 86; Scn H 23","quote":"Supportive discipline | Warning or verbal correction of behavior | 86 | 23","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.706,0.69459,0.01231]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-06","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Disciplinary measures: low-severity (Scn A) unlabeled; high-severity (Scn H) 70","quote":"Supportive discipline | Disciplinary measures | [unlabeled] | 70","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.706,0.69459,0.01231]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-07","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, behavioral or movement controls: low-severity (A) 17; high-severity (H) 45","quote":"Supportive discipline | Behavioral or movement controls | 17 | 45","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.706,0.69459,0.01231]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-08","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Programming to build relationships with : Scn A 43; Scn H 52","quote":"Support-focused | Programming to build relationships with trusted adults | 43 | 52","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-09","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, skill-building services: low-severity (A) unlabeled; high-severity (H) 41","quote":"Support-focused | Skill-building services | [unlabeled] | 41","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-10","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Programming to build peer relationships: Scn A 28; Scn H 40","quote":"Support-focused | Programming to build peer relationships | 28 | 40","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-11","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Individualized academic or vocational pr: Scn A unlabeled; Scn H 9","quote":"Support-focused | Individualized academic or vocational programming | [unlabeled] | 9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-12","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Special education or disability supports: Scn A 23; Scn H 13","quote":"Support-focused | Special education or disability supports | 23 | 13","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-13","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, mental health counseling or care: low-severity (A) 33; high-severity (H) 70","quote":"Support-focused | Mental health counseling or care | 33 | 70","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-14","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, substance use treatment: low-severity (A) unlabeled; high-severity (H) 4","quote":"Support-focused | Substance use treatment | [unlabeled] | 4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-15","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Family support and intervention programm: Scn A 14; Scn H 46","quote":"Support-focused | Family support and intervention programming | 14 | 46","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 11.4 columns: low-severity observations | high-severity observations","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1085 | 1419 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1085,1419],"base":"figure_11_4_columns_1085_1419","base_page":85,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Figure 11.4 note (p085): n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-16","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, temporary removal from school: low-severity (A) 11; high-severity (H) 70","quote":"Restrictive | Temporary removal from school | 11 | 70","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":351,"label":"Scenario A respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_a_a16_351","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario A (N = 351), the high value of Scenario H (N = 686); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.68151,0.69459,0.0133]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-17","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Permanent removal from school: low-severity (Scn A) 2; high-severity (Scn H) 15","quote":"Restrictive | Permanent removal from school | 2 | 15","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":351,"label":"Scenario A respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_a_a16_351","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario A (N = 351), the high value of Scenario H (N = 686); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.68151,0.69459,0.0133]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-18","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Elementary, Law enforcement action: low-severity (Scn A) 3; high-severity (Scn H) 41","quote":"Restrictive | Law enforcement action | 3 | 41","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":351,"label":"Scenario A respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_a_a16_351","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario A (N = 351), the high value of Scenario H (N = 686); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.68151,0.69459,0.0133]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-19","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, parent consultation or home visit: low-severity (I) 83; high-severity (P) 88","quote":"Notification | Parent consultation or home visit | 83 | 88","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-notification","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.68379,0.69459,0.0125]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-20","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Warning to named targets or victims of t: Scn I 7; Scn P 58","quote":"Target/victim support | Warning to named targets or victims of threats | 7 | 58","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-target-victim","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.7064,0.69459,0.0146]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-21","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Warning or verbal correction of behavior: Scn I 72; Scn P 19","quote":"Supportive discipline | Warning or verbal correction of behavior | 72 | 19","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.706,0.69459,0.01231]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-22","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Disciplinary measures: low-severity (Scn I) 60; high-severity (Scn P) 68","quote":"Supportive discipline | Disciplinary measures | 60 | 68","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.706,0.69459,0.01231]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-23","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, behavioral or movement controls: low-severity (I) 11; high-severity (P) 56","quote":"Supportive discipline | Behavioral or movement controls | 11 | 56","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.706,0.69459,0.01231]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-24","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Programming to build relationships with : Scn I 30; Scn P 44","quote":"Support-focused | Programming to build relationships with trusted adults | 30 | 44","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-25","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Skill-building services: low-severity (Scn I) 26; high-severity (Scn P) 31","quote":"Support-focused | Skill-building services | 26 | 31","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-26","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, programming for peer relationships: low-severity (I) 16; high-severity (P) 32","quote":"Support-focused | Programming to build peer relationships | 16 | 32","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-27","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Individualized academic or vocational pr: Scn I 37; Scn P 8","quote":"Support-focused | Individualized academic or vocational programming | 37 | 8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-27","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-27","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-27, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-27","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-27, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-27\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-27</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-27","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-28","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Special education or disability supports: Scn I 34; Scn P 13","quote":"Support-focused | Special education or disability supports | 34 | 13","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-28","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-28","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-28, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-28","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-28, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-28\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-28</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-28","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-29","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, mental health counseling or care: low-severity (I) 21; high-severity (P) 62","quote":"Support-focused | Mental health counseling or care | 21 | 62","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-29","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-29","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-29, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-29","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-29, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-29\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-29</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-29","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-30","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Substance use treatment: low-severity (Scn I) 4; high-severity (Scn P) 9","quote":"Support-focused | Substance use treatment | 4 | 9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-30","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-30","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-30, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-30","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-30, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-30\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-30</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-30","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-31","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Family support and intervention programm: Scn I 12; Scn P 38","quote":"Support-focused | Family support and intervention programming | 12 | 38","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.69442,0.69459,0.01664]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-31","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-31","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-31, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-31","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-31, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-31\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-31</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-31","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-32","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Temporary removal from school: low-severity (Scn I) 8; high-severity (Scn P) 73","quote":"Restrictive | Temporary removal from school | 8 | 73","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.68151,0.69459,0.0133]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-32","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-32","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-32, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-32","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-32, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-32\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-32</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-32","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-33","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Permanent removal from school: low-severity (Scn I) 3; high-severity (Scn P) 19","quote":"Restrictive | Permanent removal from school | 3 | 19","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.68151,0.69459,0.0133]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-33","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-33","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-33, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-33","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-33, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-33\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-33</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-33","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-34","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.4 Secondary, Law enforcement action: low-severity (Scn I) 5; high-severity (Scn P) 53","quote":"Restrictive | Law enforcement action | 5 | 53","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Fig 11.4 note prints only pooled n = 1,085 (low) and 1,419 (high); the low value is a share of Scenario I (N = 734), the high value of Scenario P (N = 733); Tables A.16 (p118) / A.17 (p119)."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":85,"rects":[[0.13955,0.68151,0.69459,0.0133]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-34","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-34","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-34, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-34","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-34, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-34\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-34</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-34","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-35","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.4 source question: what action(s) the person or group would likely take or recommend","quote":"What action(s) would this person or group at your school likely take or recommend in response to this student’s behavior?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":85,"rects":[[0.79026,0.09895,0.01447,0.42122],[0.80496,0.83186,0.01447,0.0769]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-35","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-35","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-35, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-35","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-35, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-35\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-35</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-35","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-36","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.4 n = 1,085 observations low-severity; n = 1,419 high-severity","quote":"(n = 1,085 observations for low-severity scenarios and n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":85,"rects":[[0.80496,0.44195,0.01447,0.37586]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-36","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-36","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-36, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-36","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-36, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-36\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-36</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-36","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-37","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.4: respondents selected all that apply","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":85,"rects":[[0.80496,0.2187,0.01447,0.216]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-37","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-37","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-37, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-37","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-37, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-37\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-37</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-37","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-38","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.4 includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":85,"rects":[[0.80496,0.09336,0.01447,0.12054],[0.81967,0.68692,0.01447,0.22183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-38","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-38","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-38, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-38","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-38, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-38\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-38</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-38","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-39","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.4: some data labels removed for readability","quote":"Some data labels have been removed for readability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":85,"rects":[[0.81967,0.46548,0.01447,0.21617]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-39","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-39","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-39, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-39","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-39, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-39\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-39</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-39","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p085-40","page":85,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.4: some response options truncated for readability; full text in Table 11.2","quote":"Some response options have also been truncated for readability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.4. Comparison of Interventions That Schools’ BTAM Teams Use for the Most Serious and Least Serious Incidents","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":85,"rects":[[0.81967,0.19442,0.01447,0.26625]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-40","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-40","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-40, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-40","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 85). Claim p085-40, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-40\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p085-40</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p085-40","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-01","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Authors examined how many of the 16 interventions schools would use per scenario","quote":"we examined how many interventions (out of the 16 total that we asked about) schools would use to address each scenario.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: How many interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.27174,0.18233,0.20538,0.01806],[0.12745,0.20018,0.34964,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21785,0.2963,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-02","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.5: the typical (median) number of interventions is shown by a horizontal line","quote":"The typical, or median, number of interventions that schools said they would use to respond to a scenario is shown by a horizontal line.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.5 range","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.17208,0.27088,0.30504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28856,0.34969,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30624,0.31175,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-03","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Boxes show interventions chosen by most schools, between 25th and 75th percentile","quote":"The boxes show the number of interventions selected by most schools (i.e., those schools that fall in the middle of the distribution between the 25th and 75th percentile).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.5 range","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.44991,0.30624,0.02725,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32391,0.34969,0.01788],[0.12745,0.34159,0.34963,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35927,0.34967,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37694,0.10608,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-04","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Vertical lines show the full range of the number of interventions chosen","quote":"The vertical lines show the full range of the number of interventions chosen.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.5 range","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.24897,0.37694,0.2281,0.01788],[0.12745,0.39462,0.30337,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-05","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Scenario P: schools selected one to 16 interventions, most four to nine, median six","quote":"Schools selected between one and 16 interventions in response to the scenario, but most schools selected between four and nine, and the typical (median) school selected six.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.5 range","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.21628,0.42998,0.26086,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44765,0.34964,0.01788],[0.12745,0.46533,0.34966,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48301,0.24482,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-06","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Vast majority of schools responded to all scenarios using multiple interventions","quote":"we found that the vast majority of schools responded to all scenarios using multiple interventions, which is consistent with the practice of building an individualized intervention plan to respond to student behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Multiple interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.32425,0.50068,0.15283,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51836,0.34966,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53604,0.34968,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55371,0.3497,0.01788],[0.12745,0.57139,0.24807,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-07","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"General trend: schools respond with more interventions as incidents become more severe","quote":"Furthermore, we noticed a general trend of schools responding with a higher number of intervention options as incidents become more severe.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Multiple interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.38314,0.57139,0.09403,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58907,0.34964,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60674,0.34971,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62442,0.20893,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-08","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Elementary median: four interventions for Scenario A, five for Scenario B","quote":"the typical (median) school reported implementing four interventions in response to Scenario A (history of misbehavior) and five interventions in response in Scenario B (history of misbehavior, physical altercation).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Multiple interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.33463,0.6421,0.14249,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65977,0.3497,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67699,0.34966,0.01835],[0.12745,0.69466,0.34967,0.01835],[0.12745,0.7128,0.31689,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-09","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Typical school responded to most severe Scenario H with seven interventions","quote":"At the other end of the spectrum, the typical school responded to Scenario H (history of misbehavior, physical altercation, explicit threat, history of violence, bullying, weapon), the most severe scenario, with seven interventions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Multiple interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.46027,0.7128,0.01687,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73048,0.34966,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74769,0.34967,0.01835],[0.12745,0.76583,0.34967,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78351,0.34967,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80119,0.16839,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-10","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Rising intervention counts with severity not surprising; more intervention expected as concern grows","quote":"This pattern is not surprising, because we would expect schools to do more to intervene as student behavior becomes more concerning.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Multiple interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.3032,0.80119,0.56935,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81886,0.3552,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-11","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Except a few schools, schools respond with a handful of interventions, usually three to eight","quote":"Figure 11.5 also shows that—with the exception of a small number of schools that responded to even low- or medium-level incidents with a large number of interventions—schools tend to respond to concerning situations with a handful of interventions (usually somewhere between three and eight, depending on the specific scenario).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Handful of interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.15033,0.83654,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85422,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87189,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88957,0.05702,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-12","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Principals did not report using all 16 interventions for every incident (tailoring evidence)","quote":"The fact that principals did not report that their schools would respond to every incident with all 16 interventions provides further evidence that schools are tailoring their interventions to the specifics of indi-","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Handful of interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.19648,0.88912,0.676,0.01834],[0.12745,0.90725,0.73938,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-18","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Scenario B vignette: regularly disruptive, teachers do not consider behavior threatening","quote":"Scenario B: A student regularly engages in disruptive behavior during class, but the student’s teachers do not consider the student’s behavior threatening.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-disruptive-behavior"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario B","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.52288,0.41588,0.3268,0.0166],[0.52288,0.43082,0.32681,0.01618],[0.52288,0.44534,0.32323,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-19","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Scenario B: family declined staff suggestion of supports for neurodiverse learners","quote":"Last school year, the family declined staff suggestions that the student might benefit from supports for neurodiverse learners.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","scenario-design","students-with-disabilities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario B","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.52288,0.45986,0.3268,0.01618],[0.52288,0.47438,0.32679,0.01618],[0.52288,0.4889,0.15913,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-20","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Scenario B: behavior escalated; physical altercation without injuries","quote":"This school year, the student’s behavior has escalated, and the student is involved in a physical altercation with another student that does not result in injuries.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","scenario-physical-altercation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"callout: Scenario B","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.68984,0.4889,0.15983,0.01618],[0.52288,0.50342,0.32679,0.01618],[0.52288,0.51794,0.3268,0.01618],[0.52288,0.53246,0.22043,0.01618]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p086-25","page":86,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.5 shows the range of how many interventions schools selected per scenario","quote":"Figure 11.5 shows the range of how many interventions schools selected to respond to each scenario.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Figure 11.5 range","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":86,"rects":[[0.15033,0.23553,0.3268,0.01788],[0.12745,0.25321,0.34967,0.01788],[0.12745,0.27088,0.03718,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 86). Claim p086-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p086-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p086-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-01","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.5 layout: box plots of number of interventions (0 to 16) by scenario and level","quote":"Box plots carry no printed data values; the box/whisker positions are not labeled.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-02","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.5 key: whiskers show range; box top 75th percentile; line median; box bottom 25th","quote":"Annotation key at right: Range of number of interventions selected (whiskers); 75th percentile (top of box); Median (line in box); 25th percentile (bottom of box).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-03","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.5 color coding: A, B, I low; C-G and J-O medium; H and P high","quote":"Low scenario; Medium scenario; High scenario","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-04","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Elementary Scenario A (low): range 1-10, middle half 3-6, median 4","quote":"Elementary | A | Low | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-05","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Elementary Scenario B (low): range 1-13, middle half 3-7, median 5","quote":"Elementary | B | Low | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-06","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Elementary Scenario C (medium): range 1-13, middle half 3-7, median 5","quote":"Elementary | C | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-07","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Elementary Scenario D (medium): range 1-13, middle half 3-7, median 5","quote":"Elementary | D | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-08","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Elementary Scenario E (medium): range 1-13, middle half 3-7, median 5","quote":"Elementary | E | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-09","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Elementary Scenario F (medium): range 1-12, middle half 5-8, median 6","quote":"Elementary | F | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-10","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Elementary Scenario G (medium): range 1-12, middle half 5-8, median 6","quote":"Elementary | G | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-11","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Elementary Scenario H (high): range 1-15, middle half 5-9, median 7","quote":"Elementary | H | High | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-12","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Secondary Scenario I (low): range 1-8, middle half 3-5, median 4","quote":"Secondary | I | Low | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-13","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Secondary Scenario J (medium): range 1-14, middle half 4-8, median 6","quote":"Secondary | J | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-14","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Secondary Scenario K (medium): range 1-7, middle half 2-4, median 3","quote":"Secondary | K | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-15","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Secondary Scenario L (medium): range 1-8, middle half 3-5, median 3","quote":"Secondary | L | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-16","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Secondary Scenario M (medium): range 1-11, middle half 4-7, median 5","quote":"Secondary | M | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-17","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Secondary Scenario N (medium): range 1-11, middle half 4-7, median 5","quote":"Secondary | N | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-18","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Secondary Scenario O (medium): range 1-16, middle half 4-9, median 6","quote":"Secondary | O | Medium | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-19","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Fig 11.5 Secondary Scenario P (high): range 1-16, middle half 4-9, median 6","quote":"Secondary | P | High | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":87,"rects":[[0.27371,0.16452,0.36933,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-20","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.5 source question: what action(s) the person or group would likely take or recommend","quote":"What action(s) would this person or group at your school likely take or recommend in response to this student’s behavior?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.17501,0.51477,0.64888,0.0112]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-21","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.5 n = 1,420 low-severity, 1,420 medium-severity, 1,419 high-severity observations","quote":"(n = 1,420 observations for low-severity scenarios; n = 1,420 observations for medium-severity scenarios; n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.84207,0.51477,0.01736,0.0112],[0.12813,0.52615,0.73315,0.0112],[0.12813,0.53753,0.01292,0.0112]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-22","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.5: respondents selected all that apply","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.15044,0.53753,0.2799,0.0112]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-23","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.5 includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.43656,0.53753,0.4166,0.0112],[0.12813,0.54891,0.02705,0.0112]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-24","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.5: outliers were removed for readability","quote":"Outliers were removed for readability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.5. Distribution of the Number of Interventions Taken by Scenario","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.162,0.54891,0.19802,0.0112]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-25","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Schools are not blindly responding to all scenarios with all available tools","quote":"In other words, even though we know schools have many options available to them (see Figure 9.1), schools are not blindly responding to all scenarios by throwing all available tools at any particular case.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of paragraph","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.21475,0.57599,0.65768,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59367,0.69127,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-26","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Schools typically use multiple interventions, raising the question of which compose the response","quote":"Because schools typically use multiple interventions to respond to an incident, this raises questions about what specific interventions tend to compose the list of actions that schools take in response to an incident.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Five categories","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.12745,0.677,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69468,0.74098,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-27","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"16 interventions sorted into five mutually exclusive categories","quote":"We examined this question by sorting our 16 interventions into five mutually exclusive categories: (1) target/victim support, (2) supportive discipline, (3) notification, (4) support-focused, and (5) restrictive.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Five categories","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.12745,0.71235,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73003,0.66769,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-27","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-27","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-27, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-27","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-27, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-27\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-27</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-27","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-28","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Analysis examined distribution of interventions across categories, overall and by scenario","quote":"We then investigated what the distribution of interventions looks like across these categories and individually across each scenario.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Five categories","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.81393,0.73003,0.05862,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74771,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76538,0.09638,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-28","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-28","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-28, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-28","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-28, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-28\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-28</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-28","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-29","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Analysis allows weighing support-focused against restrictive options across scenarios","quote":"This analysis allows one to consider the balance of interventions (e.g., between support-focused and restrictive options) and how that balance might differ across scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Five categories","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.23429,0.76538,0.6382,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78306,0.56857,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-29","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-29","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-29, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-29","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-29, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-29\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-29</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-29","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-30","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"Layering interventions (mental health, academic, behavioral) fits best practice (Jackson, 2025)","quote":"Layering multiple interventions (mental health, academic, and behavioral supports) is consistent with behavioral threat management best practice (Jackson et al., 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Layering interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.15033,0.81841,0.72219,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83609,0.45545,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-30","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-30","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-30, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-30","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-30, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-30\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-30</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-30","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p087-31","page":87,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Footnote: Table 11.2 shows which interventions are in each category","quote":"Table 11.2 shows which specific interventions are included in each category.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 10","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":87,"rects":[[0.14379,0.89785,0.44918,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-31","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-31","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-31, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-31","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 87). Claim p087-31, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-31\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p087-31</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p087-31","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-01","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Elementary principals: Scenario H (most severe) averages seven interventions","quote":"elementary school principals told us they would respond to Scenario H (the most severe incident) with an average of seven interventions","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Mean number of interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.64301,0.10511,0.22964,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.70448,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-02","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Average elementary school Scenario H: one target/victim support, one supportive discipline, one...","quote":"That is, the average elementary school would take one intervention focused on target/victim support, one intervention focused on supportive discipline, one intervention focused on notification, one restrictive intervention, and three support-focused interventions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Mean number of interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.8399,0.12279,0.03273,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.31428,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-03","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Schools use a mix of approaches in responses to all scenarios","quote":"First, schools are using a mix of approaches in their responses to all scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Patterns across scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.57041,0.1935,0.30206,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.23576,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-04","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Intervention composition changes somewhat as incidents become more severe, though not overwhelmingly","quote":"However, the composition of interventions changes to some degree as incidents become more severe, though not overwhelmingly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Patterns across scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.8076,0.24653,0.06488,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28188,0.08204,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-05","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Share of restrictive interventions grows as scenarios become more severe","quote":"Most notably, the share of restrictive interventions grows as the scenarios become more severe.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Patterns across scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.21588,0.28188,0.64227,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-06","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Share of support-focused interventions remains large across all scenarios","quote":"Second, the share of support-focused interventions remains large across all scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Second pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.15033,0.29956,0.59006,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-07","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Even medium- and high-severity scenarios include a significant share of support-focused...","quote":"even for medium- and high-severity scenarios, a significant share of the intervention plans designed for at-risk students includes support-focused interventions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Second pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.8164,0.29956,0.05615,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31723,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33491,0.31194,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-08","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Support-focused share exceeds supportive discipline and restrictive shares for nearly all scenarios","quote":"The share of support-focused interventions exceeds the share of supportive discipline and restrictive interventions for nearly all scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Second pattern","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.44779,0.33491,0.42472,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35259,0.52232,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-09","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Elementary Scenario A: total mean number of interventions 5 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Elementary | A | 5 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10511,0.74909,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-10","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Elementary Scenario B: total mean number of interventions 6 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Elementary | B | 6 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10511,0.74909,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-11","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Elementary Scenario C: total mean number of interventions 5 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Elementary | C | 5 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10511,0.74909,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-12","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Elementary Scenario D: total mean number of interventions 6 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Elementary | D | 6 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10511,0.74909,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-13","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Elementary Scenario E: total mean number of interventions 5 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Elementary | E | 5 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10511,0.74909,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-14","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Elementary Scenario F: total mean number of interventions 7 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Elementary | F | 7 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10511,0.74909,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-15","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Elementary Scenario G: total mean number of interventions 7 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Elementary | G | 7 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10511,0.74909,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-16","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Elementary Scenario H: total mean number of interventions 7 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Elementary | H | 7 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10511,0.74909,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-17","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Secondary Scenario I: total mean number of interventions 4 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Secondary | I | 4 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.30603,0.49504,0.43666,0.01265]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-18","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Secondary Scenario J: total mean number of interventions 6 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Secondary | J | 6 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.30603,0.49504,0.43666,0.01265]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-19","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Secondary Scenario K: total mean number of interventions 4 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Secondary | K | 4 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.30603,0.49504,0.43666,0.01265]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-20","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Secondary Scenario L: total mean number of interventions 4 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Secondary | L | 4 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.30603,0.49504,0.43666,0.01265]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-21","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Secondary Scenario M: total mean number of interventions 6 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Secondary | M | 6 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.30603,0.49504,0.43666,0.01265]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-22","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Secondary Scenario N: total mean number of interventions 6 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Secondary | N | 6 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.30603,0.49504,0.43666,0.01265]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-23","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Secondary Scenario O: total mean number of interventions 6 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Secondary | O | 6 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.30603,0.49504,0.43666,0.01265]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-24","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.6, Secondary Scenario P: total mean number of interventions 7 (segments unlabeled)","quote":"Secondary | P | 7 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":88,"rects":[[0.30603,0.49504,0.43666,0.01265]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-25","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.6 note: survey questions and n = 1,420 / 1,420 / 1,417 observations","quote":"(n = 1,420 observations for low-severity scenarios; n = 1,420 observations for medium-severity scenarios; n = 1,417 for high-severity scenarios)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.24681,0.78434,0.6139,0.01115],[0.12947,0.79567,0.14154,0.01115]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-26","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.6 includes only respondents whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.6. Mean Number of Interventions Used in Response to Scenarios and Distribution of These Interventions, by Scenario and Type","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.28036,0.79567,0.44518,0.01115]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-27","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Footnote on restrictive share: discussed in greater detail in Figure 11.6","quote":"We discuss this in greater detail in Figure 11.6.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 11","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.14379,0.83598,0.27599,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-27","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-27","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-27, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-27","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-27, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-27\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-27</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-27","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-28","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Footnote on support-focused share: support-focused share partly reflects more support-focused...","quote":"In some ways, this is a function of the data because we presented respondents with more support-focused interventions than interventions in any other category and they therefore had more such options to choose from.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 12","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.14379,0.85619,0.72868,0.01533],[0.12745,0.87007,0.58046,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-28","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-28","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-28, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-28","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-28, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-28\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-28</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-28","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-29","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Footnote on support-focused share: authors expect respondents would not select options their...","quote":"Nevertheless, our expectation is that if their schools did not have or use the options presented, respondents would not have selected them.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 12","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.71435,0.87007,0.1582,0.01533],[0.12745,0.88396,0.65668,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-29","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-29","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-29, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-29","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-29, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-29\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-29</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-29","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-30","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.6 shading shows distribution of interventions across five categories","quote":"The shading shows how these interventions are distributed across our five categories.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Mean number of interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.70508,0.08744,0.16749,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.41417,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-30","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-30","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-30, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-30","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-30, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-30\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-30</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-30","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-31","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Schools do not respond to some incident types with only one intervention type","quote":"That is, they are not responding to certain types of incidents with only one type of intervention and to other types of incidents with a different type of intervention.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Patterns across scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.37233,0.211,0.50017,0.01806],[0.12745,0.22885,0.64621,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-31","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-31","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-31, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-31","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-31, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-31\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-31</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-31","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-32","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Schools respond to all scenarios with a mixed strategy of different intervention types","quote":"Instead, they are responding to all scenarios with a mixed strategy that employs different intervention types.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Patterns across scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.7824,0.22885,0.09017,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.6707,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-32","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-32","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-32, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-32","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-32, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-32\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-32</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-32","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p088-33","page":88,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.6 shows the mean number of interventions schools reported taking per scenario","quote":"interventions that schools reported taking in response to each scenario presented.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 88 part and the sentence begins on page 87. Full sentence (pages 87–88): “Figure 11.6 shows the mean number of interventions that schools reported taking in response to each scenario presented.”","concepts":["intervention-count","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Mean number of interventions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":88,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.56866,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-33","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-33","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-33, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-33","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 88). Claim p088-33, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-33\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p088-33</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p088-33","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-01","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Reasons exist to limit exclusionary discipline unless removal is necessary for near-term safety,...","quote":"the desire to keep students in school means that there are appropriate reasons to limit the use of exclusionary discipline, unless removing a student from school is necessary to ensure the near-term safety, functioning, or well-being of the school community.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.30282,0.14715,0.56983,0.01788],[0.12745,0.16482,0.74499,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1825,0.4721,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-02","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Suspensions, longer separations and expulsions are all used; shorter suspensions are more frequent","quote":"Temporary school suspensions, longer-term separations from school, and even expulsions are all tools available to and used by schools, although shorter suspensions are more frequently used compared with these other longer-term exclusionary actions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.60555,0.1825,0.26699,0.01788],[0.12745,0.20018,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21785,0.74103,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-03","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"BTAM possibly increasing exclusionary discipline or criminal justice approaches has concerned...","quote":"the possibility that BTAM could increase the use of either exclusionary discipline or criminal justice approaches in responding to student behavior has been a concern for civil society groups and a focus of policy debate around BTAM as a school safety practice.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.29776,0.23553,0.57479,0.01788],[0.12745,0.25321,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.27088,0.45016,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-04","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"BTAM is not synonymous with discipline; misuse concerns are often about implementation fidelity","quote":"However, BTAM is not synonymous with discipline, and concerns about misuse are often more about implementation fidelity than about BTAM as a violence prevention approach more generally.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","implementation-fidelity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.58573,0.27088,0.28692,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28856,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30624,0.31125,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-05","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Authors examined how often principals reported using restrictive interventions across scenarios","quote":"To probe these issues, we specifically examined the frequency with which principals reported using restrictive interventions across the different scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.44577,0.30624,0.42683,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32391,0.63032,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-06","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"At least some schools would take or recommend restrictive actions in response to scenario behavior","quote":"at least some schools said they would likely take or recommend these types of actions in response to examples of student behavior included in the scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.32715,0.34159,0.54537,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35927,0.51931,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-07","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Likelihood of considering exclusionary discipline tended to increase with severity, with exceptions","quote":"Principals’ likelihood of indicating they would consider exclusionary discipline tended to increase along with incident severity level, though there were exceptions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.65421,0.35927,0.21834,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37694,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.39462,0.14786,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-08","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Very few schools would remove a student or refer to law enforcement for least severe scenarios","quote":"very few schools responded they would temporarily or permanently remove a student from school or refer them to law enforcement in response to the least severe scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.34022,0.39462,0.53236,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4123,0.64777,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-09","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Most severe scenarios: around 70 percent would suspend; one in five to one in six permanent removal","quote":"For the most severe scenarios, around 70 percent of schools said they would likely suspend the involved student, and between one in five and one in six said they would permanently remove the student from school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1419,"label":"Scenario observations, high severity: actions taken or recommended (p082, p087, p090, p092)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1419)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_obs_actions_high","base_page":82,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 11.7 note: n = 1,419 observations for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.78393,0.4123,0.08863,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42998,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44765,0.58848,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-10","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Approximately half of respondents would refer the student to law enforcement for the most severe...","quote":"Approximately half of respondents noted they would refer the student to law enforcement for the most severe scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1419,"label":"Scenario observations, high severity: actions taken or recommended (Figure 11.7 note, p090)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1419)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_obs_actions_high_p090","base_page":90,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 11.7 note (p090): n = 1,419 observations for high-severity scenarios."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.72348,0.44765,0.14906,0.01788],[0.12745,0.46533,0.6478,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-11","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"A smaller subset of schools would suspend students in middle-level scenarios","quote":"Importantly, schools in a smaller subset indicated that they would suspend students in response to behavior depicted in middle-level scenarios","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.15033,0.48301,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50068,0.25776,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-12","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"Previous studies: many schools use short-term suspensions while BTAM team completes assessment...","quote":"this is somewhat in line with findings from previous studies of behavioral threat management in schools, which suggest that many schools implement short-term suspensions as an immediate response to some student behavior to give their BTAM team time to complete a behavioral threat assessment and decide on appropriate longer-term interventions, including support-focused interventions (Jackson et al., 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.3929,0.50068,0.47965,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51836,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53604,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55371,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.57139,0.17962,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-13","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Short-term suspensions may also help ensure immediate safety of the student and broader school...","quote":"Short-term suspensions may also help ensure the immediate safety of the individual student and broader school community.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.32076,0.57139,0.55179,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58907,0.32314,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-14","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"A surprising number of principals might refer students in middle-level scenarios to law...","quote":"A surprising number of principals also responded that they might refer students involved in middle-level scenarios to law enforcement, in particular for Scenarios J (history of misbehavior, history of academic issues, suspected substance use) and L (use or access to a weapon) in secondary schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.45806,0.58907,0.41453,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60674,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62442,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6421,0.14406,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-15","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"Other studies: 12 percent of K–12 principals nationally believe suspensions and expulsions let...","quote":"Although other studies show that most K–12 principals do not believe that exclusionary discipline measures teach students valuable lessons and help avoid future behavior incidents, 12 percent nationally still do believe that suspensions and expulsions give students the opportunity to learn from their behavior (Perera and Diliberti, 2023).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 4","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"Perera and Diliberti, 2023 national figure, not this survey"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.15033,0.65977,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67745,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69513,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7128,0.13278,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-16","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"In the survey, schools appeared more likely to use exclusionary measures at the secondary level...","quote":"In our survey, schools also appeared more likely to use these types of measures at the secondary level, compared with the elementary level.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.27354,0.7128,0.59907,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73048,0.36068,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-17","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"BTAM policy debate focuses on whether the approach increases removal, arrest and prosecution of...","quote":"Policy debate around BTAM generally focuses on whether the approach increases the likelihood of students being removed from school or arrested and prosecuted, because the debate is framed around potential threats posed by students, because law enforcement can be involved in assessing and framing responses to student behavior, or for other reasons.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.12745,0.83654,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85422,0.74523,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87189,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88957,0.21024,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p089-18","page":89,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Response to critiques: such outcomes are counter to what (sentence continues on next page)","quote":"The response to these critiques is that such outcomes are counter to what","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":89,"rects":[[0.34744,0.88957,0.52501,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 89). Claim p089-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p089-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p089-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-01","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario A (Elementary): temporary removal 11, permanent removal 2 (percent of schools)","quote":"A (Elementary) | 11 | 2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":351,"label":"Scenario A respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_a_a16_351","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario A respondents (N = 351, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-02","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario B (Elementary): temporary removal 30, permanent removal 2 (percent of schools)","quote":"B (Elementary) | 30 | 2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":335,"label":"Scenario B respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 335)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_b_a16_335","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario B respondents (N = 335, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-03","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario C (Elementary): temporary removal 32, permanent removal 1 (percent of schools)","quote":"C (Elementary) | 32 | 1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":131,"label":"Scenario C respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 131)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_c_a16_131","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario C respondents (N = 131, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-04","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario D (Elementary): temporary removal 21, permanent removal 3 (percent of schools)","quote":"D (Elementary) | 21 | 3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":148,"label":"Scenario D respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 148)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_d_a16_148","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario D respondents (N = 148, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-05","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario E (Elementary): temporary removal 16, permanent removal 0 (percent of schools)","quote":"E (Elementary) | 16 | 0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":136,"label":"Scenario E respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 136)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_e_a16_136","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario E respondents (N = 136, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-06","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario F (Elementary): temporary removal 45, permanent removal 7 (percent of schools)","quote":"F (Elementary) | 45 | 7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":137,"label":"Scenario F respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 137)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_f_a16_137","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario F respondents (N = 137, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-07","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario G (Elementary): temporary removal 29, permanent removal 5 (percent of schools)","quote":"G (Elementary) | 29 | 5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":133,"label":"Scenario G respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 133)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_g_a16_133","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario G respondents (N = 133, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-08","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario H (Elementary): temporary removal 70, permanent removal 15 (percent of...","quote":"H (Elementary) | 70 | 15","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1419,"label":"Scenario observations, high severity: actions taken or recommended (p082, p087, p090, p092)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1419)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_obs_actions_high","base_page":82,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 11.7 note: n = 1,420 low, 1,420 medium, 1,419 high observations; Scenario H severity per Table 11.1."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-09","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario I (Secondary): temporary removal 8, permanent removal 3 (percent of schools)","quote":"I (Secondary) | 8 | 3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario I respondents (N = 734, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-10","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario J (Secondary): temporary removal 60, permanent removal 12 (percent of schools)","quote":"J (Secondary) | 60 | 12","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":139,"label":"Scenario J respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 139)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_j_a17_139","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario J respondents (N = 139, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-11","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario K (Secondary): temporary removal 9, permanent removal 3 (percent of schools)","quote":"K (Secondary) | 9 | 3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":128,"label":"Scenario K respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 128)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_k_a17_128","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario K respondents (N = 128, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-12","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario L (Secondary): temporary removal 56, permanent removal 11 (percent of schools)","quote":"L (Secondary) | 56 | 11","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":103,"label":"Scenario L respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 103)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_l_a17_103","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario L respondents (N = 103, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-13","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario M (Secondary): temporary removal 48, permanent removal 8 (percent of schools)","quote":"M (Secondary) | 48 | 8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":134,"label":"Scenario M respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 134)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_m_a17_134","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario M respondents (N = 134, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-14","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario N (Secondary): temporary removal 27, permanent removal 12 (percent of schools)","quote":"N (Secondary) | 27 | 12","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":126,"label":"Scenario N respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 126)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_n_a17_126","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario N respondents (N = 126, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-15","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario O (Secondary): temporary removal 52, permanent removal 24 (percent of schools)","quote":"O (Secondary) | 52 | 24","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":105,"label":"Scenario O respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 105)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_o_a17_105","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario O respondents (N = 105, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-16","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario P (Secondary): temporary removal 73, permanent removal 19 (percent of schools)","quote":"P (Secondary) | 73 | 19","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1419,"label":"Scenario observations, high severity: actions taken or recommended (p082, p087, p090, p092)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1419)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_obs_actions_high","base_page":82,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 11.7 note: n = 1,420 low, 1,420 medium, 1,419 high observations; Scenario P severity per Table 11.1."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-17","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario A (Elementary): law enforcement action 3 (percent of schools)","quote":"A (Elementary) | 3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":351,"label":"Scenario A respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_a_a16_351","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario A respondents (N = 351, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-18","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario B (Elementary): law enforcement action 3 (percent of schools)","quote":"B (Elementary) | 3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":335,"label":"Scenario B respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 335)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_b_a16_335","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario B respondents (N = 335, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-19","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario C (Elementary): law enforcement action 15 (percent of schools)","quote":"C (Elementary) | 15","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":131,"label":"Scenario C respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 131)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_c_a16_131","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario C respondents (N = 131, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-20","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario D (Elementary): law enforcement action 3 (percent of schools)","quote":"D (Elementary) | 3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":148,"label":"Scenario D respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 148)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_d_a16_148","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario D respondents (N = 148, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-21","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario E (Elementary): law enforcement action 9 (percent of schools)","quote":"E (Elementary) | 9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":136,"label":"Scenario E respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 136)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_e_a16_136","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario E respondents (N = 136, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-22","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario F (Elementary): law enforcement action 22 (percent of schools)","quote":"F (Elementary) | 22","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":137,"label":"Scenario F respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 137)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_f_a16_137","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario F respondents (N = 137, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-23","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario G (Elementary): law enforcement action 17 (percent of schools)","quote":"G (Elementary) | 17","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":133,"label":"Scenario G respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.16","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 133)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_g_a16_133","base_page":118,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario G respondents (N = 133, Table A.16 p118); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-24","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario H (Elementary): law enforcement action 41 (percent of schools)","quote":"H (Elementary) | 41","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1419,"label":"Scenario observations, high severity: actions taken or recommended (p082, p087, p090, p092)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1419)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_obs_actions_high","base_page":82,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 11.7 note: n = 1,420 low, 1,420 medium, 1,419 high observations; Scenario H severity per Table 11.1."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-25","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario I (Secondary): law enforcement action 5 (percent of schools)","quote":"I (Secondary) | 5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":734,"label":"Scenario I respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_i_a17_734","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario I respondents (N = 734, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-26","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario J (Secondary): law enforcement action 32 (percent of schools)","quote":"J (Secondary) | 32","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":139,"label":"Scenario J respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 139)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_j_a17_139","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario J respondents (N = 139, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-27","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario K (Secondary): law enforcement action 4 (percent of schools)","quote":"K (Secondary) | 4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":128,"label":"Scenario K respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 128)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_k_a17_128","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario K respondents (N = 128, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-27","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-27","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-27, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-27","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-27, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-27\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-27</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-27","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-28","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario L (Secondary): law enforcement action 26 (percent of schools)","quote":"L (Secondary) | 26","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":103,"label":"Scenario L respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 103)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_l_a17_103","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario L respondents (N = 103, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-28","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-28","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-28, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-28","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-28, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-28\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-28</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-28","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-29","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario M (Secondary): law enforcement action 13 (percent of schools)","quote":"M (Secondary) | 13","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":134,"label":"Scenario M respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 134)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_m_a17_134","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario M respondents (N = 134, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-29","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-29","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-29, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-29","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-29, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-29\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-29</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-29","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-30","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario N (Secondary): law enforcement action 25 (percent of schools)","quote":"N (Secondary) | 25","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":126,"label":"Scenario N respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 126)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_n_a17_126","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario N respondents (N = 126, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-30","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-30","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-30, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-30","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-30, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-30\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-30</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-30","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-31","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario O (Secondary): law enforcement action 52 (percent of schools)","quote":"O (Secondary) | 52","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":105,"label":"Scenario O respondents (schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team), Table A.17","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 105)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_o_a17_105","base_page":119,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Share of Scenario O respondents (N = 105, Table A.17 p119); the Fig 11.7 note prints only pooled severity-level n."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-31","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-31","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-31, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-31","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-31, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-31\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-31</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-31","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-32","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.7, Scenario P (Secondary): law enforcement action 53 (percent of schools)","quote":"P (Secondary) | 53","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.7. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Exclusionary Discipline or Law Enforcement Action in Response to Scenarios Presented","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1419,"label":"Scenario observations, high severity: actions taken or recommended (p082, p087, p090, p092)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1419)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"scenario_obs_actions_high","base_page":82,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 11.7 note: n = 1,420 low, 1,420 medium, 1,419 high observations; Scenario P severity per Table 11.1."},"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-32","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-32","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-32, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-32","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-32, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-32\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-32</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-32","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-33","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.7 note: survey question on options schools can use to respond, n = 1,420 / 1,420 / 1,419","quote":"(n = 1,420 observations for low-severity scenarios; n = 1,420 observations for medium-severity scenarios; n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":90,"rects":[[0.19389,0.77263,0.63276,0.01117],[0.12945,0.78398,0.12428,0.01117]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-33","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-33","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-33, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-33","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-33, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-33\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-33</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-33","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-34","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.7: respondents instructed to select all that apply","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":90,"rects":[[0.2631,0.78398,0.27919,0.01117]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-34","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-34","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-34, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-34","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-34, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-34\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-34</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-34","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-35","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.7 includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":90,"rects":[[0.5485,0.78398,0.31222,0.01117],[0.12945,0.79533,0.1303,0.01117]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-35","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-35","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-35, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-35","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-35, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-35\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-35</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-35","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-36","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.7 footnote a: temporary removal, for example suspension","quote":"For example, suspension.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: a","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":90,"rects":[[0.13655,0.8092,0.13488,0.01117]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-36","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-36","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-36, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-36","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-36, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-36\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-36</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-36","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-37","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.7 footnote b: permanent removal, for example expulsion or transfer to an alternative...","quote":"For example, expulsion or transfer to an alternative school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: b","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":90,"rects":[[0.13695,0.82307,0.31053,0.01117]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-37","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-37","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-37, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-37","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-37, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-37\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-37</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-37","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p090-38","page":90,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.7 footnote c: law enforcement action, for example arrest, civil, or criminal legal...","quote":"For example, arrest, civil, or criminal legal proceedings.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: c","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":90,"rects":[[0.13655,0.83695,0.29233,0.01117]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-38","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-38","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-38, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-38","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 90). Claim p090-38, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-38\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p090-38</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p090-38","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-01","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"A BTAM program that increases exclusionary discipline or student arrests is “doing BTAM wrong”","quote":"In essence, a BTAM program that is leading to the increased use of exclusionary discipline or more student arrests is “doing BTAM wrong.”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.40035,0.08744,0.4722,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.48893,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-02","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"Answering whether BTAM achieves its dual goals requires hard data on post-BTAM outcomes and...","quote":"Definitively answering questions about such outcomes and determining whether BTAM is achieving its dual goals of keeping schools safe while also using supportive intervention to change student behavior and reducing the need for suspension, expulsion, and criminal justice action requires hard data (on both student outcomes post-BTAM and what response would have looked like in the absence of a BTAM at school).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.15033,0.12279,0.72219,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.73605,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-03","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"Existing analyses usually focus narrowly on single states or single BTAM models (Cornell, Allen,...","quote":"Although some studies have conducted such analyses, the fact that data across schools and across the country are difficult to collect means existing analyses have usually focused more narrowly: either on single states or on the implementation of single BTAM models (e.g., Cornell, Allen, and Fan, 2012; Maeng, Cornell, and Huang, 2020; Cornell et al., 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.12745,0.1935,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.22524,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-04","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"It is worthwhile to consider what national survey data say about whether schools are “doing BTAM...","quote":"Therefore, it is worthwhile to consider what our national-level survey data can say about whether schools are “doing BTAM right” as a complementary approach.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.36505,0.24653,0.50756,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.59152,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-05","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Scenario analyses suggest K–12 schools are generally using BTAM as intended","quote":"Results from our scenario analyses suggest that K–12 schools are generally using BTAM as intended.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.15033,0.28188,0.71811,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-06","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Principals selected different intervention options based on scenario nature (Figure 11.3)","quote":"Principals selected different intervention options based on the nature of the scenario (Figure 11.3)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.12745,0.29956,0.67115,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-07","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"As situations move from low risk to much more serious, principals selected very different...","quote":"As situations move from relatively low risk to much more serious, they selected very different responses (Figure 11.4).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.81135,0.29956,0.0612,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31723,0.73639,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-08","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"As complexity and risk rise, schools tend to respond with additional interventions (Figure 11.5)","quote":"Moreover, as the complexity of a situation and risk level rise, schools tend to respond with additional interventions (Figure 11.5).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.12745,0.33491,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35259,0.14509,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-09","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Across all scenarios each set of interventions consistently includes a strong support component...","quote":"Across the full spectrum of scenarios, however, each set of interventions consistently includes a strong support component (Figure 11.6).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.28554,0.35259,0.5871,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37026,0.34211,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-10","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Schools rely on restrictive measures but not as first choices (Figure 11.3); use is correlated...","quote":"Schools do rely on restrictive measures, but these are not their first choices (Figure 11.3); their use is correlated with the severity of the scenario (Figure 11.4).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.48244,0.37026,0.3902,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38794,0.67768,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-11","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.8 shades the percentage of schools that would include a specific option in an...","quote":"with the darkness of shading showing the percentage of schools that indicated they would include a specific option in an intervention plan.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.24582,0.42329,0.62662,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44097,0.33156,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-12","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8 shows heavy weight of parental involvement and situational relevance of target or...","quote":"Grouped by intervention type, Figure 11.8 shows the heavy weight of parental involvement across situations and the situational relevance of target or victim support (because not all scenarios involved specifically identified targets of a threat).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","response-target-victim"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.15033,0.45865,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47632,0.74503,0.01788],[0.12745,0.494,0.19556,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-13","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Weight of supportive disciplinary approaches indicates a component of most responses","quote":"The weight of supportive disciplinary approaches also indicates that this is a component of most responses, as would be expected for situations that could disrupt school functioning and make others feel unsafe.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.33659,0.494,0.53601,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51168,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52935,0.16069,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-14","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Answer to whether schools are “doing BTAM right” appears in the previous two sections","quote":"However, the answer to the key question of whether schools are “doing BTAM right” appears in the previous two sections.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.29549,0.52935,0.57707,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54703,0.2496,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-15","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Support-focused strategies are a component of almost all plans; restrictive options lightly...","quote":"These simultaneously depict the importance of support-focused strategies as a component of almost all intervention plans (notably mental health counseling and care across many scenarios) and the relatively light weighting assigned to all restrictive intervention options with the exception of temporary school suspensions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-restrictive","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.38479,0.54703,0.48776,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56471,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58238,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60006,0.22591,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-16","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conclusion","title":"Balance of support-focused and restrictive interventions is encouraging, but law enforcement...","quote":"Although the balance between support-focused and restrictive interventions is encouraging, the number of scenarios in which at least some principals selected law enforcement involvement is likely cause for concern (Figure 11.7).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.15033,0.61774,0.7222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63542,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65309,0.11635,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-17","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"statement","title":"How much criminal justice involvement is “too much” is a policy question determined case by case","quote":"Naturally, how much criminal justice involvement is “too much” in any particular case is fundamentally a policy question and also must be determined individually on a case-by-case basis.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.25693,0.65309,0.61573,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67077,0.67104,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-18","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"Keeping students in school has substantial educational benefits and is likely more...","quote":"Although keeping students in school has substantial educational benefits and is likely more cost-effective than criminal justice involvement overall, some situations could be so serious that leaving student behavior management exclusively to the school would be impossible and inappropriate.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.80596,0.67077,0.06662,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68845,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70612,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7238,0.48254,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-19","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"In some states, laws or regulations require schools to involve police for specific incidents...","quote":"in some states, laws or regulations require schools to involve police when responding to specific incidents of student behavior (e.g., threats of violence or weapons).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.12745,0.7413,0.74513,0.01806],[0.12745,0.75915,0.36233,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-20","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"conjecture","title":"For many surveyed schools, police could become involved in a subset of scenarios whether or not...","quote":"For many of the schools included in our survey, police officers could become involved in responding to a subset of scenarios whether or not a BTAM team was in place.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.5019,0.75915,0.37072,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77683,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79451,0.03543,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p091-21","page":91,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"evidence","title":"Footnote on temporary suspension: many schools use temporary suspension as immediate response...","quote":"many schools employ temporary suspension as an immediate response to an incident to ensure the safety of the individual student and broader school community, while a BTAM team conducts its threat assessment and determines the best path forward (Jackson et al., 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 13","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":91,"rects":[[0.24508,0.85825,0.62755,0.01533],[0.12745,0.87214,0.74507,0.01533],[0.12745,0.88603,0.25073,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 91). Claim p091-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p091-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p091-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-01","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.8 note: survey question on options schools can use, n = 1,420 / 1,420 / 1,419","quote":"(n = 1,420 observations for low-severity scenarios; n = 1,420 observations for medium-severity scenarios; n = 1,419 for high-severity scenarios)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":92,"rects":[[0.12963,0.67964,0.70578,0.01118],[0.12648,0.69101,0.05221,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-02","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.8: respondents instructed to select all that apply","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":92,"rects":[[0.18807,0.69101,0.27953,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-03","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.8 includes only schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":92,"rects":[[0.47382,0.69101,0.38015,0.01118],[0.12648,0.70237,0.06291,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-04","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"definition","title":"Figure 11.8: Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provi","quote":"Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":92,"rects":[[0.12745,0.10177,0.67543,0.01506],[0.12745,0.11819,0.07053,0.01506]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-05","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Parent consultation or home visit (Notification): cell values for Scenarios A-P shown o","quote":"Parent consultation or home visit | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","response-notification"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.25672,0.21349,0.192,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-06","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Warning to named targets or victims of threats (Target/victim support): cell values for","quote":"Warning to named targets or victims of threats | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-target-victim"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.17754,0.25476,0.27118,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-07","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Warning or verbal correction of behavior (Supportive discipline): cell values for Scena","quote":"Warning or verbal correction of behavior | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.21391,0.29603,0.23481,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-08","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Disciplinary measures (Supportive discipline): cell values for Scenarios A-P shown only","quote":"Disciplinary measures | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.32089,0.31345,0.12783,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-09","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Behavioral or movement controls (Supportive discipline): cell values for Scenarios A-P ","quote":"Behavioral or movement controls | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-supportive-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.25552,0.33091,0.1932,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-10","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Programming to build relationships with trusted adults (Support-focused): cell values f","quote":"Programming to build relationships with trusted adults | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.13251,0.37218,0.31621,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-11","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Skill-building services (Support-focused): cell values for Scenarios A-P shown only by ","quote":"Skill-building services | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.32187,0.38961,0.12685,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-12","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Programming to build peer relationships (Support-focused): cell values for Scenarios A-","quote":"Programming to build peer relationships | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.21459,0.40706,0.23413,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-13","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Individualized academic or vocational programming (Support-focused): cell values for Sc","quote":"Individualized academic or vocational programming | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.14754,0.42452,0.30118,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-14","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Special education or disability supports (Support-focused): cell values for Scenarios A","quote":"Special education or disability supports | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","students-with-disabilities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.21824,0.44197,0.23048,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-15","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Mental health counseling or care (Support-focused): cell values for Scenarios A-P shown","quote":"Mental health counseling or care | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["mental-health","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.25842,0.45942,0.1903,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-16","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Substance use treatment (Support-focused): cell values for Scenarios A-P shown only by ","quote":"Substance use treatment | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.30198,0.47685,0.14675,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-17","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Family support and intervention programming (Support-focused): cell values for Scenario","quote":"Family support and intervention programming | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","response-support-focused"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.18212,0.4943,0.2666,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-18","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Temporary removal from school (Restrictive): cell values for Scenarios A-P shown only b","quote":"Temporary removal from school | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.26254,0.53555,0.18618,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-19","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Permanent removal from school (Restrictive): cell values for Scenarios A-P shown only b","quote":"Permanent removal from school | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.26204,0.55304,0.18668,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p092-20","page":92,"section":"ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior","type":"fact","title":"Figure 11.8, Law enforcement action (Restrictive): cell values for Scenarios A-P shown only by shadi","quote":"Law enforcement action | [unlabeled] | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","response-restrictive"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 11.8. Percentage of Schools That Would Use Various Actions in Response to the Scenarios Provided","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":92,"rects":[[0.30782,0.57046,0.1409,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 92). Claim p092-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p092-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-11-how-are-schools-using-btam-to-respond-to-student-behavior#p092-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-01","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"82 percent of schools have an official BTAM team; chapter covers these schools","quote":"This chapter includes the 82 percent of schools that have an official BTAM team, regardless of whether this team is housed at the school level, district level, or both.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1408,"label":"Schools with an official BTAM team (82 percent of sample)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1408)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"official_btam_team_1408","base_page":40,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Report prints n = 1,408 for the 82 percent of schools with an official BTAM team (p040)."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":94,"rects":[[0.2237,0.35305,0.64887,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37073,0.47155,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-02","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"Survey captured only principals' perceptions, not actual effects on crime or violence","quote":"Note that our survey did not attempt to capture actual effects on such outcomes as school crime or violence rates and only captures principals’ perceptions of these issues.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":94,"rects":[[0.15033,0.3884,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40591,0.46131,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-03","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"conclusion","title":"Principals think BTAM positively affects safety feelings and climate, and at worst has no effect","quote":"Overall, our survey results indicate that principals think that BTAM is having a positive effect on feelings of school safety and school climate more generally, and at worst no effect.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":94,"rects":[[0.59704,0.40608,0.27555,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42376,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44143,0.21862,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-04","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"88 percent of principals positive on BTAM safety effectiveness: 51 percent very, 37 percent somewhat","quote":"Nine in ten principals (88 percent) had positive perceptions, including 51 percent who said their team was very effective at maintaining school safety and 37 percent who said BTAM was somewhat effective.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1406,"label":"Teams answering effectiveness at maintaining safety","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1406)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"effectiveness_1406","base_page":94,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 12.1 note gives n = 1,406."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":94,"rects":[[0.49487,0.56517,0.37768,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58285,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60052,0.27691,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-05","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"conclusion","title":"Widespread agreement reflects strong national confidence in BTAM as foundational to school safety","quote":"This widespread agreement across contexts reflects strong national confidence in BTAM as a foundational element of school safety infrastructure.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":94,"rects":[[0.41199,0.60052,0.46055,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6182,0.53712,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-06","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.1: Very ineffective, 5 percent of principals","quote":"Very ineffective | 5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety"],"supports":["p094-04"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.1. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Teams’ Effectiveness at Maintaining School Safety","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1406,"label":"Teams answering effectiveness at maintaining safety","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1406)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"effectiveness_1406","base_page":94,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 12.1 note gives n = 1,406."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":94,"rects":[[0.25568,0.71066,0.05908,0.02421]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-07","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.1: Somewhat ineffective, 5 percent of principals","quote":"Somewhat ineffective | 5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety"],"supports":["p094-04"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.1. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Teams’ Effectiveness at Maintaining School Safety","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1406,"label":"Teams answering effectiveness at maintaining safety","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1406)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"effectiveness_1406","base_page":94,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 12.1 note gives n = 1,406."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":94,"rects":[[0.37498,0.71066,0.06197,0.02421]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-08","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.1: Somewhat effective, 37 percent of principals","quote":"Somewhat effective | 37","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety"],"supports":["p094-04"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.1. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Teams’ Effectiveness at Maintaining School Safety","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1406,"label":"Teams answering effectiveness at maintaining safety","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1406)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"effectiveness_1406","base_page":94,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 12.1 note gives n = 1,406."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":94,"rects":[[0.12745,0.60052,0.74899,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-09","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.1: Very effective, 51 percent of principals","quote":"Very effective | 51","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety"],"supports":["p094-04"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.1. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Teams’ Effectiveness at Maintaining School Safety","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1406,"label":"Teams answering effectiveness at maintaining safety","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1406)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"effectiveness_1406","base_page":94,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 12.1 note gives n = 1,406."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":94,"rects":[[0.12745,0.58285,0.74902,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-10","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.1: Don’t know, 2 percent of principals","quote":"Don’t know | 2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety"],"supports":["p094-04"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.1. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Teams’ Effectiveness at Maintaining School Safety","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1406,"label":"Teams answering effectiveness at maintaining safety","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1406)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"effectiveness_1406","base_page":94,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 12.1 note gives n = 1,406."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":94,"rects":[[0.72949,0.71066,0.03148,0.02421]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-11","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.1 survey question: how effective is this BTAM team at maintaining safety (n = 1,406)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “How effective do you believe this BTAM team is at maintaining school safety?” (n = 1,406).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":94,"rects":[[0.16883,0.88043,0.69457,0.0111],[0.13035,0.8917,0.15865,0.0111]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-12","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.1 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":94,"rects":[[0.29846,0.8917,0.44297,0.0111]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-13","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"evidence","title":"Widespread BTAM adoption has raised concerns about impact on safety, crime, discipline fairness, cli","quote":"The widespread adoption of BTAM at schools across the United States has raised concerns about its impact and perceived impact on a variety of school-specific outcomes, such as safety, crime, fairness of school discipline across all students, and school climate more broadly (see, e.g., Cornell et al., 2025; Cornell, 2020; Nekvasil and Cornell, 2015).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["perceived-effects","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":94,"rects":[[0.12745,0.28234,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30002,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3177,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33537,0.18533,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p094-14","page":94,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Principals had a very positive overall perception of BTAM effectiveness at keeping schools safe","quote":"Principals had a very positive overall perception about the effectiveness of their school BTAM program when it came to keeping their schools safe (see Figure 12.1).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":94,"rects":[[0.12745,0.54749,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56517,0.35579,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 94). Claim p094-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p094-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p094-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-01","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"5 percent somewhat ineffective and another 5 percent very ineffective at maintaining school safety","quote":"principals said they believe that BTAM was somewhat ineffective at maintaining school safety, and another 5 percent believe it to be very ineffective.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 95 part and the sentence begins on page 94. Full sentence (pages 94–95): “Meanwhile, only 5 percent of principals said they believe that BTAM was somewhat ineffective at maintaining school safety, and another 5 percent believe it to be very ineffective.”","concepts":["effect-school-safety"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1406,"label":"Teams answering effectiveness at maintaining safety","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1406)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"effectiveness_1406","base_page":94,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 12.1 note gives n = 1,406."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.27603,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-02","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Two percent of principals were not sure about the impact of BTAM on school safety","quote":"Two percent of principals were not sure about the impact of BTAM on school safety.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1406,"label":"Teams answering effectiveness at maintaining safety","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1406)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"effectiveness_1406","base_page":94,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 12.1 note gives n = 1,406."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.41134,0.10511,0.46113,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.11056,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-03","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Positive safety perceptions held across school characteristics, from large urban to small rural","quote":"Principals’ positive perceptions about their BTAM programs’ contributions to maintaining a safe school environment held across various school characteristics.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.15033,0.14047,0.72218,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.38287,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-04","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"District-only or small-team principals slightly lower, but eight in ten still said BTAM effective","quote":"Principals who only had a district-level team or whose school only had a small BTAM team had slightly lower perceptions of those teams’ effectiveness.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","effect-school-safety"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.36793,0.1935,0.50454,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.54213,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-05","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Roughly 90 percent of principals saw BTAM as effective at safety regardless of school crime level","quote":"Said another way, regardless of the crime level in their school, roughly 90 percent of principals felt that their BTAM team was effective at maintaining school safety.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1406,"label":"Teams answering effectiveness at maintaining safety","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1406)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"effectiveness_1406","base_page":94,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Crime-level subgroup percentages; subgroup counts are not printed, only the n = 1,406 for the effectiveness question."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.67741,0.29956,0.19506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31723,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33491,0.17885,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-06","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Most principals believe BTAM raised student and staff safety feelings, by an intermediate amount","quote":"Most principals believe that their school’s BTAM program positively affected both student and staff feelings of safety (see Figure 12.2).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.33697,0.48137,0.53552,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49905,0.37764,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-07","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"66 percent: BTAM increased students' safety feelings (7 percent significantly); staff 70 percent (8)","quote":"More specifically, 66 percent of principals reported that their BTAM program increased students’ feelings of safety (including 7 percent who said BTAM significantly increased feelings of safety), and 70 percent believe that BTAM is increasing staff feelings of safety (including 8 percent who said they believe that BTAM is significantly increasing perceptions of safety).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 5","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.15033,0.55208,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56976,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58744,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60511,0.32287,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-08","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.2 Student: sig. decreased 3, decreased 8, no impact 24, increased 58, sig. increased 7","quote":"Student | 3 | 8 | 24 | 58 | 7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings"],"supports":["p095-07"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.2. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Program’s Impact on Students’ and Staff Members’ Feelings of Safety","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":95,"rects":[[0.23192,0.75342,0.06664,0.05569]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-09","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.2 Staff: sig. decreased 3, decreased 7, no impact 20, increased 62, sig. increased 8","quote":"Staff (administrators, teachers, etc.) | 3 | 7 | 20 | 62 | 8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings"],"supports":["p095-07"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.2. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Program’s Impact on Students’ and Staff Members’ Feelings of Safety","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":95,"rects":[[0.2913,0.79733,0.54908,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-10","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.2 survey question: impact of BTAM program on outcomes at school (n = 1,377)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “What impact do you think your BTAM program has had on the following outcomes at your school?” (n = 1,377).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.16597,0.88486,0.69213,0.01118],[0.12719,0.89622,0.27276,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-11","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.2 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.40961,0.89622,0.44645,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-12","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Principals in all school settings, large urban or small rural, believe BTAM helps keep school safe","quote":"That is, principals in all types of school settings—whether in a large, urban school or a small, rural school—said they believe that their BTAM program effectively helps keep their school safe.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.51935,0.15814,0.35322,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.23203,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-13","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Eight in ten district-only or small-team principals said BTAM program was effective","quote":"Nevertheless, eight in ten of those principals said they believe that their BTAM program was effective.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1406,"label":"Teams answering effectiveness at maintaining safety","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1406 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"effectiveness_1406","base_page":94,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Subgroup (district-only / small-team) share; group size not printed. Figure total n = 1,406 (p094)."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.6781,0.21117,0.19445,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.50415,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-14","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Principals' positive views of BTAM effectiveness did not depend on school crime level","quote":"Furthermore, principals’ positive feelings about the effectiveness of the BTAM team also did not depend on the level of crime in the school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.15033,0.24653,0.72221,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.23337,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-15","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Principals in higher violent-crime schools as likely as those with few or no violent crimes to see B","quote":"That is, principals in schools that reported having higher levels of violent crime were just as likely as their counterparts in schools that reported that they had no or only a few violent crimes to feel that their BTAM team was effective in maintaining school safety.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.36881,0.2642,0.50382,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28188,0.74507,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29956,0.5431,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-16","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"Survey also asked whether BTAM program affected student and staff feelings of safety at school","quote":"We also asked principals whether they believe that their BTAM program affected student and staff perceptions of feeling safe at school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.12745,0.4637,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48137,0.20071,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p095-17","page":95,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Principals viewed BTAM effect on safety feelings as intermediate: increased, but not significantly","quote":"However, principals tended to view this relationship as intermediate in size—that is, principals felt that their BTAM program increased, but not significantly, feelings of safety.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":95,"rects":[[0.51734,0.49905,0.35519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51656,0.7451,0.01806],[0.12745,0.53441,0.08919,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 95). Claim p095-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p095-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p095-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-01","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"conjecture","title":"Positive but intermediate safety relationship could suggest schools already relatively safe","quote":"The fact that principals perceive a positive (though perhaps intermediate) relationship between BTAM and feelings of safety at school could suggest that schools are already relatively safe spaces, in part, because extreme violent incidents remain rare.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.15033,0.08744,0.72231,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.26077,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-02","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"conjecture","title":"Positive relationships could reflect differing safety perceptions of principals, students, staff","quote":"Positive relationships could also be attributable to other factors, such as differing perceptions of safety between principals and students, between principals and staff, or between stakeholder groups.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.39632,0.12279,0.47614,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.1325,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-03","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"At worst principals perceived BTAM as neutral on safety feelings; few reported negative impacts","quote":"At worst, principals in our survey perceived that BTAM was neutral (i.e., did not have an impact on student or staff feelings of safety); few reported that the BTAM program was having negative impacts on these perceptions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.26883,0.15814,0.60367,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.20072,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-04","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Perceived safety-feelings impact was unrelated to crime level in the school","quote":"Interestingly, principals’ perceptions of the positive impact that their BTAM program was having on student and staff feelings of safety at school were unrelated to the crime level in the school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.15033,0.21117,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.59526,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-05","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"70 percent say BTAM improved climate: 11 percent significantly, 59 percent improved","quote":"In addition to principals’ positive feelings about their BTAM program’s contributions to school safety, most principals (70 percent) said they believe that BTAM has improved school climate overall, including 11 percent of principals who believe that BTAM has significantly improved school climate and 59 percent who believe that BTAM has improved climate (see Figure 12.3).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.12745,0.38794,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40562,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42329,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44097,0.33976,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-06","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Less than 1 percent of principals felt BTAM worsened school climate","quote":"Virtually no principals (less than 1 percent) felt that BTAM worsened school climate.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.39367,0.45865,0.4789,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47632,0.10089,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-07","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Five percent of principals were not sure of BTAM's impact on school climate","quote":"Five percent of principals were not sure of BTAM’s impact on school climate.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering the school-climate impact question (Figure 12.3)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377_p096","base_page":96,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure 12.3 note (p096) prints n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.2378,0.47632,0.54465,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-08","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"conjecture","title":"Responses suggest a modestly positive relationship between BTAM and school climate on balance","quote":"Taken altogether, these responses suggest that, on balance, principals believe that there is a modestly positive relationship between BTAM and improvements in school climate.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.7919,0.47632,0.08065,0.01788],[0.12745,0.494,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51168,0.39686,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-09","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Elementary, suburban, low/middle-poverty principals less likely to say BTAM contributed to climate","quote":"Specifically, principals in elementary schools, suburban schools, and low- or middle-poverty schools were less likely to report that BTAM contributed positively to school climate.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.28467,0.54703,0.58785,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56471,0.66478,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-10","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Small-team principals slightly less likely to say BTAM improved climate; most still see net positive","quote":"Moreover, principals whose schools had only had small BTAM teams were slightly less likely to indicate that BTAM improved school climate; even in these cases, however, most principals still believe that BTAM had a net positive impact on school climate.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.80222,0.56471,0.07033,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58238,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60006,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61774,0.20235,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-11","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.3: Has had no impact, 24 percent of principals","quote":"Has had no impact | 24","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":["p096-05"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.3. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Team’s Impact on School Climate","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":96,"rects":[[0.55811,0.70369,0.28432,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-12","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.3: Improved, 59 percent of principals","quote":"Improved | 59","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":["p096-05"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.3. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Team’s Impact on School Climate","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":96,"rects":[[0.12745,0.40562,0.74893,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-13","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.3: Significantly improved, 11 percent of principals","quote":"Significantly improved | 11","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":["p096-05"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.3. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Team’s Impact on School Climate","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":96,"rects":[[0.12745,0.42329,0.74907,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-14","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.3: Don’t know, 5 percent of principals","quote":"Don’t know | 5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.3. Percentage Distribution of Principals’ Perceptions of BTAM Team’s Impact on School Climate","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":96,"rects":[[0.19482,0.71576,0.53572,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-15","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.3 survey question: impact of BTAM program on school climate (n = 1,377)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “What impact do you think your school or district’s BTAM program has had on school climate at your school?” (n = 1,377).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.16939,0.87286,0.68136,0.01118],[0.13061,0.88422,0.33813,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-16","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.3 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.47841,0.88422,0.38015,0.01118],[0.13061,0.89559,0.06291,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-17","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.3 bar does not sum to 100 percent because of rounding","quote":"Bar does not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"statement about rounding of the bar total, not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.20033,0.89559,0.29282,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-18","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.3 note: some data labels removed for readability","quote":"Some data labels have been removed for readability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: NOTE","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.49995,0.89559,0.27975,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-19","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"High-crime schools' principals as likely as others to see an intermediate effect on safety feelings","quote":"That is, principals in schools who reported higher numbers of violent incidents were just as likely as those in schools with few to no violent incidents to perceive that their BTAM team had an intermediately sized, though positive, impact on feelings of safety.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.73036,0.22885,0.14221,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28188,0.13633,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-20","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"At worst, principals felt BTAM had no impact on school climate (24 percent)","quote":"At worst, principals felt that their BTAM program had no impact on school climate (24 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 3","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.47915,0.44097,0.39343,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45865,0.25365,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p096-21","page":96,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Larger variation in principals' climate perceptions observed across school characteristics","quote":"We did observe larger variation in principals’ perceptions of BTAM’s impact on school climate across school characteristics.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Para 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":96,"rects":[[0.15033,0.52935,0.72214,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54703,0.14893,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 96). Claim p096-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p096-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p096-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-01","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"60 percent say BTAM decreased violence or significantly so; 57 percent suicidality or self-harm","quote":"As shown in Figure 12.4, 60 percent of principals said they felt that BTAM decreased or significantly decreased violence rates, and 57 percent believe that BTAM decreased or significantly decreased rates of suicidality or self-harm.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Most principals perceived","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.21699,0.16113,0.65556,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1788,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.19648,0.18058,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-02","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Principals who did not perceive decreased violence said BTAM had no impact","quote":"The principals who did not perceive that BTAM decreased rates of violence said they believe that the program was having no impact.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Most principals perceived","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.31645,0.19648,0.55613,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21416,0.35869,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-03","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Only 2 percent of principals believe BTAM increased or significantly increased the level of violence","quote":"Only 2 percent of principals believe that BTAM increased or significantly increased the level of violence.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.14379,0.89785,0.6198,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-04","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Principals tended to say BTAM 'decreased' rather than 'significantly decreased' violence or suicides","quote":"Notably, principals tended to respond that BTAM “decreased,” as opposed to “significantly decreased,” levels of violence or suicides at their schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Notably, principals tended to respond","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.15033,0.23183,0.72219,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24951,0.30403,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-05","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"Survey question did not define a specific threshold across response options","quote":"Setting aside that our survey question did not define a specific threshold across response options","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","limitations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Notably, principals tended to respond","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.43974,0.24951,0.43278,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26719,0.23844,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-06","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"conjecture","title":"Finding suggests principals believe BTAM influences violence levels to some extent","quote":"this finding suggests that principals believe that BTAM is influencing levels of violence at their schools to some extent.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Notably, principals tended to respond","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.37568,0.26719,0.49692,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28486,0.33363,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-07","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"evidence","title":"Burr et al., 2024: many schools experience only one or two violent incidents per year","quote":"indeed, data show that many schools only experience one or two violent incidents per year, leaving very little room for improvement (Burr et al., 2024).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Notably, principals tended to respond","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.20805,0.30254,0.6645,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32022,0.37396,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-08","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"conjecture","title":"Modest decreases could be because schools are already relatively safe places","quote":"Again, this could be because schools are already relatively safe places;","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":[],"cites":["p097-07"],"element":"paragraph: Notably, principals tended to respond","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.46969,0.28486,0.40294,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30254,0.07249,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-09","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.4 Violence rates – Total: sig. decreased 10, decreased 49, total 60","quote":"Violence rates – Total | 10 | 49 | 60","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":["p097-01"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":97,"rects":[[0.12553,0.73228,0.74194,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-10","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.4 Violence rates – Elementary (reference group): sig. decreased 11, decreased 45, total 56","quote":"Violence rates – Elementary (reference group) | 11 | 45 | 56","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":["p097-01"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Grade-level subgroup (elementary, middle, high) percentage; the report prints only the overall n = 1,377, not subgroup counts."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":97,"rects":[[0.28945,0.63981,0.41558,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-11","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.4 Violence rates – Middle: sig. decreased 12, decreased 54, total 66*","quote":"Violence rates – Middle | 12 | 54 | 66*","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":["p097-01"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Grade-level subgroup (elementary, middle, high) percentage; the report prints only the overall n = 1,377, not subgroup counts."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":97,"rects":[[0.23193,0.62719,0.59656,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-12","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.4 Violence rates – High: sig. decreased 9, decreased 56, total 65*","quote":"Violence rates – High | 9 | 56 | 65*","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":["p097-01"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Grade-level subgroup (elementary, middle, high) percentage; the report prints only the overall n = 1,377, not subgroup counts."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":97,"rects":[[0.23193,0.62719,0.59656,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-13","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.4 Rates of suicidality or self-harm – Total: sig. decreased 11, decreased 46, total 57","quote":"Rates of suicidality or self-harm – Total | 11 | 46 | 57","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":["p097-01"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":97,"rects":[[0.12553,0.73228,0.74194,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-14","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Fig 12.4 Suicidality or self-harm, Elementary (ref): sig. decreased 13, decreased 41, total 54","quote":"Rates of suicidality or self-harm – Elementary (reference group) | 13 | 41 | 54","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":["p097-01"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Grade-level subgroup (elementary, middle, high) percentage; the report prints only the overall n = 1,377, not subgroup counts."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":97,"rects":[[0.28945,0.63981,0.41558,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-15","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.4 Rates of suicidality or self-harm – Middle: sig. decreased 10, decreased 50, total 60","quote":"Rates of suicidality or self-harm – Middle | 10 | 50 | 60","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":["p097-01"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Grade-level subgroup (elementary, middle, high) percentage; the report prints only the overall n = 1,377, not subgroup counts."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":97,"rects":[[0.23193,0.62719,0.59656,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-16","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.4 Rates of suicidality or self-harm – High: sig. decreased 10, decreased 55, total 65*","quote":"Rates of suicidality or self-harm – High | 10 | 55 | 65*","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide"],"supports":["p097-01"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Grade-level subgroup (elementary, middle, high) percentage; the report prints only the overall n = 1,377, not subgroup counts."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":97,"rects":[[0.23193,0.62719,0.59656,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-17","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.4 survey question: impact of BTAM program on outcomes at school (n = 1,377)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “What impact do you think your BTAM program has had on the following outcomes at your school?” (n = 1,377).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.16432,0.70955,0.69223,0.01118],[0.12553,0.72092,0.2728,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-18","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.4 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.408,0.72092,0.44651,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-19","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.4 bars may not sum to totals because of rounding","quote":"Bars may not sum to totals because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.12553,0.73228,0.25866,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-20","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.4 asterisk marks significant difference of secondary vs. elementary principals","quote":"An asterisk (*) indicates that the percentage of principals in secondary schools who said decreased or significantly decreased was statistically significantly different from the percentage of principals in elementary schools who said similarly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.4. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Helped to Reduce Specific Negative Outcomes at Their School","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.39098,0.73228,0.47308,0.01118],[0.12553,0.74365,0.72791,0.01118],[0.12553,0.75501,0.06844,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p097-21","page":97,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Most principals perceived their BTAM program was having some impact on violence levels","quote":"Most principals perceived that their school’s BTAM program was having some impact on levels of violence at their school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Most principals perceived","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":97,"rects":[[0.12745,0.14345,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.16113,0.08166,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 97). Claim p097-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p097-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p097-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-01","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"evidence","title":"Concern that BTAM may affect exclusionary discipline use and fairness (Cornell et al., 2025)","quote":"As noted above, one concern around the use of BTAM at schools across the country is the potential for its impact on schools’ use of exclusionary discipline practices overall and whether exclusionary discipline is used fairly across the student population (for a review, see Cornell et al., 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As noted above","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.12745,0.16618,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.18385,0.74499,0.01788],[0.12745,0.20153,0.55423,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-02","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"BTAM program not intended to increase exclusionary discipline; encourages supportive interventions","quote":"A BTAM program is not intended to increase the use of exclusionary discipline or criminal justice responses; instead, the approach encourages supporting interventions matched to individual student needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","response-supportive-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As noted above","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.69605,0.20153,0.17643,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21921,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.23688,0.51457,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-03","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"statement","title":"Principals estimated BTAM impact on exclusionary discipline and on disparities across student groups","quote":"We asked principals to estimate the impact of their BTAM program on the level of exclusionary discipline (suspensions and expulsions) at their school and on rates at which such practices might affect different student groups.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As noted above","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.65069,0.23688,0.22188,0.01788],[0.12745,0.25456,0.74498,0.01788],[0.12745,0.27224,0.59259,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-04","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"7 percent of principals said BTAM leads to increased use of exclusionary discipline","quote":"Few principals (7 percent) said they believe that BTAM programs are leading to increased use of exclusionary discipline practices.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Figure 12.5","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.57115,0.30759,0.30141,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32527,0.59353,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-05","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Principals were split over whether BTAM decreased exclusionary discipline or had no impact","quote":"As shown in Figure 12.5, principals were split over whether their BTAM program decreased their use of exclusionary discipline practices or had no impact in this area.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Figure 12.5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.15033,0.28991,0.72219,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30759,0.43481,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-06","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"conjecture","title":"Responses from the small subset reporting increases merit additional examination","quote":"Although this represents a small subset of schools, such responses merit additional examination to identify what might be driving such changes.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Figure 12.5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.72926,0.32527,0.14329,0.01788],[0.12745,0.34294,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.36062,0.11667,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-07","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Most principals believe BTAM did not contribute to disparities in exclusionary discipline","quote":"Most principals also believe that their BTAM programs did not contribute to disparities in the use of exclusionary discipline practices across different groups of students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Figure 12.5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.25179,0.36062,0.62077,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3783,0.53974,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-08","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"conjecture","title":"At best BTAM helped reduce differences in discipline, potentially increasing fairness","quote":"At best, principals perceived that their BTAM programs were helping reduce differences in use of these practices across the student population, potentially increasing the fairness of disciplinary practices overall.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As shown in Figure 12.5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.67556,0.3783,0.19694,0.01788],[0.12745,0.39597,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.41365,0.50253,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-09","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.5 Suspension and expulsion rates overall: decreased 53, no impact 40, increase 7","quote":"Suspension and expulsion rates overall | 53 | 40 | 7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":["p098-04"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.5. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Had an Impact on Use of Exclusionary Discipline","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":98,"rects":[[0.26928,0.76536,0.13155,0.02461]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-10","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.5 Disparities by race: decreased 40, no impact 58 (increase label removed)","quote":"Race | 40 | 58 | [unlabeled]","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.5. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Had an Impact on Use of Exclusionary Discipline","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":98,"rects":[[0.28756,0.76536,0.51158,0.01188]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-11","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Figure 12.5 Disparities by gender: decreased 35, no impact 63 (increase label removed)","quote":"Gender | 35 | 63","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.5. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Had an Impact on Use of Exclusionary Discipline","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":98,"rects":[[0.28756,0.76536,0.51158,0.01188]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-12","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"fact","title":"Fig 12.5 Disparities by special education status: decreased 43, no impact 54 (increase unlabeled)","quote":"Special education status | 43 | 54","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.5. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Had an Impact on Use of Exclusionary Discipline","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Teams answering program impact questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"impact_1377","base_page":95,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure notes on pp095-098 give n = 1,377."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":98,"rects":[[0.69002,0.76536,0.10545,0.02461]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-13","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.5 survey question: impact of BTAM program on outcomes at school (n = 1,377)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “What impact do you think your BTAM program has had on the following outcomes at your school?” (n = 1,377).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.5. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Had an Impact on Use of Exclusionary Discipline","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.16467,0.83859,0.69789,0.01128],[0.12557,0.85005,0.27503,0.01128]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-14","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.5 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.5. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Had an Impact on Use of Exclusionary Discipline","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.41035,0.85005,0.45016,0.01128]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-15","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.5 bars may not sum to totals because of rounding","quote":"Bars may not sum to totals because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.5. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Had an Impact on Use of Exclusionary Discipline","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.12557,0.86151,0.26077,0.01128]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-16","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.5 some data labels removed for readability","quote":"Some data labels have been removed for readability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.5. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Had an Impact on Use of Exclusionary Discipline","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.39319,0.86151,0.28206,0.01128]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p098-17","page":98,"section":"ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs","type":"definition","title":"Figure 12.5 collapses significantly decreased/decreased and significantly increased/increased","quote":"We collapsed “significantly decreased” and “decreased” as well as “significantly increased” and “increased” for readability purposes.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 12.5. Percentage of Principals Who Perceived That Their School’s BTAM Team Had an Impact on Use of Exclusionary Discipline","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":98,"rects":[[0.68152,0.86151,0.14429,0.01128],[0.12557,0.87297,0.56715,0.01128]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 98). Claim p098-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p098-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-12-what-do-principals-think-are-the-effects-of-their-btam-programs#p098-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-01","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conclusion","title":"Results suggest the policy challenge is improving existing BTAM programs, not advancing adoption","quote":"the policy challenge going forward is less about advancing adoption of BTAM as a component of schools safety efforts—the vast majority of schools already have done so—and more about how to improve existing programs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In this chapter","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.15852,0.35305,0.71396,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37073,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3884,0.06711,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-02","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Chapter data focus on schools with official BTAM teams and continuous improvement","quote":"We present the data in this chapter with an eye toward continuous improvement, focusing again on those schools with official BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In this chapter","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.20296,0.3884,0.66958,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40608,0.2984,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-03","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"evidence","title":"Studies identify risks to program sustainment: resource constraints, drift, staff turnover","quote":"Studies of program implementation in many areas have identified many risks to program sustainment, including resource constraints that force the closure of good programs; “drifting” away from careful program delivery so that over time a program morphs into something different than originally intended; and staff turnover or changes in leadership that remove the program’s “champion,” meaning no one is there to ensure continued quality and performance (see Lane et al., 2019, for a review).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Even when schools adopt valuable programs","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.45247,0.52477,0.42008,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54244,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56012,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.5778,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59547,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61315,0.05724,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-04","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"statement","title":"Several factors must be in place to ensure the sustainability of BTAM programs","quote":"Several factors must be in place to ensure the sustainability of BTAM programs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Several factors must be in place","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.15033,0.63083,0.54373,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-05","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"statement","title":"Buy-in, ongoing support, belief the program works, and turnover resilience are especially critical","quote":"Buy-in and ongoing support from the school community, belief across multiple groups—leaders, staff, parents, and students—that the program is working to improve school safety, and resilience to staff turnover are especially critical.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Several factors must be in place","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.70172,0.63083,0.17083,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6485,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66618,0.6969,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-06","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"Data suggest many schools have sustainability factors in place, but more support could strengthen su","quote":"As we discuss in this section, our data suggest that many schools already have some of the suitable factors in place to support the continued operation of their BTAM programs into the future, but there are areas where additional support could strengthen BTAM sustainability and continuous improvement.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Several factors must be in place","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.83189,0.66618,0.04067,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68386,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70153,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71921,0.57697,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-07","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"71 percent of principals believe their school community is supportive of BTAM","quote":"As shown in Figure 13.1, 71 percent of principals overall, across all school characteristics, believe that their school community is supportive of BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals who serve in a variety of school settings","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.37061,0.80128,0.5019,0.01788],[0.12745,0.81896,0.52972,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-08","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"43 percent of principals perceive their school community as supportive; 27 percent as somewhat suppo","quote":"This includes 43 percent who perceive their school community as supportive and 27 percent who perceive their community as somewhat supportive.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals who serve in a variety of school settings","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.66624,0.81896,0.20633,0.01788],[0.12745,0.83664,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85431,0.07391,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-09","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Large-school principals slightly likelier than small-school to see community supportive (74 vs 67%)","quote":"Principals of large schools were slightly more likely than principals of small schools to view their community as supportive of BTAM (74 versus 67 percent, respectively).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals who serve in a variety of school settings","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376 total; column N not printed)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"Shares of large-school and small-school principals (74 versus 67 percent); subgroup Ns not printed."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.12745,0.87199,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.88967,0.3979,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-10","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"This chapter discusses what could strengthen BTAM and processes to improve effectiveness over time","quote":"In this chapter, we look toward the future to discuss what principals told us about what they think could help strengthen BTAM in K–12 schools and how their programs incorporate processes and activities focused on improving program effectiveness over time.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In this chapter","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.12745,0.28234,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30002,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3177,0.3,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-11","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"No guarantee that valuable programs will be successfully sustained over time","quote":"Even when schools adopt valuable programs that help students and lead to better outcomes—not just for school safety but also for academic, school climate, and other goals—there is no guarantee that these programs will be successfully sustained over time.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Even when schools adopt valuable programs","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.12745,0.48941,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50709,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52477,0.31741,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-12","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Principals in varied school settings perceive their school community as supportive of BTAM","quote":"Principals who serve in a variety of school settings perceive that their school community is supportive of BTAM as a school safety approach.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals who serve in a variety of school settings","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.12745,0.78361,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80128,0.23564,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p100-13","page":100,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Only one statistically significant difference in community support by school characteristics","quote":"We observed only one statistically significant difference when it comes to school characteristics","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals who serve in a variety of school settings","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":100,"rects":[[0.20934,0.85431,0.65941,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 100). Claim p100-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p100-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p100-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-01","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Total: supportive 43 percent, somewhat supportive 27 percent, total 71 percent","quote":"Total | 43 | 27 | 71","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":["p100-07"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure note gives n = 1,376 for the whole figure; per-group n's are not printed, so the figure base is used."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.1253,0.44391,0.18708,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-02","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Level: Elementary: supportive 44 percent, somewhat supportive 26 percent, total 70 percent","quote":"Level | Elementary | 44 | 26 | 70","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.12745,0.8384,0.74894,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-03","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Level: Middle: supportive 42 percent, somewhat supportive 29 percent, total 71 percent","quote":"Level | Middle | 42 | 29 | 71","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.12745,0.8384,0.74894,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-04","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Level: High: supportive 45 percent, somewhat supportive 28 percent, total 73 percent","quote":"Level | High | 45 | 28 | 73","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.12745,0.8384,0.74894,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-05","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Locale: Urban: supportive 42 percent, somewhat supportive 30 percent, total 71 percent","quote":"Locale | Urban | 42 | 30 | 71","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.31663,0.37084,0.54988,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-06","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Locale: Suburban: supportive 42 percent, somewhat supportive 26 percent, total 68 percent","quote":"Locale | Suburban | 42 | 26 | 68","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.31663,0.37084,0.54988,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-07","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Locale: Rural: supportive 46 percent, somewhat supportive 26 percent, total 72 percent","quote":"Locale | Rural | 46 | 26 | 72","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.31663,0.37084,0.54988,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-08","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Neighborhood poverty level: High: supportive 47 percent, somewhat supportive 25 percent, total 72 pe","quote":"Neighborhood poverty level | High | 47 | 25 | 72","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.31663,0.37084,0.54988,0.0228]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-09","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Neighborhood poverty level: Middle: supportive 42 percent, somewhat supportive 28 percent, total 70 ","quote":"Neighborhood poverty level | Middle | 42 | 28 | 70","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.31663,0.37084,0.54988,0.0228]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-10","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Neighborhood poverty level: Low: supportive 43 percent, somewhat supportive 27 percent, total 70 per","quote":"Neighborhood poverty level | Low | 43 | 27 | 70","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.31663,0.37084,0.54988,0.0228]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-11","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Student racial/ethnic composition: Majority White students: supportive 46 percent, somewhat supporti","quote":"Student racial/ethnic composition | Majority White students | 46 | 26 | 72","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.56554,0.38157,0.2758,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-12","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Student racial/ethnic composition: Majority students of color: supportive 41 percent, somewhat suppo","quote":"Student racial/ethnic composition | Majority students of color | 41 | 28 | 69","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.56554,0.38157,0.2758,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-13","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Enrollment size: Small: supportive 44 percent, somewhat supportive 24 percent, total 67 percent","quote":"Enrollment size | Small | 44 | 24 | 67","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.31663,0.37084,0.54988,0.0228]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-14","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Enrollment size: Large: supportive 43 percent, somewhat supportive 31 percent, total 74 percent","quote":"Enrollment size | Large | 43 | 31 | 74","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.1 subgroup bars (school level, locale, poverty, race/ethnicity, enrollment); each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_1_subgroups_columns","base_page":101,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":101,"rects":[[0.31663,0.37084,0.54988,0.0228]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-15","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.1 survey item: How supportive is your school community of BTAM? (n = 1,376)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “How supportive is your school community of BTAM as a school safety approach?” (n = 1,376).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.16408,0.42118,0.68006,0.01118],[0.1253,0.43254,0.19417,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-16","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.1 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.329,0.43254,0.44646,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-17","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Figure 13.1 bars may not sum to totals because of rounding","quote":"Bars may not sum to totals because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.1. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That Their School Community Is Supportive of BTAM as a School Safety Approach","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.78228,0.43254,0.07154,0.01118],[0.1253,0.44391,0.18369,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-18","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Principals not seeing community as supportive said it was neutral","quote":"Principals who did not see their school communities as supportive of BTAM said they believe that their communities were neutral on the topic.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals who did not see their school communities","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.15033,0.47098,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48865,0.27095,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-19","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"Unknown what informs neutral views; communities may lack knowledge or BTAM may not be pervasive","quote":"We do not know what informs these perspectives—it could be that school communities do not know enough about school BTAM programs to have an opinion either way or that the application of BTAM is not pervasive enough to make an impression.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals who did not see their school communities","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.40712,0.48865,0.46549,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50633,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52401,0.54045,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-20","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Only 2 percent of principals said their school communities were not supportive of their BTAM program","quote":"Only 2 percent of principals said they perceive that their school communities were not supportive of their BTAM program.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals who did not see their school communities","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.67656,0.52401,0.19602,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54168,0.64671,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-21","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Leadership-change question is a proxy measure of program resilience to staffing changes","quote":"As a proxy measure to capture the resilience of a school’s BTAM program to changes in staffing, we asked principals whether they perceived that a leadership change (for instance, were they to vacate their position) would result in changes to their school’s use of or approach to BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As a proxy measure","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.12745,0.64396,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66163,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67931,0.5237,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-22","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"evidence","title":"Prior studies: dynamic, supportive school leader often important for BTAM effectiveness (Jackson et ","quote":"The question was informed by other studies on program sustainability and on BTAM program implementation specifically that drew on the expertise of school safety staff across the country who indicated that a dynamic and supportive school leader was often important for school BTAM program effectiveness (see, e.g., Jackson et al., 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: As a proxy measure","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.65984,0.67931,0.21268,0.01788],[0.12745,0.69699,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71466,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73234,0.69459,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-23","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Two-thirds of principals believe their BTAM program would withstand leadership change","quote":"Two-thirds of principals said they believe their school’s BTAM program would withstand leadership change (see Figure 13.2).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":["p101-22"],"element":"paragraph: As a proxy measure","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.83678,0.73234,0.03568,0.01788],[0.12745,0.75002,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76769,0.0771,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-24","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"Highest-poverty school principals least likely to believe program withstands leadership change","quote":"Specifically, principals in the highest poverty schools were least likely to believe their BTAM program would withstand a leadership change, suggesting that BTAM sustainability in those schools may be more vulnerable.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We identified one notable difference","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.58276,0.78537,0.28979,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80305,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.82072,0.48493,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-25","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"evidence","title":"High-poverty schools have historically had higher staff turnover than lower-poverty schools","quote":"This is notable because high-poverty schools have historically had higher levels of staff turnover, compared with lower-poverty schools (Education Resource Strategies [ERS], 2025; Carver-Thomas and Darling-Hammond, 2019).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We identified one notable difference","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.62007,0.82072,0.25255,0.01788],[0.12745,0.8384,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85608,0.54855,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-26","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"Additional support may be needed for institutional memory and leadership pipelines in high-poverty s","quote":"Findings therefore suggest additional support may be needed to build institutional memory and leadership pipelines in high-poverty schools, where BTAM program stability may be more fragile.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","leadership-turnover"],"supports":[],"cites":["p101-25"],"element":"paragraph: We identified one notable difference","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.68919,0.85608,0.18333,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87375,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.89143,0.4179,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p101-27","page":101,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"One notable difference by school characteristics was identified","quote":"We identified one notable difference by school characteristics.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We identified one notable difference","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":101,"rects":[[0.15033,0.78537,0.42438,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-27","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-27","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-27, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-27","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 101). Claim p101-27, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-27\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p101-27</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p101-27","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-01","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Total: very unlikely 28 percent, unlikely 34 percent, total 63 percent","quote":"Total | 28 | 34 | 63","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover"],"supports":["p101-23"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure note gives n = 1,376 for the whole figure; per-group n's are not printed, so the figure base is used."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.1253,0.45272,0.53247,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-02","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Level: Elementary: very unlikely 25 percent, unlikely 36 percent, total 61 percent","quote":"Level | Elementary | 25 | 36 | 61","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.1253,0.45272,0.53247,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-03","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Level: Middle: very unlikely 33 percent, unlikely 31 percent, total 64 percent","quote":"Level | Middle | 33 | 31 | 64","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.1253,0.45272,0.53247,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-04","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Level: High: very unlikely 32 percent, unlikely 33 percent, total 65 percent","quote":"Level | High | 32 | 33 | 65","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.1253,0.45272,0.53247,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-05","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Locale: Urban: very unlikely 27 percent, unlikely 35 percent, total 62 percent","quote":"Locale | Urban | 27 | 35 | 62","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.31283,0.37607,0.55367,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-06","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Locale: Suburban: very unlikely 33 percent, unlikely 36 percent, total 69 percent","quote":"Locale | Suburban | 33 | 36 | 69","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.31283,0.37607,0.55367,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-07","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Locale: Rural: very unlikely 25 percent, unlikely 33 percent, total 58 percent","quote":"Locale | Rural | 25 | 33 | 58","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.31283,0.37607,0.55367,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-08","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Neighborhood poverty level: High: very unlikely 24 percent, unlikely 31 percent, total 55 percent","quote":"Neighborhood poverty level | High | 24 | 31 | 55","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":["p101-24"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.31283,0.37607,0.55367,0.0228]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-09","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Neighborhood poverty level: Middle: very unlikely 29 percent, unlikely 33 percent, total 62 percent","quote":"Neighborhood poverty level | Middle | 29 | 33 | 62","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.31283,0.37607,0.55367,0.0228]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-10","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Neighborhood poverty level: Low: very unlikely 29 percent, unlikely 40 percent, total 69 percent","quote":"Neighborhood poverty level | Low | 29 | 40 | 69","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.31283,0.37607,0.55367,0.0228]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-11","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Student racial/ethnic composition: Majority White students: very unlikely 29 percent, unlikely 34 pe","quote":"Student racial/ethnic composition | Majority White students | 29 | 34 | 63","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.56554,0.3868,0.2758,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-12","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Student racial/ethnic composition: Majority students of color: very unlikely 27 percent, unlikely 35","quote":"Student racial/ethnic composition | Majority students of color | 27 | 35 | 62","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.56554,0.3868,0.2758,0.01207]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-13","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Enrollment size: Small: very unlikely 27 percent, unlikely 32 percent, total 59 percent","quote":"Enrollment size | Small | 27 | 32 | 59","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.31283,0.37607,0.55367,0.0228]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-14","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Enrollment size: Large: very unlikely 29 percent, unlikely 37 percent, total 66 percent","quote":"Enrollment size | Large | 29 | 37 | 66","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.2 subgroup bars; each bar is a share of its own subgroup","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_2_subgroups_columns","base_page":102,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the named subgroup; subgroup N not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":102,"rects":[[0.31283,0.37607,0.55367,0.0228]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-15","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.2 survey item: Would a leadership change result in changes to BTAM use or approach? (n = 1","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Would a leadership change at your school (e.g., were you to vacate your position) result in changes to your school's use of or approach to BTAM?” (n = 1,376).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.16408,0.42999,0.70015,0.01118],[0.1253,0.44136,0.51783,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-16","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.2 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.65266,0.44136,0.18283,0.01118],[0.1253,0.45272,0.26023,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-17","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Figure 13.2 bars may not sum to totals because of rounding","quote":"Bars may not sum to totals because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.2. Percentage of Principals Who Perceive That a Leadership Change Would Not Result in Changes to Their Schools’ Use of or Approach to BTAM","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.39234,0.45272,0.25863,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-18","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"statement","title":"Key element of long-term BTAM effectiveness is processes to identify and address challenges","quote":"A key element of BTAM program effectiveness over the long term is incorporating processes to identify challenges and take steps to address challenges and improve performance over time.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: A key element of BTAM program effectiveness","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.12745,0.51307,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.53075,0.54777,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-19","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Approximately four in ten schools reported a generally stable BTAM process","quote":"Approximately four in ten schools reported that their BTAM process has been generally stable, using established approaches for assessing cases and planning interventions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Approximately four in ten schools","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.12745,0.61408,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63176,0.45648,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-20","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"The other 60 percent of schools made one or more changes to BTAM since initial implementation","quote":"However, the other 60 percent reported that they have made one or more changes to the program since its initial implementation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Approximately four in ten schools","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.59346,0.63176,0.27912,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64944,0.61299,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-21","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Principals changed BTAM to be more effective (30 percent) or to better fit school needs (24 percent)","quote":"Most commonly, principals indicated that their BTAM process changed as they aimed to make it more effective at protecting the school and students (30 percent) or adjustments were needed for BTAM to better fit their school’s needs (24 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Most commonly, principals indicated","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Share of schools that made changes (the other 60 percent); that subgroup's n is not printed, nearest base is the 1,376 BTAM-team schools."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.15033,0.66711,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68479,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70247,0.2368,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-22","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Few schools changed BTAM due to resource constraints (12 percent) or community concerns about studen","quote":"Few schools reported making changes in response to specific problems, such as resource or other constraints that limited the capacity of BTAM (12 percent) or concerns in the community about how BTAM would affect students (3 percent).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Most commonly, principals indicated","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Share of schools that made changes (the other 60 percent); that subgroup's n is not printed, nearest base is the 1,376 BTAM-team schools."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.37724,0.70247,0.49539,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72015,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73782,0.44121,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-23","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"Patterns suggest changes aimed to improve BTAM in context, not respond to threats to its functioning","quote":"These patterns suggest that schools made changes to BTAM processes to help improve how BTAM worked in their specific school or community context, rather than in response to challenges that might otherwise jeopardize the effective functioning of a school BTAM program.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Most commonly, principals indicated","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.58244,0.73782,0.29014,0.01788],[0.12745,0.7555,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77318,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.79085,0.16054,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-24","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"14 percent of schools changed their BTAM process in response to changes to state law or policy","quote":"That said, 14 percent of schools did change their BTAM process in response to changes to state law or policy regarding BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: That said, 14 percent","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Official BTAM teams only answering Table A.51","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"table_a51_official_1376","base_page":137,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.51 (p137), official-teams-only column: 'changes to state law or policy about BTAM' 14.3 percent, N = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.15033,0.80853,0.72227,0.01788],[0.12745,0.82621,0.16574,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-25","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Schools in 2019 early-legislation states most likely to change processes in response to state law or","quote":"Schools located in our group of states with early legislation in 2019 (see Chapter 1) were most likely to indicate that their processes had changed in response to such shifts in state law or policy.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: That said, 14 percent","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.30151,0.82621,0.57098,0.01788],[0.12745,0.84388,0.74214,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p102-26","page":102,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"Perhaps unsurprising that early-policy states’ principals reported being affected by policy changes","quote":"Given that that group of states put prescriptive policies in place early regarding local use of BTAM, it is perhaps unsurprising that principals in those states told us they were affected by changes in those policies","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: That said, 14 percent","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":102,"rects":[[0.12745,0.86156,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87924,0.70897,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 102). Claim p102-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p102-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p102-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-01","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"evidence","title":"Since the 2019 study, some states, including Georgia and Michigan, enacted laws covering school BTAM","quote":"since the 2019 study that provides the basis for the grouping of the states, some of those states—including Georgia and Michigan—have gone from strong encouragement of BTAM through policy or regulation to enacting laws covering school BTAM adoption) (Child Trends and the NASBE, 2021).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: since the 2019 study","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.58119,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-02","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Survey offered 13 challenge options for schools to flag as current concerns (Figure 13.3)","quote":"To assess what challenges schools’ BTAM programs are facing now, we gave survey respondents a menu of 13 options they could flag as current concerns (Figure 13.3).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: To assess what challenges","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.12745,0.20612,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2238,0.38662,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-03","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"A slight majority of schools (56 percent) report currently experiencing one or more of the 13 challe","quote":"A slight majority of schools (56 percent) said their school’s BTAM program is currently experiencing (or has experienced) one or more of the 13 challenges.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: To assess what challenges","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.52669,0.2238,0.34589,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24148,0.7411,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-04","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Among schools with challenges, half identified one or two","quote":"Among those who were experiencing current challenges, half of schools identified one or two.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: To assess what challenges","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.12745,0.25915,0.67241,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-05","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Very few schools identified more than five challenges","quote":"Very few schools identified more than five challenges.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: To assess what challenges","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.80971,0.25915,0.06286,0.01788],[0.12745,0.27683,0.30285,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-06","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Most common challenge, 30 percent of schools: parents unwilling to implement or participate in inter","quote":"The most common challenge, selected by 30 percent of schools, relates to the unwillingness of parents when it comes to implementing or participating in recommended interventions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","parent-unwillingness"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The most common challenge","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.15033,0.29451,0.72224,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31218,0.57018,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-07","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Second most common challenge, 21 percent of schools: service provider capacity limits on students se","quote":"The second most commonly identified challenge, selected by 21 percent of schools, relates to service provider capacity limits over how many students they are able to serve.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","service-provider-capacity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The most common challenge","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.70807,0.31218,0.16448,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32986,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.34754,0.29291,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-08","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conclusion","title":"The top two challenges relate to external factors","quote":"Importantly, these top two challenges relate to external factors","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":["p103-06","p103-07"],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The most common challenge","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.42977,0.34754,0.44273,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-09","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Parents unwilling to implement or participate in recommended interventions: 30 percent","quote":"Parents unwilling to implement or participate in recommended interventions | 30","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","parent-unwillingness"],"supports":["p103-06"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.22313,0.44447,0.51345,0.02251]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-10","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Service provider capacity limits for how many students each can serve: 21 percent","quote":"Service provider capacity limits for how many students each can serve | 21","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","service-provider-capacity"],"supports":["p103-07"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.25368,0.47043,0.41787,0.02251]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-11","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Staffing constraints make BTAM difficult to maintain: 16 percent","quote":"Staffing constraints make BTAM difficult to maintain | 16","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","staffing-constraints"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.18001,0.50175,0.45754,0.01455]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-12","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Problems maintaining connections to outside service providers for intervention: 16 percent","quote":"Problems maintaining connections to outside service providers for intervention | 16","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","service-provider-capacity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.21995,0.52235,0.41665,0.02251]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-13","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Parents unable to support individual intervention efforts: 15 percent","quote":"Parents unable to support individual intervention efforts","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","parent-unwillingness"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.15444,0.55367,0.32347,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-14","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Staff or district leaders concerned that BTAM is too complex: 9 percent","quote":"Staff or district leaders concerned that BTAM is too complex | 9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.12968,0.57963,0.45331,0.01437]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-15","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Concerns about BTAM effectiveness in reducing school violence: 9 percent","quote":"Concerns about BTAM effectiveness in reducing school violence | 9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.26962,0.60023,0.31009,0.02251]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-16","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Problems getting data from outside organizations: 8 percent","quote":"Problems getting data from outside organizations","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.18914,0.63156,0.28835,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-17","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Can't get needed training for BTAM team members: 7 percent","quote":"Can't get needed training for BTAM team members | 7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","training-source"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.1846,0.65752,0.38256,0.01419]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-18","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Difficulty funding continued BTAM operation: 7 percent","quote":"Difficulty funding continued BTAM operation | 7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.22482,0.68348,0.3373,0.01412]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-19","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Reduction in school staff support for the BTAM program: 7 percent","quote":"Reduction in school staff support for the BTAM program | 7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.15509,0.70944,0.40648,0.01406]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-20","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Difficulties adapting BTAM to local needs: 5 percent","quote":"Difficulties adapting BTAM to local needs | 5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.24275,0.7354,0.30423,0.014]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-21","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Reduction in community support for the BTAM program: 2 percent","quote":"Reduction in community support for the BTAM program | 2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":103,"rects":[[0.15795,0.76136,0.37161,0.01394]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-22","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.3 survey item: challenges in operating BTAM program (n = 1,376)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Is your school experiencing or has it experienced any of the following challenges when it comes to operating its BTAM program?” (n = 1,376).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.16619,0.84573,0.69831,0.01118],[0.1274,0.85709,0.42792,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-23","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.3 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.56486,0.85709,0.29832,0.01118],[0.1274,0.86846,0.14475,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-24","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.3 note a: parents unable to support, for example because of costs","quote":"For example, because of costs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.13452,0.88235,0.16568,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p103-25","page":103,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.3 note b: outside organizations, for example law enforcement, medical providers","quote":"For example, law enforcement, medical providers.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.3. Percentage of Schools Indicating They Have Experienced the Following Challenges in Operating Their BTAM Program","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":103,"rects":[[0.13491,0.89624,0.26543,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 103). Claim p103-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p103-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p103-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-01","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"External challenges are outside team or school control, potentially explaining why hard to resolve","quote":"rather than issues directly under the control of a school BTAM team or the school more generally, potentially explaining why they may be especially difficult to resolve.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 104 part and the sentence begins on page 103 (claim p103-08). Full sentence (pages 103–104): “Importantly, these top two challenges relate to external factors rather than issues directly under the control of a school BTAM team or the school more generally, potentially explaining why they may be especially difficult to resolve.”","concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: rather than issues directly under the control","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.7452,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.39495,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-02","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Staffing constraints top internal challenge: 16 percent of schools say it makes BTAM difficult to ma","quote":"Staffing constraints were identified as the top internal challenge related to BTAM; 16 percent of schools reported that staffing constraints can make BTAM difficult to maintain.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","staffing-constraints"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Staffing constraints were identified","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.15033,0.12279,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.14047,0.52345,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-03","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"7 percent of schools could not access necessary training; another 7 percent had difficulty funding B","quote":"Seven percent of schools also reported not being able to access necessary training, and another 7 percent reported difficulty funding continued BTAM operations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","training-source"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Staffing constraints were identified","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.66165,0.14047,0.21093,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.17371,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-04","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Staff time was also top concern for principals asked about BTAM initial implementation","quote":"Notably, sufficient staff time was also the top concern identified by principals who were asked questions about their experiences during BTAM’s initial implementation phase.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","staffing-constraints"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Notably, sufficient staff time","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.15033,0.1935,0.72224,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.49056,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-05","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"Staff capacity is likely a perennial concern for schools asked to do more to support students","quote":"This suggests that staff capacity is likely a perennial concern for schools asked to do increasingly more to support students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["staffing-constraints"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Notably, sufficient staff time","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.628,0.21117,0.24449,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.62652,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-06","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Outside provider capacity was a top concern during initial implementation and remains a top ongoing ","quote":"The capacity of outside providers (presumably to accommodate students referred by the BTAM team) was also a top concern identified by principals during the initial implementation phase, and it remains as a top ongoing challenge.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","service-provider-capacity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Notably, sufficient staff time","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.76357,0.22885,0.10892,0.01788],[0.12745,0.24653,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.73429,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-07","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Schools selected a variety of challenges, none coalescing around a single systemic problem","quote":"Importantly, even though schools selected a variety of challenges, they did not coalesce around any single challenge that might indicate more systemic problems operating a BTAM program.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Importantly, even though schools selected","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.15033,0.28188,0.72229,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29956,0.57628,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-08","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"At most, only a minority of schools experienced any one challenge","quote":"At most, only a minority of schools experienced any one challenge.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Importantly, even though schools selected","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.71218,0.29956,0.16037,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31723,0.31185,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-09","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"School characteristics might be significant in determining the types of challenges schools experienc","quote":"This could imply that school characteristics might be significant in determining the types of challenges schools experience when it comes to operating BTAM programs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Importantly, even though schools selected","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.44833,0.31723,0.42422,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33491,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35259,0.04335,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-10","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Limited evidence, small differences, for training and staff-support challenges by school characteris","quote":"Although the differences were small, we found some limited evidence for two challenges in particular: (1) training for BTAM team members and (2) reduction in school staff support for a BTAM program.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Importantly, even though schools selected","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.178,0.35259,0.69454,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37026,0.68904,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-11","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Urban, high-poverty, majority-students-of-color school principals especially likely to report these ","quote":"Principals of urban schools, high-poverty schools, and schools serving a majority of students of color (highly overlapping categories) were especially likely to report experiencing these two challenges.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Importantly, even though schools selected","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.82412,0.37026,0.04843,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38794,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40562,0.57543,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-12","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"10 percent of urban, 7 percent of suburban, 5 percent of rural principals struggled to get needed BT","quote":"For example, 10 percent of urban school principals said they struggled to get needed BTAM training, as did 7 percent of suburban school principals and 5 percent of rural school principals.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","training-source"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Importantly, even though schools selected","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Locale groups (urban, suburban, rural) among schools with a BTAM team; each figure is a share of its own locale group","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"locale_groups_p104_columns","base_page":104,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of each locale group; Ns not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.71013,0.40562,0.16246,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42329,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44097,0.39655,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-13","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"Schools in states without 2019 BTAM legislation or policy more likely to cite training gaps","quote":"Schools in states that did not promote BTAM via legislation or non-codified policy in 2019 were also more likely to identify training gaps as an issue, suggesting that some state policies related to BTAM may specifically include providing training to schools at no or reduced cost.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","training-source"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Importantly, even though schools selected","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.53236,0.44097,0.34007,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45865,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47632,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.494,0.08691,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-14","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"statement","title":"BTAM teams need a process to identify issues and opportunities for change to improve over time","quote":"BTAM teams need a process to identify ongoing issues or opportunities for change with an eye toward improving performance if they want to get better over time; teams that do not proactively seek out such issues or opportunities will likely miss chances to improve outcomes related to BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM teams need a process","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.12745,0.57733,0.74501,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59501,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61269,0.56712,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-15","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Principals were asked whether BTAM teams engaged in activities from after-action reviews to feedback","quote":"In our survey, we asked principals if their schools’ BTAM teams engaged in any such activities, ranging from after-action reviews of past cases to systematic data analyses across cases and gathering feedback from program participants.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: BTAM teams need a process","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.70413,0.61269,0.1685,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63036,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64804,0.69826,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-16","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"87 percent of principals reported their BTAM team engaged in one or more review or continuous improv","quote":"Overall, 87 percent of principals reported that their school’s BTAM team engaged in one or more of the review or continuous improvement processes included as survey response options.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Overall, 87 percent","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.15033,0.66572,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6834,0.56575,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-17","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Responses clustered around a handful of processes; very few schools did all or most activities","quote":"As shown in Figure 13.4, responses clustered around a handful of review or continuous improvement processes; very few schools engaged in all or even most of the activities we asked about.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Overall, 87 percent","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.70131,0.6834,0.17117,0.01788],[0.12745,0.70107,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71875,0.42531,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-18","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"For any one review activity, only a minority of schools engaged in it","quote":"only a minority of schools reported engaging in each action.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: When looking at any one particular review","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.61921,0.7541,0.25329,0.01788],[0.12745,0.77178,0.1651,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-19","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Most common activity: after-action reviews of individual cases, reported by 48 percent of principals","quote":"Principals most commonly reported conducting after-action reviews of individual cases (48 percent reported doing so).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: When looking at any one particular review","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.30096,0.77178,0.57165,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78946,0.24105,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-20","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conclusion","title":"Many schools think about continuous improvement but too few engage in concrete activities","quote":"Taken together, these data suggest that, though many schools are thinking about continuous improvement, too few are engaged in concrete activities to better understand how their BTAM teams are operating.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: When looking at any one particular review","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.38047,0.78946,0.49208,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80713,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.82481,0.18942,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-21","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"More support for continuous improvement activities could help schools achieve better safety outcomes","quote":"Providing more support to schools so that they can engage in more continuous improvement activities could help them achieve better school safety outcomes over time.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: When looking at any one particular review","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.32497,0.82481,0.5476,0.01788],[0.12745,0.84249,0.60698,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-22","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Schools with large BTAM teams (more roles) engaged in more review activities than schools with small","quote":"Perhaps unsurprisingly, schools with large BTAM teams (meaning teams with more roles represented) engaged in more review and continuous improvement activities, compared with schools with smaller teams (see Figure 13.5).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Perhaps unsurprisingly","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.15033,0.86016,0.72223,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87784,0.74515,0.01788],[0.12745,0.89552,0.1077,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p104-23","page":104,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"38 percent of schools with large BTAM teams validate intervention options are delivered as designed","quote":"For example, 38 percent of schools with large BTAM teams validate that specific","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 104 part and the sentence continues on page 105. Full sentence (pages 104–105): “For example, 38 percent of schools with large BTAM teams validate that specific intervention options are being delivered as designed, by appropriately trained staff, and for the amount of time recommended in an intervention plan.”","concepts":["continuous-improvement","implementation-fidelity","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Perhaps unsurprisingly","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"team_size_large_subgroup","base_page":104,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of schools with large BTAM teams; subgroup N not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":104,"rects":[[0.24812,0.89552,0.55654,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 104). Claim p104-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p104-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p104-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-01","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"0 review or continuous improvement processes: 13 percent of schools","quote":"| 0 | 13 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":["p104-16"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.16857,0.38777,0.00716,0.01161]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-02","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"1 review or continuous improvement processes: 21 percent of schools","quote":"| 1 | 21 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-03","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"2 review or continuous improvement processes: 16 percent of schools","quote":"| 2 | 16 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-04","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"3 review or continuous improvement processes: 15 percent of schools","quote":"| 3 | 15 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08844,0.07863,0.0113]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-05","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"4 review or continuous improvement processes: 13 percent of schools","quote":"| 4 | 13 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08844,0.07863,0.0113]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-06","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"5 review or continuous improvement processes: 6 percent of schools","quote":"| 5 | 6 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.25652,0.39728,0.54028,0.01161]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-07","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"6 review or continuous improvement processes: 5 percent of schools","quote":"| 6 | 5 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.12503,0.31311,0.45645,0.01815]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-08","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"7 review or continuous improvement processes: 4 percent of schools","quote":"| 7 | 4 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.25652,0.39728,0.54028,0.01161]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-09","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"8 review or continuous improvement processes: 2 percent of schools","quote":"| 8 | 2 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.49341,0.94487,0.01318,0.01037]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-10","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"9 review or continuous improvement processes: 1 percent of schools","quote":"| 9 | 1 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.25652,0.39728,0.54028,0.01161]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-11","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"10 review or continuous improvement processes: 2 percent of schools","quote":"| 10 | 2 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1376,"label":"Teams answering community support / challenges / processes / training questions","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1376)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"support_training_1376","base_page":101,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Figure/table note on this or the adjacent page gives n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":105,"rects":[[0.12503,0.27831,0.05071,0.01161]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-12","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.4 survey item: processes that are part of how BTAM program operates (n = 1,376)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Which of the following processes are part of how your BTAM program operates?” (n = 1,376).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":105,"rects":[[0.16851,0.45186,0.69439,0.01102],[0.13029,0.46306,0.16242,0.01102]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-13","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.4 respondents instructed to select all that apply","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":105,"rects":[[0.30211,0.46306,0.27552,0.01102]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-14","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.4 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":105,"rects":[[0.58376,0.46306,0.25082,0.01102],[0.13029,0.47426,0.18589,0.01102]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-15","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Figure 13.4 percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding","quote":"Percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.4. Percentage Distribution of Schools, by Number of Review or Continuous Improvement Processes Undertaken by BTAM Team","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"note about rounding of figure percentages, not a share"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":105,"rects":[[0.32289,0.47426,0.32461,0.01102]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-16","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Only 22 percent of schools with small BTAM teams validate intervention delivery as designed","quote":"In comparison, only 22 percent of schools with small BTAM teams engaged in these types of activities.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of text from previous page","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Schools with small BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"team_size_small_subgroup","base_page":105,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of schools with small BTAM teams; subgroup N not printed"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":105,"rects":[[0.35338,0.60006,0.51914,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61774,0.17819,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-17","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"Larger teams more likely to reassess intervention menus, analyze outcome data, and collect feedback ","quote":"Schools with larger teams were also more likely to engage in other activities, such as periodic reassessments of the menu of BTAM intervention options, analysis of student outcome data, and collecting feedback from students and parents or guardians at case closure.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of text from previous page","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":105,"rects":[[0.31349,0.61774,0.55914,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63542,0.745,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65309,0.50923,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p105-18","page":105,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"conjecture","title":"Authors presume larger teams have more capacity to support review activities","quote":"We presume that because of their size, larger teams have more capacity to support these sorts of activities.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of text from previous page","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":105,"rects":[[0.64418,0.65309,0.2283,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67077,0.4917,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 105). Claim p105-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p105-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p105-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-01","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"We conduct after-action reviews of individual cases: small team 41 percent, large team 49 percent","quote":"We conduct after-action reviews of individual cases | 41 | 49","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.5 columns: schools with small BTAM teams; schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_5_team_size_columns","base_page":106,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the small or large team-size group; group Ns not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":106,"rects":[[0.14151,0.66137,0.74718,0.01165]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-02","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"We collect and analyze data about how specific intervention options are influencing student-level ou","quote":"We collect and analyze data about how specific intervention options are influencing student-level outcomes | 35 | 41","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.5 columns: schools with small BTAM teams; schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_5_team_size_columns","base_page":106,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the small or large team-size group; group Ns not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":106,"rects":[[0.14151,0.68068,0.74718,0.0131]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-03","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"We validate that specific intervention options are being delivered as designed, by appropriately tra","quote":"We validate that specific intervention options are being delivered as designed, by appropriately trained staff, and for the recommended amount of time* | 22 | 38","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":["p104-23"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.5 columns: schools with small BTAM teams; schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_5_team_size_columns","base_page":106,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the small or large team-size group; group Ns not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":106,"rects":[[0.14151,0.71622,0.74718,0.01364]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-04","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"We collect feedback from school staff who have been directly involved in implementing BTAM intervent","quote":"We collect feedback from school staff who have been directly involved in implementing BTAM interventions* | 25 | 33","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.5 columns: schools with small BTAM teams; schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_5_team_size_columns","base_page":106,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the small or large team-size group; group Ns not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":106,"rects":[[0.14151,0.66395,0.74718,0.0143]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-05","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"We periodically assess and revise the menu of interventions available to the BTAM team*: small team ","quote":"We periodically assess and revise the menu of interventions available to the BTAM team* | 23 | 31","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.5 columns: schools with small BTAM teams; schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_5_team_size_columns","base_page":106,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the small or large team-size group; group Ns not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":106,"rects":[[0.14151,0.65067,0.74718,0.01239]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-06","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"We collect and analyze data on student outcomes across all students served by the program to monitor","quote":"We collect and analyze data on student outcomes across all students served by the program to monitor the overall effectiveness of our BTAM efforts* | 17 | 30","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.5 columns: schools with small BTAM teams; schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_5_team_size_columns","base_page":106,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the small or large team-size group; group Ns not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":106,"rects":[[0.14151,0.71622,0.74718,0.01364]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-07","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"We carry out training and outreach for the school staff and students to maintain knowledge of BTAM a","quote":"We carry out training and outreach for the school staff and students to maintain knowledge of BTAM and how to refer individuals of concern* | 15 | 24","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.5 columns: schools with small BTAM teams; schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_5_team_size_columns","base_page":106,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the small or large team-size group; group Ns not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":106,"rects":[[0.14151,0.70516,0.74718,0.01029]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-08","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"We collect feedback from students and/or parents/guardians of students once their BTAM intervention ","quote":"We collect feedback from students and/or parents/guardians of students once their BTAM intervention is complete* | 13 | 20","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.5 columns: schools with small BTAM teams; schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_5_team_size_columns","base_page":106,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the small or large team-size group; group Ns not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":106,"rects":[[0.14151,0.68273,0.74718,0.01123]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-09","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"We collect feedback from students, parents/guardians, and/or staff who were the targets or victims o","quote":"We collect feedback from students, parents/guardians, and/or staff who were the targets or victims of threatening behavior | 18 | 19","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.5 columns: schools with small BTAM teams; schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_5_team_size_columns","base_page":106,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the small or large team-size group; group Ns not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":106,"rects":[[0.14151,0.68508,0.74718,0.01268]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-10","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"fact","title":"We collect and analyze data on student outcomes for different student populations to assess the fair","quote":"We collect and analyze data on student outcomes for different student populations to assess the fairness of our BTAM efforts*","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Figure 13.5 columns: schools with small BTAM teams; schools with large BTAM teams","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(column N undeterminable)","N_basis":"undeterminable","Ns":null,"base":"figure_13_5_team_size_columns","base_page":106,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"share of the small or large team-size group; group Ns not printed. Figure total n = 1,376."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":106,"rects":[[0.66097,0.55166,0.01523,0.28047],[0.6773,0.55964,0.01523,0.28197]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-11","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.5 survey item: processes that are part of how BTAM program operates (n = 1,376)","quote":"This figure depicts response data from the following survey question: “Which of the following processes are part of how your BTAM program operates?” (n = 1,376).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":106,"rects":[[0.81217,0.20612,0.01447,0.67398]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-12","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.5 respondents instructed to select all that apply","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":106,"rects":[[0.81217,0.12009,0.01447,0.07867],[0.82687,0.77547,0.01447,0.13458]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-13","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.5 includes only principals whose school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Includes only those who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":106,"rects":[[0.82687,0.42586,0.01447,0.34481]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-14","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.5 asterisk marks statistically significant small-team versus large-team differences","quote":"An asterisk (*) indicates that the percentage of principals in schools with small BTAM teams who said their team engages in a specific review and reflection process was statistically significantly different from the percentage of principals in schools with large BTAM teams who said similarly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","team-size"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":106,"rects":[[0.82687,0.09831,0.01447,0.32228],[0.84157,0.09924,0.01447,0.81081],[0.85627,0.8572,0.01447,0.05285]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p106-15","page":106,"section":"ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time","type":"definition","title":"Figure 13.5 note a: student populations include special education, neurodiverse, minority, and other","quote":"For example, special education students, neurodiverse students, race/ethnicity minority students, gender and sexual minority students, socioeconomically disadvantaged students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["equity-disparities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure 13.5. Percentage of Schools Indicating That Various Review and Reflection Processes Are Part of How Their BTAM Team Operates, by Team Size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":106,"rects":[[0.87423,0.16003,0.01447,0.74452]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 106). Claim p106-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p106-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-13-sustaining-and-improving-btam-programs-over-time#p106-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-01","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Survey fielded to a nationally representative sample of school administrators in January 2025","quote":"To do so, we drew on data collected via a survey fielded to a nationally representative sample of school administrators in January 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.83365,0.24825,0.03884,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26593,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28361,0.13915,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-02","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Survey sought to understand how BTAM works on the ground and revealed key bright spots","quote":"The survey sought to understand how BTAM is working on the ground at K–12 schools and revealed the following key bright spots:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.27389,0.28361,0.59856,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30128,0.29673,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-03","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"BTAM adoption or an alternative BTAM-like team is nearly ubiquitous across U.S. schools","quote":"Adoption of BTAM as part of school safety efforts—or the existence of an alternative BTAM-like team—has become a nearly ubiquitous practice across U.S. schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.16233,0.33365,0.71021,0.01835],[0.1634,0.35132,0.47614,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-04","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Ten years ago, fewer than half of schools had BTAM teams in place","quote":"This is a significant shift relative to ten years ago, when fewer than half of schools had BTAM teams in place.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.64781,0.35179,0.22471,0.01788],[0.1634,0.36946,0.50657,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-05","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"statement","title":"Schools should shift focus from BTAM adoption to implementation fidelity and refining practices","quote":"The rapid growth in schools’ use of BTAM and widespread adoption suggest that schools should shift their focus from BTAM adoption to implementation fidelity and refining practices to ensure consistent and effective implementation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.67713,0.36946,0.19553,0.01788],[0.1634,0.38714,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.40482,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.42249,0.02802,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-06","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"statement","title":"Ongoing support will be critical for institutionalizing best practices and sustainability","quote":"As schools move beyond establishing BTAM programs, ongoing support will be critical for institutionalizing best practices and building capacity for program sustainability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.19967,0.42249,0.67288,0.01788],[0.1634,0.44017,0.52657,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-07","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Foremost challenge is not schools’ initial adoption of BTAM","quote":"Even for the few schools that have not yet adopted BTAM—or that might move from using an alternative team to a dedicated multidisciplinary BTAM team—our results indicate that the foremost challenge is not schools’ initial adoption of BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 1 continued","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.18628,0.45785,0.68627,0.01788],[0.1634,0.47552,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.4932,0.32963,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-08","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Most principals said initial implementation was relatively smooth and became effective quickly","quote":"When we asked principals who had played a role in establishing their school’s BTAM program questions about the initial implementation phase, most indicated it was relatively smooth and that their program became an effective contributor to safety at their school relatively quickly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges","time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 1 continued","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.50282,0.4932,0.36978,0.01788],[0.1634,0.51088,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.52855,0.70917,0.01788],[0.1634,0.54623,0.16581,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-09","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"New adopters may need more help sustaining BTAM team function than help getting started","quote":"As a result, new adopters of BTAM may need more help to support the continued function of their BTAM team and improve the program’s effectiveness and outcomes over time, as opposed to support from the local community to get a program off the ground.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 1 continued","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.33581,0.54623,0.53674,0.01788],[0.1634,0.56391,0.70917,0.01788],[0.1634,0.58159,0.54224,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-10","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"Discussion: state-level BTAM policies are likely helping schools implement BTAM","quote":"State-level policies related to BTAM, whether through legislation or non-codified policy, are likely helping schools implement BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.16233,0.5988,0.71029,0.01835],[0.1634,0.61647,0.24687,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-11","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Schools in states with 2019 mandate or encouragement via non-codified policy are ahead","quote":"Our analyses show that schools in states that mandated or otherwise encouraged BTAM implementation at K–12 schools through non-codified policy in 2019 are ahead in terms of their BTAM implementation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.41944,0.61694,0.45311,0.01788],[0.1634,0.63462,0.70917,0.01788],[0.1634,0.65229,0.27537,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-12","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Those states’ schools more likely to have standard meeting schedules, written SOPs and policies","quote":"Today, schools in these states are more likely to have standardized meeting schedules for their BTAM teams, as well as written SOPs and defining policy documents for their BTAM programs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sops-protocols","state-policy-mandates","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.44613,0.65229,0.42642,0.01788],[0.1634,0.66997,0.7092,0.01788],[0.1634,0.68765,0.18011,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-13","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"This could be because schools in these states received earlier training and/or funding","quote":"This could be because schools in these states received earlier support in the form of training and/or funding for their BTAM programs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.35171,0.68765,0.5208,0.01788],[0.1634,0.70532,0.40604,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-14","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Schools appear to be appropriately scoping BTAM to the most severe, high-risk cases","quote":"Responses suggest that schools are appropriately scoping their BTAM programs to focus on the most severe and high-risk cases of student behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.16233,0.72254,0.7103,0.01835],[0.1634,0.74021,0.37594,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-15","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"A main concern is that schools may cast an overly wide net to low-level incidents","quote":"One of the main concerns about BTAM is the possibility that schools may cast an overly wide net, such that their BTAM program addresses low-level behavioral incidents (e.g., talking back to a teacher or other disruptive classroom behavior) best suited for other school behavioral management and student support systems.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.54822,0.74068,0.32427,0.01788],[0.1634,0.75835,0.70925,0.01788],[0.1634,0.77603,0.7091,0.01788],[0.1634,0.79371,0.485,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-16","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"Principals’ reports largely suggest the overly-wide-net concern has not played out","quote":"Reports from school principals largely suggest this concern has not played out.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.65688,0.79371,0.21569,0.01788],[0.1634,0.81138,0.31473,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-17","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"Survey results suggest BTAM teams stayed focused on potentially serious safety concerns","quote":"Instead, our survey results suggest schools’ BTAM teams have maintained a focus on those incidents that align with their core mission of identifying and intervening in potentially serious school safety concerns.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.48541,0.81138,0.38713,0.01788],[0.1634,0.82906,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.84674,0.35545,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-18","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Descriptive and scenario results show BTAM teams rarely made the initial decision on incidents","quote":"We saw this both in descriptive survey results and in principals’ responses to scenario-based survey items, where principals identified that BTAM teams rarely made the initial decision in response to incidents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.52687,0.84674,0.34579,0.01788],[0.1634,0.86441,0.70922,0.01788],[0.1634,0.88209,0.38115,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p108-20","page":108,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Report took an in-depth look at the state of BTAM in K–12 public schools","quote":"In this report, we took an in-depth look at the state of BTAM in K–12 public schools across the country.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":108,"rects":[[0.12745,0.24825,0.69992,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 108). Claim p108-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p108-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p108-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-01","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Schools mostly use distinct thresholds to decide which incidents are referred to BTAM teams","quote":"distinct thresholds to determine which incidents warrant referral to BTAM teams, particularly in cases of significant concern.","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 109 part and the sentence begins on page 108. Full sentence (pages 108–109): “Both analyses revealed that schools mostly use distinct thresholds to determine which incidents warrant referral to BTAM teams, particularly in cases of significant concern.”","concepts":["referral-and-reporting","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of Bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.1634,0.08744,0.70919,0.01788],[0.1634,0.10511,0.15218,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-02","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Schools are successfully focusing BTAM on situations most likely to affect safety","quote":"Taken together, our results suggest schools are successfully focusing BTAM on situations most likely to affect student and school safety while relying on other behavioral teams or processes for less severe cases—a critical balance that helps maintain the integrity of the behavioral threat assessment process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of Bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.32411,0.10511,0.5485,0.01788],[0.1634,0.12279,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.14047,0.70923,0.01788],[0.1634,0.15814,0.13164,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-03","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Most schools incorporate individualized interventions, tailoring supports to student needs","quote":"Most schools are incorporating individualized interventions into plans developed as part of the threat management process, often tailoring supports to meet the specific needs and circumstances of students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.16233,0.17536,0.71018,0.01835],[0.1634,0.19303,0.70907,0.01835],[0.1634,0.21071,0.08174,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-04","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Principals’ responses show schools use a variety of interventions addressing root causes","quote":"Principals’ responses demonstrate that schools are using a variety of interventions to address the root cause of student behaviors and treat a broad range of student needs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.25651,0.21117,0.61612,0.01788],[0.1634,0.22885,0.60746,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-05","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Scenario responses reveal schools are not overly relying on any single intervention","quote":"Responses to scenario-based questions in particular reveal that schools are not overly relying on any single intervention to address student needs, which is appropriate for the types of complex cases often referred to BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-count","intervention-tailoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.78096,0.22885,0.09162,0.01788],[0.1634,0.24653,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.2642,0.70919,0.01788],[0.1634,0.28188,0.09249,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-06","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"BTAM efforts reflect commitment to supportive measures over exclusionary discipline or police","quote":"School BTAM efforts generally reflect a commitment to using supportive measures that address root causes of concerning behaviors, rather than relying primarily on exclusionary discipline practices or referrals to law enforcement.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.16233,0.29909,0.71019,0.01835],[0.1634,0.31677,0.70915,0.01835],[0.1634,0.33445,0.26375,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-07","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Discussion: schools prioritize counseling, trusted relationships, skill-building over restriction","quote":"Survey results show that schools prioritize interventions, such as counseling with mental health professionals, building trusted relationships with adults, and skill-building services over restrictive measures.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.4368,0.33491,0.43571,0.01788],[0.1634,0.35259,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.37026,0.29688,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-08","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Discussion: even in the most severe scenarios, supportive interventions were the largest share","quote":"Even in the most severe scenarios presented to principals, supportive interventions consistently composed the largest share of response strategies.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-support-focused","scenario-severity-levels"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.46907,0.37026,0.40344,0.01788],[0.1634,0.38794,0.59297,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-09","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Over 75 percent rarely or never use exclusionary discipline; 80 percent rarely or never arrest","quote":"Over 75 percent said they rarely or never use exclusionary discipline, and 80 percent rarely or never arrest or prosecute students referred to BTAM teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 5","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Teams answering exclusionary discipline and arrest/prosecution questions (Figure 9.2)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"arrest_prosecution_1379","base_page":67,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Restates Figure 9.1 (n = 1,379)."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.76378,0.38794,0.10882,0.01788],[0.1634,0.40562,0.70916,0.01788],[0.1634,0.42329,0.23016,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-10","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Pattern shows BTAM teams function as a preventative approach of early intervention and support","quote":"This pattern demonstrates that BTAM teams function as intended—as a preventative approach focused on early intervention and support rather than punishment, helping students address underlying issues while keeping them connected to school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["doing-btam-right","prevention"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.40129,0.42329,0.47137,0.01788],[0.1634,0.44097,0.70912,0.01788],[0.1634,0.45865,0.52026,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-11","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Parents are a key part of schools’ behavioral threat management processes","quote":"Parents are a key part of schools’ behavioral threat management processes.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.16233,0.47586,0.52282,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-12","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Only 20 percent of schools directly involve parents in planning; most consult them","quote":"Though our survey results show that only 20 percent of schools directly involve parents in the intervention and support planning process, an overwhelming majority consult parents as part of this process.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 6","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(n = undeterminable of 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"undeterminable","n_note":"Parent involvement in intervention planning; the figure note with n is not in the text layer, nearest base is the intervention/safety plan question (n = 1,384)."},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.69268,0.47632,0.17989,0.01788],[0.1634,0.494,0.7092,0.01788],[0.1634,0.51168,0.51799,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-13","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"Schools are not planning interventions in isolation; parent buy-in is key to success","quote":"This suggests that schools are not conducting intervention planning in isolation and that parent buy-in is key to the success of an intervention plan.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.69044,0.51168,0.1821,0.01788],[0.1634,0.52935,0.70927,0.01788],[0.1634,0.54703,0.11995,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-14","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"One-third of schools believe parents’ unwillingness to implement or participate is a key challenge","quote":"In fact, one-third of schools believe that parents’ unwillingness to implement or participate in recommended interventions is a key challenge to operating their BTAM program.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","parent-unwillingness"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.29112,0.54703,0.58143,0.01788],[0.1634,0.56471,0.63361,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-15","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Discussion: principals believe BTAM has a net positive impact on safety and school climate","quote":"Principals around the country believe that BTAM is having a net positive impact on improving safety at their schools and also helping to create more positive school climates.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 7","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.16233,0.58192,0.71017,0.01835],[0.1634,0.5996,0.57821,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-16","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Principals think BTAM is decreasing rates of crime, violence and self-harm","quote":"Survey responses show that principals think BTAM is decreasing rates of crime and violence at school, as well as rates of self-harm.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 7","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.75194,0.60006,0.12061,0.01788],[0.1634,0.61774,0.7092,0.01788],[0.1634,0.63542,0.0667,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-17","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Many principals strongly agree BTM is preferred over exclusionary discipline approaches","quote":"Many also strongly agree that BTM is a preferred approach to managing student behavior concerns, compared with previous approaches that relied primarily on exclusionary discipline measures.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullet 7","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.23918,0.63542,0.63339,0.01788],[0.1634,0.65309,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.67077,0.03568,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-18","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Survey results identified opportunities for future focus: five continuing challenges","quote":"Despite these strong overarching messages, our survey results also identified opportunities for future focus. In particular, principals identified five key continuing challenges:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Transition","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.15033,0.7036,0.72228,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72127,0.49373,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-19","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Even though most schools adopted BTAM, there is considerable variability in approaches","quote":"Even though most schools have adopted BTAM, there is still considerable variability in the approaches they use.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.16233,0.75364,0.71021,0.01835],[0.1634,0.77131,0.14298,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-20","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Schools often borrow selectively from named programs and blend them with local practices","quote":"According to principals’ reports, schools often borrow selectively from nationally recognized, named programs and blend elements from these programs with locally developed practices.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["locally-developed-models","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.31445,0.77178,0.55815,0.01788],[0.1634,0.78946,0.70511,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-21","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Some schools rely on modified named programs while others opt for fully localized approaches","quote":"Schools rely on named programs with modifications tailored to their specific needs, while others opt for fully localized approaches.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["locally-developed-models","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.1634,0.80713,0.70916,0.01788],[0.1634,0.82481,0.20439,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-22","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Variability shows the importance of flexibility but also presents risks","quote":"While the variability highlights the importance of schools’ flexibility to choose and adapt models to be appropriate to their school context, it also presents risks.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.37603,0.82481,0.49648,0.01788],[0.1634,0.84249,0.60823,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-23","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"Inconsistent implementation may lead to uneven outcomes and hard-to-measure effectiveness at scale","quote":"In particular, inconsistencies in implementation across schools may lead to uneven outcomes and challenges in measuring program effectiveness at scale.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.78009,0.84249,0.09251,0.01788],[0.1634,0.86016,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.87784,0.25302,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p109-24","page":109,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Talking about BTAM outcomes is talking about outcomes of individual, differently used approaches","quote":"It also means that talking about BTAM outcomes is really talking about the outcomes of individual approaches that schools are using somewhat differently from place to","tag":"I","reason":"The sentence crosses a page break: this quote is the page 109 part and the sentence continues on page 110. Full sentence (pages 109–110): “It also means that talking about BTAM outcomes is really talking about the outcomes of individual approaches that schools are using somewhat differently from place to place.”","concepts":["variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":109,"rects":[[0.42398,0.87784,0.44857,0.01788],[0.1634,0.89552,0.70916,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 109). Claim p109-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p109-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p109-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-01","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Observing outcomes across BTAM programs will internalize and reflect that variability","quote":"Observing outcomes across BTAM programs will internalize and reflect that variability.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of Challenge bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.20729,0.08744,0.61169,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-02","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"statement","title":"Need for greater coherence guiding schools to evidence-based practices with fidelity","quote":"In this sense, our results highlight the need for greater coherence in guiding schools toward evidence-based practices that are adaptable to local contexts but maintain fidelity to proven frameworks.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Continuation of Challenge bullet 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.82642,0.08744,0.04607,0.01788],[0.1634,0.10511,0.70911,0.01788],[0.1634,0.12279,0.60891,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-03","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"There is considerable variability in training for BTAM members across schools","quote":"There is considerable variability in training for BTAM members across schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.16233,0.14,0.5729,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-04","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Fewer than half of schools provide annual training; about one-quarter only as needed","quote":"Fewer than half of schools provide BTAM team members with annual training, and approximately one-quarter of schools only provide training on an as-needed basis.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.74443,0.14047,0.12811,0.01788],[0.1634,0.15814,0.70912,0.01788],[0.1634,0.17582,0.30856,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-05","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"Inconsistent training may hinder competencies in risk assessment, bias and intervention matching","quote":"This inconsistency in training may hinder the ability of BTAM teams to develop critical competencies, for instance related to assessing risk, mitigating biases, and appropriately matching interventions and supports to individual student needs—all of which are foundational to effective violence prevention.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prevention","training-content"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.48099,0.17582,0.39153,0.01788],[0.1634,0.1935,0.70926,0.01788],[0.1634,0.21117,0.7092,0.01788],[0.1634,0.22885,0.30836,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-06","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Urban and high-poverty schools particularly likely to report challenges accessing training","quote":"Schools located in urban and high-poverty areas are particularly likely to report challenges accessing training, highlighting obstacles that additional funding sources and support could help address.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["subgroup-differences","training-source"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.47968,0.22885,0.39287,0.01788],[0.1634,0.24653,0.70914,0.01788],[0.1634,0.2642,0.27191,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-07","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"A related challenge is lack of standardization across critical BTAM team functions","quote":"A related challenge is the lack of standardization across critical BTAM team functions and operations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.16233,0.28142,0.71022,0.01835],[0.1634,0.29909,0.04397,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-08","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Little standardization in team structure, meetings, information gathering, case review, evaluation","quote":"There is little standardization in the way of BTAM team structure and meeting frequency, information-gathering and case review processes, and program evaluation.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["standardization-gaps","team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.21829,0.29956,0.65427,0.01788],[0.1634,0.31723,0.53828,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-09","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Principals presented a mixed picture: some structured processes, most less formalized deliberations","quote":"Principals presented a mixed picture of how their BTAM teams approach these various elements, with some schools following structured processes but most relying on less formalized deliberations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.7131,0.31723,0.15948,0.01788],[0.1634,0.33491,0.70919,0.01788],[0.1634,0.35259,0.47921,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-10","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Half of schools do not have formal policies guiding their BTAM program and half do not have SOPs","quote":"The reality is that half of schools do not have formal policies guiding their BTAM program and half do not have SOPs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["policy","sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.6501,0.35259,0.22238,0.01788],[0.1634,0.37026,0.58846,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-11","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conclusion","title":"Though many schools may have implemented BTAM, it is not fully integrated and institutionalized","quote":"This means that while many schools may have implemented a BTAM program, it is not fully integrated and institutionalized in their school or school district.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["standardization-gaps","sustainability"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.76016,0.37026,0.11247,0.01788],[0.1634,0.38794,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.40562,0.27168,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-12","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"statement","title":"Inconsistency underscores need for clearer tools and resources for systematic team operations","quote":"This inconsistency underscores the need for clearer tools and resources to help schools establish systematic and effective team operations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.44395,0.40562,0.42861,0.01788],[0.1634,0.42329,0.51942,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-13","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Discussion: considerable variation in how teams deliver interventions and management plans","quote":"There is also considerable variation in how BTAM teams deliver interventions and develop management plans for students.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","variability-of-approaches"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.16233,0.44051,0.71022,0.01835],[0.1634,0.45818,0.19953,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-14","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Most teams emphasize individualized interventions but differ in decisionmaking and tools","quote":"Although most teams emphasize individualized interventions tailored to student needs, there are wide differences in how teams structure their decisionmaking, draw on inventory resources, and use decision support tools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-tailoring","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.37371,0.45865,0.49884,0.01788],[0.1634,0.47632,0.70924,0.01788],[0.1634,0.494,0.35474,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-15","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"Lack of consistency can affect the quality and effectiveness of interventions","quote":"This lack of consistency can affect the quality and effectiveness of interventions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.52633,0.494,0.34627,0.01788],[0.1634,0.51168,0.20038,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-16","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"statement","title":"Schools would benefit from clearer guidance and best practices for effective, fair interventions","quote":"Schools would benefit from clearer guidance and best practices to ensure that interventions are implemented effectively and fairly.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implications-recommendations","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.37154,0.51168,0.50098,0.01788],[0.1634,0.52935,0.39334,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-17","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"Need may be driven by strong recent adoption, with many schools adopting in the past five years","quote":"The need may be driven by the strong recent adoption of BTAM, with a large percentage of schools adopting the practice in the past five years.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.56382,0.52935,0.30871,0.01788],[0.1634,0.54703,0.66669,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-18","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Most schools conduct some review or reflection, but many lack systematic continuous improvement","quote":"Although most schools conduct some form of review or reflection process to understand the impact that BTAM is having on student- and school-level outcomes, many lack deep or systematic approaches to continuous improvement.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.16233,0.56424,0.71015,0.01835],[0.1634,0.58192,0.70915,0.01835],[0.1634,0.5996,0.32007,0.01835]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-19","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"fact","title":"Only a small percentage used systematic data analysis or validation of intervention delivery","quote":"Only a small percentage of schools reported that they engaged in review processes that included systematic data analysis or validation of intervention delivery by appropriately trained staff.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","data-and-records"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.49312,0.60006,0.37945,0.01788],[0.1634,0.61774,0.7092,0.01788],[0.1634,0.63542,0.20272,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-20","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"Relying on a single continuous-improvement method is unlikely to yield needed information","quote":"Similarly, although many schools are engaging in one activity related to continuous improvement within their BTAM program, relying on a single method is unlikely to yield the kind and quantity of information schools need to ensure that their BTAM program is working well and will continue to do so into the future.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.37437,0.63542,0.49824,0.01788],[0.1634,0.65309,0.70917,0.01788],[0.1634,0.67077,0.70922,0.01788],[0.1634,0.68845,0.28388,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p110-21","page":110,"section":"ch-14-discussion-and-implications","type":"conjecture","title":"Without multiple robust feedback mechanisms, schools risk missing opportunities to improve BTAM","quote":"Without multiple robust mechanisms for gathering feedback and assessing outcomes across cases, schools risk missing opportunities to improve the effectiveness of their BTAM programs and ensure that both specific interventions and the program as a whole are yielding the intended impact.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","implications-recommendations"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Challenge bullet 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":110,"rects":[[0.4551,0.68845,0.41745,0.01788],[0.1634,0.70612,0.70919,0.01788],[0.1634,0.7238,0.70915,0.01788],[0.1634,0.74148,0.16538,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 110). Claim p110-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p110-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/ch-14-discussion-and-implications#p110-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-01","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"statement","title":"Appendix A gives basic frequency tabulations for the survey items analyzed in the report","quote":"In this appendix, we provide basic frequency tabulations for survey items included on the survey that we analyze in this report.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Appendix introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":112,"rects":[[0.12745,0.24825,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26593,0.12112,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-02","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Items administered in eight modules; not all respondents received each module (A.1-A.65)","quote":"Our survey items were administered as part of eight different modules, and not all respondents received each module (Tables A.1–A.13 in Module 1; Tables A.14–A.19 in Module 2; Tables A.20–A.30 in Module 3; Tables A.31–A.32 in Module 4; Tables A.33–A.50 in Module 5; Tables A.51–A.57 in Module 6; Tables A.58–A.60 in Module 7; and Tables A.61–A.65 in Module 8).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Appendix introduction","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":112,"rects":[[0.25602,0.26593,0.61653,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28361,0.74506,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30128,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31896,0.46966,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-03","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"All appendix estimates are weighted to represent national K–12 public school principals and their sc","quote":"All survey estimates presented below have been weighted to be representative of the national population of K–12 public school principals and the schools in which they serve.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Weighting statement","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":112,"rects":[[0.15033,0.35431,0.72217,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37199,0.46968,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-04","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.1: No, 77.7 weighted percent","quote":"| No | 77.7 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.1. Are You Afraid of Being the Victim of Attack or Harm at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1746","base_page":112,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.1 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":112,"rects":[[0.1931,0.52249,0.46034,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-05","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.1: Yes, 22.3 weighted percent","quote":"| Yes | 22.3 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.1. Are You Afraid of Being the Victim of Attack or Harm at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1746","base_page":112,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.1 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":112,"rects":[[0.1931,0.54485,0.46118,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-06","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.1 note: Table A.1 note: N = 1,746.","quote":"NOTE: N = 1,746.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.1. Are You Afraid of Being the Victim of Attack or Harm at Your School?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":112,"rects":[[0.1931,0.56486,0.08425,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-07","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.1 note: This question was taken from the American Teacher Panel Omnibus survey (see Jackson ","quote":"This question was taken from the American Teacher Panel Omnibus survey (see Jackson et al., 2023).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.1. Are You Afraid of Being the Victim of Attack or Harm at Your School?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":112,"rects":[[0.28377,0.56486,0.50678,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-08","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.2: No, 59.7 weighted percent","quote":"| No | 59.7 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.2. Are You Afraid That Students at Your School Will Be the Victims of Attack or Harm?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1745,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1745)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1745","base_page":112,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.2 note gives n = 1,745"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":112,"rects":[[0.1873,0.65432,0.46095,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-09","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.2: Yes, 40.3 weighted percent","quote":"No | 59.7 |\n| Yes | 40.3 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.2. Are You Afraid That Students at Your School Will Be the Victims of Attack or Harm?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1745,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1745)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1745","base_page":112,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.2 note gives n = 1,745"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":112,"rects":[[0.1873,0.65432,0.46095,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-10","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.2 note: Table A.2 note: n = 1,745.","quote":"NOTE: n = 1,745.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.2. Are You Afraid That Students at Your School Will Be the Victims of Attack or Harm?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":112,"rects":[[0.1873,0.69669,0.08239,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p112-11","page":112,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.2 note: This question was taken from the American Teacher Panel Omnibus survey (see Jackson ","quote":"This question was taken from the American Teacher Panel Omnibus survey (see Jackson et al., 2023).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.2. Are You Afraid That Students at Your School Will Be the Victims of Attack or Harm?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":112,"rects":[[0.28377,0.56486,0.50678,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 112). Claim p112-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p112-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p112-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-01","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.3: 0, 33.5 weighted percent","quote":"| 0 | 33.5 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.3. Approximately How Many Violent Incidents Occurred at Your School During the 2023–2024 School Year?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1745,"label":"Respondents answering Table A.3 (n = 1,745)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1745)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a3_n_1745_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.3 note gives n = 1,745"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.16466,0.53068,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-02","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.3: 1 to 4, 38.0 weighted percent","quote":"| 1 to 4 | 38.0 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.3. Approximately How Many Violent Incidents Occurred at Your School During the 2023–2024 School Year?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1745,"label":"Respondents answering Table A.3 (n = 1,745)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1745)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a3_n_1745_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.3 note gives n = 1,745"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.18703,0.53054,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-03","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.3: 5 to 10, 15.2 weighted percent","quote":"| 5 to 10 | 15.2 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.3. Approximately How Many Violent Incidents Occurred at Your School During the 2023–2024 School Year?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1745,"label":"Respondents answering Table A.3 (n = 1,745)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1745)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a3_n_1745_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.3 note gives n = 1,745"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.20939,0.53088,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-04","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.3: 11 to 20, 7.8 weighted percent","quote":"| 11 to 20 | 7.8 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.3. Approximately How Many Violent Incidents Occurred at Your School During the 2023–2024 School Year?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1745,"label":"Respondents answering Table A.3 (n = 1,745)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1745)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a3_n_1745_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.3 note gives n = 1,745"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.23175,0.53064,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-05","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.3: 21 or more, 4.6 weighted percent","quote":"| 21 or more | 4.6 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.3. Approximately How Many Violent Incidents Occurred at Your School During the 2023–2024 School Year?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1745,"label":"Respondents answering Table A.3 (n = 1,745)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1745)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a3_n_1745_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.3 note gives n = 1,745"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.25412,0.53051,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-06","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.3: Don’t know, 0.9 weighted percent","quote":"| Don’t know | 0.9 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.3. Approximately How Many Violent Incidents Occurred at Your School During the 2023–2024 School Year?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1745,"label":"Respondents answering Table A.3 (n = 1,745)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1745)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a3_n_1745_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.3 note gives n = 1,745"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.27648,0.53062,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-07","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.3 note: Table A.3 note: n = 1,745.","quote":"NOTE: n = 1,745.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.3. Approximately How Many Violent Incidents Occurred at Your School During the 2023–2024 School Year?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.29649,0.08239,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-08","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"definition","title":"Table A.3 note: According to the U.S. Department of Education’s definition, violent incidents includ","quote":"According to the U.S. Department of Education’s definition, violent incidents include rape or attempted rape, sexual assault other than rape, physical attacks or fights with or without a weapon, threat of physical attacks with or without a weapon, and robbery with or without a weapon (Burr et al., 2024, p. 3).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.3. Approximately How Many Violent Incidents Occurred at Your School During the 2023–2024 School Year?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":113,"rects":[[0.27679,0.29649,0.51653,0.01044],[0.18807,0.30722,0.61244,0.01044],[0.18807,0.31795,0.40029,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-09","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.3 note: This question was adapted from NCES’s School Survey on Crime and Safety (Burr et al.","quote":"This question was adapted from NCES’s School Survey on Crime and Safety (Burr et al., 2024).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.3. Approximately How Many Violent Incidents Occurred at Your School During the 2023–2024 School Year?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":113,"rects":[[0.59727,0.31795,0.20409,0.01044],[0.18807,0.32868,0.2658,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-10","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.4: Very confident, 46.1 weighted percent","quote":"Very confident | 46.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["referral-and-reporting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.4. If a Student or Other Member of the School Community Became Aware of a Student Whose Behavior Indicated They Could Pose a Threat to Your School, How Confident Are You They Would Report the Concern?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.4 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.45471,0.5278,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-11","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.4: Confident, 38.9 weighted percent","quote":"| Confident | 38.9 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["referral-and-reporting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.4. If a Student or Other Member of the School Community Became Aware of a Student Whose Behavior Indicated They Could Pose a Threat to Your School, How Confident Are You They Would Report the Concern?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.4 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.47708,0.52898,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-12","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.4: Somewhat confident, 13.7 weighted percent","quote":"Somewhat confident | 13.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["referral-and-reporting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.4. If a Student or Other Member of the School Community Became Aware of a Student Whose Behavior Indicated They Could Pose a Threat to Your School, How Confident Are You They Would Report the Concern?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.4 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.49944,0.52853,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-13","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.4: Not confident, 1.3 weighted percent","quote":"Not confident | 1.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["referral-and-reporting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.4. If a Student or Other Member of the School Community Became Aware of a Student Whose Behavior Indicated They Could Pose a Threat to Your School, How Confident Are You They Would Report the Concern?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.4 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.52181,0.52905,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-14","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.4 note: Table A.4 note: N = 1,746.","quote":"NOTE: N = 1,746.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["referral-and-reporting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.4. If a Student or Other Member of the School Community Became Aware of a Student Whose Behavior Indicated They Could Pose a Threat to Your School, How Confident Are You They Would Report the Concern?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.54181,0.08425,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-15","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.4 note: This question was adapted from the American Teacher Panel Omnibus survey (see Jackso","quote":"This question was adapted from the American Teacher Panel Omnibus survey (see Jackson et al., 2023).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["referral-and-reporting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.4. If a Student or Other Member of the School Community Became Aware of a Student Whose Behavior Indicated They Could Pose a Threat to Your School, How Confident Are You They Would Report the Concern?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":113,"rects":[[0.27874,0.54181,0.52079,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-16","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.5: School counselor, 89.0 weighted percent","quote":"School counselor | 89.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.5. Which of the Following Staff Members Do You Have at Your School, Either Full or Part Time?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.5 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18627,0.66845,0.55014,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-17","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.5: School nurse, 89.1 weighted percent","quote":"School nurse | 89.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.5. Which of the Following Staff Members Do You Have at Your School, Either Full or Part Time?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.5 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18627,0.69081,0.54904,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-18","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.5: School social worker, 56.0 weighted percent","quote":"School social worker | 56.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.5. Which of the Following Staff Members Do You Have at Your School, Either Full or Part Time?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.5 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18627,0.71318,0.55015,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-19","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.5: School psychologist, 67.3 weighted percent","quote":"School psychologist | 67.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.5. Which of the Following Staff Members Do You Have at Your School, Either Full or Part Time?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.5 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18627,0.73554,0.55028,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-20","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.5: School resource officer/school-based law enforcement officer, 57.6 weighted percent","quote":"School resource officer/school-based law enforcement officer | 57.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.5. Which of the Following Staff Members Do You Have at Your School, Either Full or Part Time?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.5 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18627,0.7579,0.55011,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-21","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.5: Non-law enforcement school security officer or guard, 22.1 weighted percent","quote":"Non-law enforcement school security officer or guard | 22.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.5. Which of the Following Staff Members Do You Have at Your School, Either Full or Part Time?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.5 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18627,0.78027,0.54904,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-22","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.5: We do not have any of these types of staff members at our school, 0.8 weighted percent","quote":"We do not have any of these types of staff members at our school | 0.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.5. Which of the Following Staff Members Do You Have at Your School, Either Full or Part Time?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Tables A.4 and A.5 (N = 1,746)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a4_a5_n_1746_p113","base_page":113,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.5 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":113,"rects":[[0.18627,0.80263,0.55026,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-23","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.5 note: Table A.5 note: N = 1,746.","quote":"NOTE: N = 1,746.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.5. Which of the Following Staff Members Do You Have at Your School, Either Full or Part Time?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":113,"rects":[[0.18807,0.54181,0.08425,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p113-24","page":113,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.5 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.5. Which of the Following Staff Members Do You Have at Your School, Either Full or Part Time?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":113,"rects":[[0.27694,0.82264,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 113). Claim p113-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p113-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p113-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-01","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.6: No, 15.0 weighted percent","quote":"| No | 15.0 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.6. During This School Year (2024–2025), Does Your School or School District Have a BTAM Team or Any Other Formal Group...","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Table A.6 (N = 1,746; screener question)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a6_n_1746_p114","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.6 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":114,"rects":[[0.1921,0.19749,0.52086,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-02","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.6: Yes, 82.2 weighted percent","quote":"No | 15.0 |\n| Yes | 82.2 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.6. During This School Year (2024–2025), Does Your School or School District Have a BTAM Team or Any Other Formal Group...","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Table A.6 (N = 1,746; screener question)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a6_n_1746_p114","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.6 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":114,"rects":[[0.1921,0.19749,0.52086,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-03","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.6: Don’t know, 2.8 weighted percent","quote":"Yes | 82.2 |\n| Don’t know | 2.8 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.6. During This School Year (2024–2025), Does Your School or School District Have a BTAM Team or Any Other Formal Group...","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"Respondents answering Table A.6 (N = 1,746; screener question)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a6_n_1746_p114","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.6 note gives n = 1,746"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":114,"rects":[[0.1921,0.21985,0.52121,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). 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Claim p114-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-04","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.6 note: Table A.6 note: N = 1,746.","quote":"NOTE: N = 1,746.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.6. During This School Year (2024–2025), Does Your School or School District Have a BTAM Team or Any Other Formal Group...","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":114,"rects":[[0.1921,0.26222,0.08425,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-05","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.6 note: Table A.6 was a screener question used to direct appropriate modules to survey respo","quote":"This was a screener question used to direct appropriate modules to survey respondents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.6. During This School Year (2024–2025), Does Your School or School District Have a BTAM Team or Any Other Formal Group...","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":114,"rects":[[0.28277,0.26222,0.44418,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-06","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.7: School level, 31.0 weighted percent","quote":"School level | 31.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.7. Is the BTAM Team(s) Housed at the School or District Level, or Both?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1441,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1441)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1441","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.7 note gives n = 1,441"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":114,"rects":[[0.18915,0.37942,0.52674,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-07","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.7: District level, 16.4 weighted percent","quote":"District level | 16.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.7. Is the BTAM Team(s) Housed at the School or District Level, or Both?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1441,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1441)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1441","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.7 note gives n = 1,441"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":114,"rects":[[0.18915,0.40178,0.52671,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-08","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.7: We have both school- and district-level teams, 52.2 weighted percent","quote":"We have both school- and district-level teams | 52.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.7. Is the BTAM Team(s) Housed at the School or District Level, or Both?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1441,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1441)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1441","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.7 note gives n = 1,441"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":114,"rects":[[0.18915,0.42414,0.52709,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-09","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.7: Don’t know, 0.3 weighted percent","quote":"We have both school- and district-level teams | 52.2 |\n| Don’t know | 0.3 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.7. Is the BTAM Team(s) Housed at the School or District Level, or Both?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1441,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1441)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1441","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.7 note gives n = 1,441"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":114,"rects":[[0.18915,0.42414,0.52709,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-10","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.7 note: Table A.7 note: n = 1,441.","quote":"NOTE: n = 1,441.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.7. Is the BTAM Team(s) Housed at the School or District Level, or Both?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":114,"rects":[[0.18915,0.46651,0.08304,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-11","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.7 note: Column does not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Column does not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.7. Is the BTAM Team(s) Housed at the School or District Level, or Both?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":114,"rects":[[0.27789,0.46651,0.29589,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-12","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.7 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team saw","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","district-level-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.7. Is the BTAM Team(s) Housed at the School or District Level, or Both?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":114,"rects":[[0.58015,0.46651,0.2213,0.01044],[0.18915,0.47725,0.27684,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-13","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.8: Not very familiar (e.g., you may have referred students, but are not extremely knowledgea","quote":"Not very familiar (e.g., you may have referred students, but are not extremely knowledgeable about its processes) | 4.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.8. How Familiar Are You with the Operations of [AUTOFILL]?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1441,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1441)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1441","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.8 note gives n = 1,441"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":114,"rects":[[0.12713,0.57401,0.69085,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-14","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.8: Somewhat familiar (e.g., you have referred students and/or have knowledge of the team’s p","quote":"Somewhat familiar (e.g., you have referred students and/or have knowledge of the team’s processes) | 24.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.8. How Familiar Are You with the Operations of [AUTOFILL]?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1441,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1441)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1441","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.8 note gives n = 1,441"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":114,"rects":[[0.12713,0.60836,0.69057,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-15","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.8: Extremely familiar (e.g., you are a member of the team or lead it, or otherwise have deta","quote":"Extremely familiar (e.g., you are a member of the team or lead it, or otherwise have detailed knowledge) | 70.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.8. How Familiar Are You with the Operations of [AUTOFILL]?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1441,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1441)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1441","base_page":114,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.8 note gives n = 1,441"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":114,"rects":[[0.12713,0.64272,0.69057,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). 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Claim p114-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-16","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.8 note: Table A.8 note: n = 1,441.","quote":"NOTE: n = 1,441.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.8. How Familiar Are You with the Operations of [AUTOFILL]?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":114,"rects":[[0.18915,0.46651,0.08304,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-17","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.8 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team saw","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.8. How Familiar Are You with the Operations of [AUTOFILL]?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":114,"rects":[[0.58015,0.46651,0.2213,0.01044],[0.18915,0.47725,0.27684,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-18","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.8 note: The question stem autofilled with “your school BTAM team” if respondents said they h","quote":"The question stem autofilled with “your school BTAM team” if respondents said they had a school-level BTAM team or that they have both school- and district-level teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.8. How Familiar Are You with the Operations of [AUTOFILL]?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":114,"rects":[[0.72355,0.67472,0.14213,0.01044],[0.12713,0.68546,0.70752,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-19","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.8 note: The question stem autofilled with “your district BTAM team” if respondents said they","quote":"The question stem autofilled with “your district BTAM team” if respondents said they had a district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.8. How Familiar Are You with the Operations of [AUTOFILL]?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":114,"rects":[[0.84109,0.68546,0.01896,0.01044],[0.12713,0.69619,0.55728,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p114-20","page":114,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.8 note: The question stem autofilled with “this BTAM team” if the respondent said they did n","quote":"The question stem autofilled with “this BTAM team” if the respondent said they did not know the level of the team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.8. How Familiar Are You with the Operations of [AUTOFILL]?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":114,"rects":[[0.69078,0.69619,0.166,0.01044],[0.12713,0.70692,0.39858,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 114). Claim p114-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p114-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p114-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-01","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.9: No, 81.5 weighted percent","quote":"| No | 81.5 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.9. Is Your School Served by an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1743,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1743)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1743","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.9 note gives n = 1,743"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.19749,0.55029,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). 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Claim p115-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-02","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.9: Yes, 9.1 weighted percent","quote":"No | 81.5 |\n| Yes | 9.1 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.9. Is Your School Served by an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1743,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1743)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1743","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.9 note gives n = 1,743"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.19749,0.55029,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). 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Claim p115-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-03","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.9: Don’t know, 9.3 weighted percent","quote":"Yes | 9.1 |\n| Don’t know | 9.3 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.9. Is Your School Served by an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1743,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1743)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1743","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.9 note gives n = 1,743"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.21985,0.54904,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-04","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.9 note: Table A.9 note: n = 1,743.","quote":"NOTE: n = 1,743.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.9. Is Your School Served by an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.26222,0.08241,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-05","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.9 note: Column does not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Column does not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.9. Is Your School Served by an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.27508,0.26222,0.29589,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-06","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.9 note: Table A.9 was a screener question used to direct appropriate modules to survey respo","quote":"This was a screener question used to direct appropriate modules to survey respondents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.9. Is Your School Served by an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.57734,0.26222,0.22012,0.01044],[0.18627,0.27296,0.22089,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-07","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.10: A community- or county-level team that responds to cases in schools and in the broader c","quote":"A community- or county-level team that responds to cases in schools and in the broader community | 89.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.10. Which Types of Outside Teams Serve Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":174,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 174)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_174","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.10 note gives n = 174"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.36963,0.54741,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-08","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.10: A state-level team that responds to cases as needed across the state, 5.4 weighted perce","quote":"A state-level team that responds to cases as needed across the state | 5.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.10. Which Types of Outside Teams Serve Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":174,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 174)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_174","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.10 note gives n = 174"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.40399,0.54848,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-09","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.10: A team managed by a federal agency (e.g., FBI) that addresses referred cases, 2.2 weight","quote":"A team managed by a federal agency (e.g., FBI) that addresses referred cases | 2.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.10. Which Types of Outside Teams Serve Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":174,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 174)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_174","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.10 note gives n = 174"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.42636,0.54886,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-10","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.10: A different type of team not specified here, 8.3 weighted percent","quote":"A different type of team not specified here | 8.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.10. Which Types of Outside Teams Serve Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":174,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 174)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_174","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.10 note gives n = 174"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.46071,0.54865,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-11","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.10 note: Table A.10 note: n = 174.","quote":"NOTE: n = 174.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.10. Which Types of Outside Teams Serve Your School?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.26222,0.07585,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-12","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.10 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.10. Which Types of Outside Teams Serve Your School?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.26546,0.48072,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-13","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.10 note: Only respondents who said their school is served by an outside BTAM team saw this q","quote":"Only respondents who said their school is served by an outside BTAM team saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.10. Which Types of Outside Teams Serve Your School?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.53307,0.48072,0.26357,0.01044],[0.18627,0.49145,0.20584,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-14","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.11: Not very familiar, 27.6 weighted percent","quote":"Not very familiar | 27.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.11. How Familiar Are You with the Operation and Processes of the Outside BTAM Team(s)?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":174,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 174)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_174","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.11 note gives n = 174"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.59724,0.53814,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-15","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.11: Somewhat familiar, 56.7 weighted percent","quote":"Somewhat familiar | 56.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.11. How Familiar Are You with the Operation and Processes of the Outside BTAM Team(s)?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":174,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 174)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_174","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.11 note gives n = 174"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.6196,0.53882,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-16","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.11: Extremely familiar, 15.7 weighted percent","quote":"Extremely familiar | 15.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.11. How Familiar Are You with the Operation and Processes of the Outside BTAM Team(s)?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":174,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 174)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_174","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.11 note gives n = 174"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.64197,0.53843,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-17","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.11 note: Table A.11 note: n = 174.","quote":"NOTE: n = 174.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.11. How Familiar Are You with the Operation and Processes of the Outside BTAM Team(s)?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.26222,0.07585,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-18","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.11 note: Only respondents who said their school is served by an outside BTAM team saw this q","quote":"Only respondents who said their school is served by an outside BTAM team saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.11. How Familiar Are You with the Operation and Processes of the Outside BTAM Team(s)?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.53307,0.48072,0.26357,0.01044],[0.18627,0.49145,0.20584,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-19","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.12: No, 18.2 weighted percent","quote":"| No | 18.2 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.12. Does Your School Have a School-Based Team That Makes Decisions Regarding Serious Student Behavioral Concerns That Is Not Referred to as a BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":305,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 305)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_305","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.12 note gives n = 305"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.78913,0.55213,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-20","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.12: Yes, 81.0 weighted percent","quote":"No | 18.2 |\n| Yes | 81.0 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.12. Does Your School Have a School-Based Team That Makes Decisions Regarding Serious Student Behavioral Concerns That Is Not Referred to as a BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":305,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 305)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_305","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.12 note gives n = 305"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.78913,0.55213,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-21","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.12: Don’t know, 0.8 weighted percent","quote":"Yes | 81.0 |\n| Don’t know | 0.8 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.12. Does Your School Have a School-Based Team That Makes Decisions Regarding Serious Student Behavioral Concerns That Is Not Referred to as a BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":305,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 305)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_305","base_page":115,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.12 note gives n = 305"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.81149,0.55178,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-22","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.12 note: Table A.12 note: n = 305.","quote":"NOTE: n = 305.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.12. Does Your School Have a School-Based Team That Makes Decisions Regarding Serious Student Behavioral Concerns That Is Not Referred to as a BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.85386,0.07522,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-23","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.12 note: This could be a team associated with a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) or pos","quote":"This could be a team associated with a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) or positive behavioral intervention system (PBIS) that makes decisions about individualized interventions for serious behavioral concerns.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.12. Does Your School Have a School-Based Team That Makes Decisions Regarding Serious Student Behavioral Concerns That Is Not Referred to as a BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.26783,0.85386,0.50101,0.01044],[0.18627,0.8646,0.57436,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-24","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.12 note: Table A.12 was a screener question used to direct appropriate modules to survey res","quote":"This was a screener question used to direct appropriate modules to survey respondents.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.12. Does Your School Have a School-Based Team That Makes Decisions Regarding Serious Student Behavioral Concerns That Is Not Referred to as a BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.57734,0.26222,0.22012,0.01044],[0.18627,0.27296,0.22089,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p115-25","page":115,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.12 note: Only respondents who said their school does not have (or does not know that their s","quote":"Only respondents who said their school does not have (or does not know that their school has) a school- or district-level BTAM team saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.12. Does Your School Have a School-Based Team That Makes Decisions Regarding Serious Student Behavioral Concerns That Is Not Referred to as a BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":115,"rects":[[0.18627,0.88606,0.60378,0.01044],[0.18627,0.89679,0.14992,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 115). Claim p115-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p115-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p115-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-01","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.13: Not very familiar: 11.7","quote":"Not very familiar (e.g., you may have referred students, but are not extremely knowledgeable about its processes) | 11.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.13. How Familiar Are You with the Operation and Processes of This School-Based Behavioral Management Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":247,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 247)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_247","base_page":116,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.13 note gives n = 247"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.18627,0.16583,0.55141,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-02","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.13: Somewhat familiar: 21.8","quote":"Somewhat familiar (e.g., you have referred students and/or have knowledge of the team’s processes) | 21.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.13. How Familiar Are You with the Operation and Processes of This School-Based Behavioral Management Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":247,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 247)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_247","base_page":116,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.13 note gives n = 247"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.18627,0.20018,0.55189,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-03","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.13: Extremely familiar: 66.5","quote":"Extremely familiar (e.g., you are a member of the team or lead it, or otherwise have detailed knowledge) | 66.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.13. How Familiar Are You with the Operation and Processes of This School-Based Behavioral Management Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":247,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 247)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_247","base_page":116,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.13 note gives n = 247"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.18627,0.23454,0.55192,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-04","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.13 note: n = 247. Only respondents who said their school has a school-based team that makes ","quote":"n = 247. Only respondents who said their school has a school-based team that makes decisions regarding serious student behavioral concerns that is not referred to as a behavioral assessment and management (BTAM) team saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.13. How Familiar Are You with the Operation and Processes of This School-Based Behavioral Management Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":116,"rects":[[0.22258,0.26654,0.57545,0.01044],[0.18627,0.27728,0.59969,0.01044],[0.18627,0.28801,0.0436,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-05","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, Classroom/di…: A 57.8, B 20.2, C 1.9, D 13.2, E 25.1, F 18.7, G 13.6, H 8.3","quote":"Classroom/direct contact teacher | 57.8 | 20.2 | 1.9 | 13.2 | 25.1 | 18.7 | 13.6 | 8.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.48818,0.72427,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-06","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, School admin…: A 29.4, B 63.5, C 84.2, D 53.1, E 33.8, F 57.8, G 58.9, H 67.8","quote":"School administrator (for example, principal or assistant principal) | 29.4 | 63.5 | 84.2 | 53.1 | 33.8 | 57.8 | 58.9 | 67.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.51054,0.38004,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-07","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, School counselor: A 6.3, B 3.5, C 1.9, D 21.6, E 26.6, F 2.6, G 4.7, H 0.3","quote":"School counselor[^a] | 6.3 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 21.6 | 26.6 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 0.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.54279,0.72423,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-08","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, School nurse: A 0.0, B 0.0, C 0.0, D 0.0, E 0.0, F 0.0, G 0.0, H 0.0","quote":"School nurse[^a] | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.56516,0.72415,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-09","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, School social worker: A 0.5, B 0.3, C 0.0, D 4.1, E 6.3, F 0.4, G 1.9, H 0.7","quote":"School social worker[^a] | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 4.1 | 6.3 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.58752,0.72396,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-10","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, School psychologist: A 0.1, B 0.4, C 0.0, D 0.4, E 0.7, F 1.6, G 1.7, H 0.2","quote":"School psychologist[^a] | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 0.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.60988,0.72433,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-11","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, SRO or school-based…: A 0.0, B 0.1, C 0.5, D 0.0, E 0.8, F 0.0, G 0.0, H 3.1","quote":"SRO or school-based law enforcement officer[^a] | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.63225,0.72363,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-12","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, Law enforcement: A 0.0, B 0.0, C 0.0, D 0.0, E 0.0, F 1.2, G 0.8, H 2.0","quote":"Law enforcement (not school-based) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 2.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.65672,0.72406,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-13","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, Non-law enforcement…: A 0.0, B 0.0, C 0.0, D 0.0, E 0.0, F 0.0, G 0.0, H 0.1","quote":"Non-law enforcement security officer or guard[^a] | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.67697,0.7236,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-14","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, School- or distri…: A 0.3, B 2.6, C 4.2, D 3.9, E 4.8, F 15.3, G 11.8, H 14.6","quote":"School- or district-level multi-person BTAM team[^a] | 0.3 | 2.6 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 15.3 | 11.8 | 14.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.69934,0.72739,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-15","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, Outside BTAM team se…: A 0.0, B 0.0, C 0.0, D 0.0, E 0.0, F 0.0, G 0.0, H 0.0","quote":"Outside BTAM team serving our school[^a] | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.7217,0.72415,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-16","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, MTSS, PBIS, or othe…: A 3.4, B 8.5, C 1.1, D 3.1, E 0.8, F 2.4, G 4.2, H 1.6","quote":"MTSS, PBIS, or other behavioral support team[^a] | 3.4 | 8.5 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 1.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.74406,0.7238,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-17","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary, Other: A 2.1, B 0.7, C 6.1, D 0.8, E 1.1, F 0.0, G 2.3, H 1.3","quote":"Other (please specify) | 2.1 | 0.7 | 6.1 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 1.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.14 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[353,335,131,148,137,137,133,687],"base":"table_a_14_columns","base_page":116,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p116 gives per-scenario Ns A-H: 353, 335, 131, 148, 137, 137, 133, 687"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.76853,0.72389,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-18","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 Elementary: N by scenario: A 353, B 335, C 131, D 148, E 137, F 137, G 133, H 687","quote":"N | 353 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 137 | 137 | 133 | 687","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":116,"rects":[[0.12843,0.79085,0.72599,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-19","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 note: Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","quote":"Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":116,"rects":[[0.16474,0.8109,0.35589,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-20","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":116,"rects":[[0.52957,0.8109,0.29751,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-21","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.14 note: This table includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or distric","quote":"This table includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.14. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":116,"rects":[[0.83345,0.8109,0.02082,0.01044],[0.12843,0.82164,0.48128,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p116-22","page":116,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Footnote a (p. 97): response option shown only to respondents whose school had such staff","quote":"Respondents saw this response option only if they indicated previously that their school had such staff.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: a","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":116,"rects":[[0.13712,0.83616,0.51611,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 116). Claim p116-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p116-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p116-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-01","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, Classroom/direct…: I 55.6, J 5.1, K 50.8, L 15.3, M 11.1, N 17.8, O 0.3, P 1.3","quote":"Classroom/direct contact teacher | 55.6 | 5.1 | 50.8 | 15.3 | 11.1 | 17.8 | 0.3 | 1.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.20181,0.72438,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-02","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, School admin…: I 23.0, J 85.1, K 35.4, L 76.5, M 80.3, N 44.0, O 58.1, P 77.1","quote":"School administrator (for example, principal or assistant principal) | 23.0 | 85.1 | 35.4 | 76.5 | 80.3 | 44.0 | 58.1 | 77.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.22418,0.3806,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-03","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, School counselor: I 8.8, J 3.9, K 9.3, L 0.0, M 0.9, N 21.9, O 11.3, P 0.8","quote":"School counselor[^a] | 8.8 | 3.9 | 9.3 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 21.9 | 11.3 | 0.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.25643,0.72471,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-04","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, School nurse: I 0.0, J 0.0, K 0.0, L 0.0, M 0.6, N 0.0, O 0.0, P 0.0","quote":"School nurse[^a] | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.27879,0.72464,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-05","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, School social worker: I 0.4, J 0.0, K 0.0, L 0.0, M 0.0, N 2.1, O 3.0, P 0.0","quote":"School social worker[^a] | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.30115,0.72464,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-06","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, School psychologist: I 0.1, J 0.0, K 0.0, L 0.0, M 0.0, N 1.1, O 0.0, P 0.0","quote":"School psychologist[^a] | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.32352,0.72464,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-07","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, SRO or school-based…: I 0.1, J 0.0, K 0.0, L 0.6, M 0.0, N 0.0, O 6.3, P 4.5","quote":"SRO or school-based law enforcement officer[^a] | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 4.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.34588,0.72469,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-08","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, Law enforcement: I 0.0, J 0.0, K 0.0, L 0.0, M 0.0, N 0.0, O 4.9, P 1.8","quote":"Law enforcement (not school-based) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 1.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.37035,0.72436,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-09","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, Non-law enforcement…: I 0.2, J 1.7, K 0.0, L 0.0, M 0.0, N 0.0, O 0.0, P 0.5","quote":"Non-law enforcement security officer or guard[^a] | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.39061,0.72472,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-10","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, School- or distri…: I 1.0, J 1.7, K 0.5, L 4.0, M 2.3, N 11.9, O 12.8, P 11.9","quote":"School- or district-level multi-person BTAM team[^a] | 1.0 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 11.9 | 12.8 | 11.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.41297,0.72744,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-11","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, Outside BTAM team se…: I 0.0, J 0.0, K 0.0, L 0.0, M 0.0, N 0.0, O 0.0, P 0.1","quote":"Outside BTAM team serving our school[^a] | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.43534,0.72409,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-12","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, MTSS, PBIS, or othe…: I 9.7, J 0.5, K 3.7, L 2.4, M 3.2, N 1.2, O 0.9, P 0.3","quote":"MTSS, PBIS, or other behavioral support team[^a] | 9.7 | 0.5 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.4577,0.72472,0.01389]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-13","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary, Other: I 1.1, J 1.9, K 0.4, L 1.3, M 1.6, N 0.0, O 2.5, P 1.8","quote":"Other (please specify) | 1.1 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 1.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.15 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,107,734],"base":"table_a_15_columns","base_page":117,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":"N row on p117 gives per-scenario Ns I-P: 734, 139, 128, 103, 134, 126, 107, 734"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.48217,0.72436,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-14","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 Secondary: N by scenario: I 734, J 139, K 128, L 103, M 134, N 126, O 107, P 734","quote":"N | 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 107 | 734","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["initial-decisionmaker","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12819,0.50448,0.72649,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-15","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 note: Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","quote":"Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":117,"rects":[[0.16449,0.52454,0.35589,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-16","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":117,"rects":[[0.52932,0.52454,0.29751,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-17","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.15 note: This table includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or distric","quote":"This table includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.15. Which Person or Group Is Most Likely to Make the Initial Decision About How to Respond to This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":117,"rects":[[0.8332,0.52454,0.02082,0.01044],[0.12819,0.53527,0.48128,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-18","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Footnote a (p. 98): response option shown only to respondents whose school had such staff","quote":"Respondents saw this response option only if they indicated previously that their school had such staff.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: a","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":117,"rects":[[0.13688,0.54979,0.51611,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-19","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Warning or…: A 86.4, B 48.0, C 33.2, D 54.0, E 37.8, F 40.2, G 55.0, H 23.1","quote":"Warning or verbal correction of behavior | 86.4 | 48.0 | 33.2 | 54.0 | 37.8 | 40.2 | 55.0 | 23.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16. Below Is a List Containing a Wide Variety of Options Schools Can Use to Respond to Concerning Student Behaviors... ELEMENTARY (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12704,0.72909,0.73005,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-20","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Disciplinary…: A 67.7, B 78.4, C 73.5, D 59.7, E 23.9, F 78.5, G 71.3, H 69.8","quote":"Disciplinary measures (for example, in-school detention; removal of privileges) | 67.7 | 78.4 | 73.5 | 59.7 | 23.9 | 78.5 | 71.3 | 69.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16. Below Is a List Containing a Wide Variety of Options Schools Can Use to Respond to Concerning Student Behaviors... ELEMENTARY (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12704,0.75145,0.38194,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-21","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Parent co…: A 86.0, B 83.7, C 87.8, D 88.8, E 90.4, F 92.8, G 90.9, H 85.3","quote":"Parent consultation or home visit | 86.0 | 83.7 | 87.8 | 88.8 | 90.4 | 92.8 | 90.9 | 85.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16. Below Is a List Containing a Wide Variety of Options Schools Can Use to Respond to Concerning Student Behaviors... ELEMENTARY (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12704,0.78581,0.73074,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-22","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Warning to n…: A 5.9, B 20.4, C 19.1, D 44.0, E 24.8, F 36.8, G 46.1, H 61.7","quote":"Warning to named targets or victims of threats and safety planning to protect targets/victims | 5.9 | 20.4 | 19.1 | 44.0 | 24.8 | 36.8 | 46.1 | 61.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16. Below Is a List Containing a Wide Variety of Options Schools Can Use to Respond to Concerning Student Behaviors... ELEMENTARY (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12704,0.80817,0.37925,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p117-23","page":117,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Behaviora…: A 17.1, B 29.3, C 18.6, D 18.8, E 21.8, F 31.8, G 47.4, H 45.2","quote":"Behavioral or movement controls (for example, changes to arrival time or passing times) | 17.1 | 29.3 | 18.6 | 18.8 | 21.8 | 31.8 | 47.4 | 45.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16. Below Is a List Containing a Wide Variety of Options Schools Can Use to Respond to Concerning Student Behaviors... ELEMENTARY (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":117,"rects":[[0.12704,0.84253,0.3812,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 117). Claim p117-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p117-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p117-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-01","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Assess nee…: A 43.0, B 50.0, C 27.6, D 59.1, E 64.6, F 63.1, G 63.3, H 51.8","quote":"Assess need for or start programming to help the student build relationships with trusted adults (for example, regular check-ins; adult mentoring) | 43.0 | 50.0 | 27.6 | 59.1 | 64.6 | 63.1 | 63.3 | 51.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.19171,0.30735,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-02","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Assess nee…: A 42.4, B 51.7, C 23.6, D 46.2, E 47.6, F 57.4, G 53.4, H 40.6","quote":"Assess need for or start skill-building services (e.g., social skills- or leadership skills-building program) | 42.4 | 51.7 | 23.6 | 46.2 | 47.6 | 57.4 | 53.4 | 40.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.22607,0.38274,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-03","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Assess nee…: A 27.6, B 42.0, C 20.3, D 49.2, E 42.6, F 31.6, G 44.9, H 40.0","quote":"Assess need for or start programming to help the student build peer relationships and engagement (for example, friend or peer mentor groups) | 27.6 | 42.0 | 20.3 | 49.2 | 42.6 | 31.6 | 44.9 | 40.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.27242,0.32813,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-04","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Assess need fo…: A 11.3, B 9.4, C 2.1, D 15.4, E 7.9, F 14.9, G 4.5, H 8.8","quote":"Assess need for or start individualized academic or vocational programming | 11.3 | 9.4 | 2.1 | 15.4 | 7.9 | 14.9 | 4.5 | 8.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.30678,0.38205,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-05","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Assess need…: A 22.6, B 30.7, C 3.5, D 13.0, E 7.7, F 22.8, G 14.8, H 13.5","quote":"Assess need for or start special education or disability supports | 22.6 | 30.7 | 3.5 | 13.0 | 7.7 | 22.8 | 14.8 | 13.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.34114,0.38279,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-06","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Assess nee…: A 33.3, B 45.7, C 43.4, D 62.7, E 77.1, F 65.1, G 71.7, H 70.1","quote":"Assess need for or start mental health counseling or care | 33.3 | 45.7 | 43.4 | 62.7 | 77.1 | 65.1 | 71.7 | 70.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.37549,0.72994,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-07","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Assess need for…: A 2.2, B 2.8, C 71.3, D 4.7, E 4.0, F 4.8, G 0.8, H 4.2","quote":"Assess need for or start substance use treatment | 2.2 | 2.8 | 71.3 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 0.8 | 4.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.39786,0.72708,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-08","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Assess nee…: A 14.3, B 26.9, C 39.6, D 27.5, E 52.0, F 40.7, G 46.3, H 45.8","quote":"Assess need for or start family support and intervention programming for the student and their family | 14.3 | 26.9 | 39.6 | 27.5 | 52.0 | 40.7 | 46.3 | 45.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.42022,0.38253,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-09","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Temporary…: A 11.3, B 29.7, C 31.7, D 20.8, E 15.6, F 44.9, G 29.5, H 70.4","quote":"Temporary removal from school (suspension) | 11.3 | 29.7 | 31.7 | 20.8 | 15.6 | 44.9 | 29.5 | 70.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.45458,0.73048,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-10","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Law enforcemen…: A 3.0, B 3.1, C 15.2, D 3.5, E 9.1, F 22.4, G 17.5, H 41.1","quote":"Law enforcement action (for example, arrest), civil or criminal legal proceedings | 3.0 | 3.1 | 15.2 | 3.5 | 9.1 | 22.4 | 17.5 | 41.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.47694,0.37924,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-11","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary, Permanent removal…: A 1.6, B 2.2, C 1.0, D 2.5, E 0.0, F 6.8, G 5.0, H 15.0","quote":"Permanent removal from school (expulsion, transfer to an alternative school) | 1.6 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 6.8 | 5.0 | 15.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.16 scenario columns A-H (elementary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[351,335,131,148,136,137,133,686],"base":"table_a_16_columns","base_page":118,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.5113,0.37887,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-12","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 Elementary: N by scenario: A 351, B 335, C 131, D 148, E 136, F 137, G 133, H 686","quote":"N | 351 | 335 | 131 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 133 | 686","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12704,0.54561,0.72897,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-13","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 note: Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","quote":"Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":118,"rects":[[0.16335,0.56567,0.35589,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-14","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":118,"rects":[[0.52818,0.56567,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-15","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.16 note: This table includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or distric","quote":"This table includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.16—Continued (continuation of Table A.16 from previous page, ELEMENTARY, scenarios A–H)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":118,"rects":[[0.7958,0.56567,0.04882,0.01044],[0.12704,0.5764,0.45328,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-16","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Warning or…: I 72.5, J 25.5, K 85.5, L 34.9, M 41.7, N 32.5, O 15.4, P 18.8","quote":"Warning or verbal correction of behavior | 72.5 | 25.5 | 85.5 | 34.9 | 41.7 | 32.5 | 15.4 | 18.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17. Below Is a List Containing a Wide Variety of Options Schools Can Use to Respond to Concerning Student Behaviors... SECONDARY (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12766,0.75844,0.73166,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-17","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Disciplinary…: I 59.8, J 79.1, K 52.9, L 74.6, M 87.3, N 32.3, O 36.0, P 67.7","quote":"Disciplinary measures (for example, in-school detention; removal of privileges) | 59.8 | 79.1 | 52.9 | 74.6 | 87.3 | 32.3 | 36.0 | 67.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17. Below Is a List Containing a Wide Variety of Options Schools Can Use to Respond to Concerning Student Behaviors... SECONDARY (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12766,0.78081,0.41924,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-18","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Parent consul…: I 83.4, J 92.1, K 67.1, L 80.7, M 87.1, N 89.4, O 88.1, P 87.5","quote":"Parent consultation or home visit | 83.4 | 92.1 | 67.1 | 80.7 | 87.1 | 89.4 | 88.1 | 87.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17. Below Is a List Containing a Wide Variety of Options Schools Can Use to Respond to Concerning Student Behaviors... SECONDARY (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12766,0.81516,0.73116,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-19","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Warning to named…: I 7.3, J 9.8, K 18.1, L 9.5, M 13.1, N 24.1, O 46.8, P 57.7","quote":"Warning to named targets or victims of threats and safety planning to protect targets/victims | 7.3 | 9.8 | 18.1 | 9.5 | 13.1 | 24.1 | 46.8 | 57.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17. Below Is a List Containing a Wide Variety of Options Schools Can Use to Respond to Concerning Student Behaviors... SECONDARY (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12766,0.83753,0.41498,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p118-20","page":118,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Behavioral or…: I 11.2, J 34.2, K 18.1, L 11.6, M 26.8, N 28.6, O 34.9, P 56.3","quote":"Behavioral or movement controls (for example, changes to arrival time or passing times) | 11.2 | 34.2 | 18.1 | 11.6 | 26.8 | 28.6 | 34.9 | 56.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17. Below Is a List Containing a Wide Variety of Options Schools Can Use to Respond to Concerning Student Behaviors... SECONDARY (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":118,"rects":[[0.12766,0.87189,0.41851,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 118). Claim p118-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p118-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p118-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-01","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Assess nee…: I 30.3, J 47.3, K 24.4, L 16.5, M 48.4, N 61.1, O 58.3, P 44.0","quote":"Assess need for or start programming to help the student build relationships with trusted adults (for example, regular check-ins; adult mentoring) | 30.3 | 47.3 | 24.4 | 16.5 | 48.4 | 61.1 | 58.3 | 44.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.19221,0.38448,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-02","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Assess nee…: I 25.8, J 25.8, K 18.7, L 12.2, M 36.1, N 44.2, O 33.4, P 31.0","quote":"Assess need for or start skill-building services (e.g., social skills- or leadership skills-building program) | 25.8 | 25.8 | 18.7 | 12.2 | 36.1 | 44.2 | 33.4 | 31.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.22657,0.41921,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-03","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Assess nee…: I 16.4, J 21.3, K 23.1, L 12.4, M 20.4, N 46.4, O 31.5, P 32.4","quote":"Assess need for or start programming to help the student build peer relationships and engagement (for example, friend or peer mentor groups) | 16.4 | 21.3 | 23.1 | 12.4 | 20.4 | 46.4 | 31.5 | 32.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.27292,0.37937,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-04","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Assess need for or…: I 37.2, J 9.9, K 2.2, L 1.8, M 8.3, N 11.5, O 12.0, P 8.2","quote":"Assess need for or start individualized academic or vocational programming | 37.2 | 9.9 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 8.3 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 8.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.30728,0.41861,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-05","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Assess need for…: I 33.7, J 8.0, K 2.3, L 3.7, M 29.2, N 13.9, O 14.2, P 12.7","quote":"Assess need for or start special education or disability supports | 33.7 | 8.0 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 29.2 | 13.9 | 14.2 | 12.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.34164,0.73126,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-06","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Assess nee…: I 21.4, J 68.1, K 18.2, L 20.8, M 56.1, N 81.9, O 70.6, P 61.8","quote":"Assess need for or start mental health counseling or care | 21.4 | 68.1 | 18.2 | 20.8 | 56.1 | 81.9 | 70.6 | 61.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.37095,0.73145,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-07","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Assess need for…: I 4.1, J 68.1, K 2.0, L 4.6, M 6.5, N 13.4, O 16.0, P 8.8","quote":"Assess need for or start substance use treatment | 4.1 | 68.1 | 2.0 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 13.4 | 16.0 | 8.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.40026,0.72829,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-08","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Assess need fo…: I 12.3, J 40.9, K 4.5, L 12.3, M 27.3, N 49.6, O 46.0, P 37.6","quote":"Assess need for or start family support and intervention programming for the student and their family | 12.3 | 40.9 | 4.5 | 12.3 | 27.3 | 49.6 | 46.0 | 37.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.42262,0.4189,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-09","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Temporary rem…: I 7.9, J 60.3, K 9.2, L 56.1, M 48.0, N 26.6, O 51.7, P 72.9","quote":"Temporary removal from school (suspension) | 7.9 | 60.3 | 9.2 | 56.1 | 48.0 | 26.6 | 51.7 | 72.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.45698,0.73173,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-10","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Law enforcemen…: I 4.7, J 32.4, K 3.8, L 26.4, M 12.8, N 25.4, O 51.7, P 52.7","quote":"Law enforcement action (for example, arrest), civil or criminal legal proceedings | 4.7 | 32.4 | 3.8 | 26.4 | 12.8 | 25.4 | 51.7 | 52.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.47934,0.41536,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-11","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary, Permanent rem…: I 3.0, J 12.2, K 3.3, L 11.1, M 8.2, N 12.0, O 23.9, P 18.6","quote":"Permanent removal from school (expulsion, transfer to an alternative school) | 3.0 | 12.2 | 3.3 | 11.1 | 8.2 | 12.0 | 23.9 | 18.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.17 scenario columns I-P (secondary), schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[734,139,128,103,134,126,105,733],"base":"table_a_17_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.5137,0.4156,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-12","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 Secondary: N by scenario: I 734, J 139, K 128, L 103, M 134, N 126, O 105, P 733","quote":"N | 734 | 139 | 128 | 103 | 134 | 126 | 105 | 733","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.12766,0.54801,0.73004,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-13","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 note: Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","quote":"Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":119,"rects":[[0.16396,0.56807,0.35589,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-14","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":119,"rects":[[0.52879,0.56807,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-15","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.17 note: Includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTA","quote":"Includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.17—Continued (continuation of Table A.17 from previous page, SECONDARY, scenarios I–P)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":119,"rects":[[0.79641,0.56807,0.06619,0.01044],[0.12766,0.5788,0.38431,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-16","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.18 Elementary, No: A 72.8, B 45.4, C 44.8, D 22.2, E 15.0, F 8.6, G 13.4, H 4.7","quote":"No | 72.8 | 45.4 | 44.8 | 22.2 | 15.0 | 8.6 | 13.4 | 4.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-notification","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.18. Would the BTAM Team(s) Serving Your School Be Made Aware of This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team whose multi-person team would not make the initial decision (Table A.18 scenario columns A-H)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 350 | 326 | 126 | 142 | 130 | 114 | 119 | 589 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[350,326,126,142,130,114,119,589],"base":"table_a_18_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.129,0.73119,0.72279,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-17","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.18 Elementary, Yes: A 27.2, B 54.6, C 55.2, D 77.8, E 85.0, F 91.4, G 86.6, H 95.3","quote":"Yes | 27.2 | 54.6 | 55.2 | 77.8 | 85.0 | 91.4 | 86.6 | 95.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-notification","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.18. Would the BTAM Team(s) Serving Your School Be Made Aware of This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team whose multi-person team would not make the initial decision (Table A.18 scenario columns A-H)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 350 | 326 | 126 | 142 | 130 | 114 | 119 | 589 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[350,326,126,142,130,114,119,589],"base":"table_a_18_columns","base_page":119,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":119,"rects":[[0.129,0.75355,0.72682,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-18","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.18 Elementary: N by scenario: A 350, B 326, C 126, D 142, E 130, F 114, G 119, H 589","quote":"N | 350 | 326 | 126 | 142 | 130 | 114 | 119 | 589","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-notification","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.18. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-19","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.18 note: Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","quote":"Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.18. Would the BTAM Team(s) Serving Your School Be Made Aware of This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":119,"rects":[[0.16396,0.56807,0.35589,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-20","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.18 note: This table includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or distric","quote":"This table includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.18. Would the BTAM Team(s) Serving Your School Be Made Aware of This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":119,"rects":[[0.53014,0.79592,0.32543,0.01044],[0.129,0.80665,0.17667,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p119-21","page":119,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.18 note: Only respondents who said their school- or district-level multi-person BTAM team wo","quote":"Only respondents who said their school- or district-level multi-person BTAM team would not make the initial decision about how to respond to a student’s behavior saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.18. Would the BTAM Team(s) Serving Your School Be Made Aware of This Student’s Behavior? ELEMENTARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":119,"rects":[[0.31205,0.80665,0.54117,0.01044],[0.129,0.81738,0.36659,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 119). Claim p119-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p119-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p119-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-01","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.19 No (secondary): I 74.2, J 37.3, K 72.2, L 24.7, M 31.3, N 6.3, O 6.1, P 5.1","quote":"No | 74.2 | 37.3 | 72.2 | 24.7 | 31.3 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.19. Would the BTAM Team(s) Serving Your School Be Made Aware of This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.19 columns: scenarios I through P (secondary), in column order","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 727 | 138 | 127 | 101 | 131 | 110 | 92 | 646 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[727,138,127,101,131,110,92,646],"base":"table_a_19_columns","base_page":120,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":120,"rects":[[0.12892,0.20181,0.72262,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-02","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.19 Yes (secondary): I 25.8, J 62.7, K 27.8, L 75.3, M 68.7, N 93.7, O 93.9, P 94.9","quote":"Yes | 25.8 | 62.7 | 27.8 | 75.3 | 68.7 | 93.7 | 93.9 | 94.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.19. Would the BTAM Team(s) Serving Your School Be Made Aware of This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.19 columns: scenarios I through P (secondary), in column order","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 727 | 138 | 127 | 101 | 131 | 110 | 92 | 646 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[727,138,127,101,131,110,92,646],"base":"table_a_19_columns","base_page":120,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":120,"rects":[[0.12892,0.22418,0.72692,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-03","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.19 N by scenario: I 727, J 138, K 127, L 101, M 131, N 110, O 92, P 646","quote":"N | 727 | 138 | 127 | 101 | 131 | 110 | 92 | 646","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-awareness","scenario-design"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.19. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-04","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.19 note: Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","quote":"Principals were randomly assigned specific scenarios (see Appendix B).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.19. Would the BTAM Team(s) Serving Your School Be Made Aware of This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":120,"rects":[[0.16523,0.26655,0.35589,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-05","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.19 note: Table includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-...","quote":"Table includes only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.19. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-06","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.19 note: Only respondents who said their school- or district-level multi-person BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school- or district-level multi-person BTAM team would not make the initial decision about how to respond to a student’s behavior saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scenario-design","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.19. Would the BTAM Team(s) Serving Your School Be Made Aware of This Student’s Behavior? SECONDARY","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":120,"rects":[[0.31197,0.27728,0.54117,0.01044],[0.12892,0.28801,0.36659,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-07","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Module routing: respondents with a BTAM team or other school-based team received it","quote":"Respondents who indicated that their school had a school- or district-level BTAM team (or another school-based team that makes decisions regarding serious student behavioral concerns that is not referred to as a BTAM team) received this module.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Module 3 respondent routing and instructions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":120,"rects":[[0.12745,0.36794,0.74503,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38562,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4033,0.24561,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-08","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Official-BTAM-team respondents told to answer from knowledge of their team","quote":"At the beginning of the module, respondents that indicated they had an official BTAM team received the following instructions, “You indicated that your [AUTOFILL] has a BTAM team. Please answer the following questions based on your knowledge of that team.”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Module 3 respondent routing and instructions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":120,"rects":[[0.38262,0.4033,0.49,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42097,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.43865,0.64172,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-09","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Instructions autofilled with \"school\" for school-level or both-level teams","quote":"The instructions autofilled with “school” if respondents said that they had a school level BTAM team or that they had both school- and district-level teams.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Module 3 respondent routing and instructions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":120,"rects":[[0.78468,0.43865,0.08787,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45633,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.474,0.25119,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-10","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Instructions autofilled with \"district\" for district-level teams","quote":"The instructions autofilled with “district” if respondents said that they had a district-level BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Module 3 respondent routing and instructions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":120,"rects":[[0.38637,0.474,0.4862,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49168,0.21723,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-11","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Question stem autofilled \"school or district\" if team level unknown","quote":"The question stem autofilled with “school or district” if the respondent said that they did not know the level of the team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["district-level-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Module 3 respondent routing and instructions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":120,"rects":[[0.35252,0.49168,0.51999,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50936,0.30069,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-12","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Unofficial-team respondents told to answer about their team's practices","quote":"Respondents who indicated they had an unofficial BTAM team received the following instructions: “You indicated your school has a school-based team that makes decisions regarding student behavioral and other concerns. This team is not explicitly considered a behavioral threat assessment and management team. Please answer the following questions based on your knowledge of that team’s practices (although the questions will refer to it as a BTAM team).”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Module 3 respondent routing and instructions","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":120,"rects":[[0.43604,0.50936,0.43656,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52703,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54471,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56239,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58006,0.49278,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-13","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.20 0 to 1 school year(s): 12.3 (official + other teams); 12.2 (official only)","quote":"0 to 1 school year(s) (newly implemented) | 12.3 | 12.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.20. Approximately How Many School Years Has This BTAM Team Been in Place?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.20 columns: official BTAM teams and other school-based teams; official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_20_columns","base_page":120,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":120,"rects":[[0.12667,0.71948,0.67861,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-14","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.20 2 to 4 school years: 48.3 (official + other teams); 51.1 (official only)","quote":"2 to 4 school years | 48.3 | 51.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.20. Approximately How Many School Years Has This BTAM Team Been in Place?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.20 columns: official BTAM teams and other school-based teams; official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_20_columns","base_page":120,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":120,"rects":[[0.12667,0.74184,0.67766,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-15","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.20 5 to 8 school years: 19.4 (official + other teams); 19.2 (official only)","quote":"5 to 8 school years | 19.4 | 19.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.20. Approximately How Many School Years Has This BTAM Team Been in Place?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.20 columns: official BTAM teams and other school-based teams; official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_20_columns","base_page":120,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":120,"rects":[[0.12667,0.7642,0.67869,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-16","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.20 9 or more school years: 10.9 (official + other teams); 9.7 (official only)","quote":"9 or more school years | 10.9 | 9.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.20. Approximately How Many School Years Has This BTAM Team Been in Place?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.20 columns: official BTAM teams and other school-based teams; official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_20_columns","base_page":120,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":120,"rects":[[0.12667,0.78657,0.67494,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-17","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.20 Don’t know: 9.0 (official + other teams); 7.7 (official only)","quote":"Don’t know | 9.0 | 7.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.20. Approximately How Many School Years Has This BTAM Team Been in Place?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.20 columns: official BTAM teams and other school-based teams; official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_20_columns","base_page":120,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":120,"rects":[[0.12667,0.80893,0.67433,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-18","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.20 N: 1,646 (official + other teams); 1,408 (official only)","quote":"N | 1,646 | 1,408","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-team"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.20. Approximately How Many School Years Has This BTAM Team Been in Place?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":120,"rects":[[0.12667,0.83125,0.68232,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-19","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.20 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.20. Approximately How Many School Years Has This BTAM Team Been in Place?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":120,"rects":[[0.16297,0.8513,0.2975,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p120-20","page":120,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.20 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.20. Approximately How Many School Years Has This BTAM Team Been in Place?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":120,"rects":[[0.46685,0.8513,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12667,0.86203,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 120). Claim p120-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p120-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p120-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-01","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 You (school leader): 84.5 (official + other teams); 84.0 (official only)","quote":"You (school leader) | 84.5 | 84.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.18955,0.67949,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-02","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 District administrators: 33.6 (official + other teams); 36.4 (official only)","quote":"District administrators | 33.6 | 36.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.21191,0.67952,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-03","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 Other school administrators besides you: 66.7 (official + other teams); 68.7 (official...","quote":"Other school administrators besides you (for example, assistant principal, other senior administrator) | 66.7 | 68.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.23428,0.52497,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-04","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 School-based law enforcement: 47.6 (official + other teams); 52.6 (official only)","quote":"School-based law enforcement (for example, school resource officer) | 47.6 | 52.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.26864,0.67925,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-05","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 Non-school-based law enforcement: 12.5 (official + other teams); 13.3 (official only)","quote":"Non-school-based law enforcement (for example, police officer from local department who is not regularly in the school) | 12.5 | 13.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.291,0.52465,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-06","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 Psychologist, whether school-based or external: 46.8 (official + other teams); 48.5 (o...","quote":"Psychologist, whether school-based or external | 46.8 | 48.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.32536,0.67958,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-07","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 Counselor, whether school-based or external: 82.4 (official + other teams); 84.2 (offi...","quote":"Counselor, whether school-based or external | 82.4 | 84.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.34772,0.67966,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-08","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 Social worker, whether school-based or external: 48.2 (official + other teams); 50.2 (...","quote":"Social worker, whether school-based or external | 48.2 | 50.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.37009,0.67962,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-09","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 General instructional staff: 47.5 (official + other teams); 45.2 (official only)","quote":"General instructional staff (for example, teacher) | 47.5 | 45.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.39245,0.67965,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-10","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 Special education specialist: 44.4 (official + other teams); 42.5 (official only)","quote":"Special education specialist | 44.4 | 42.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.41481,0.67936,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-11","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 Other (please specify): 13.7 (official + other teams); 13.6 (official only)","quote":"Other (please specify) | 13.7 | 13.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.43718,0.67912,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-12","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 None of these personnel are members: 0.4 (official + other teams); 0.2 (official only)","quote":"None of these personnel are members | 0.4 | 0.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.21 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1646 | 1408 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1646,1408],"base":"table_a_21_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.45954,0.67593,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-13","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 N: 1,646 (official + other teams); 1,408 (official only)","quote":"N | 1,646 | 1,408 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-composition","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12645,0.48185,0.68288,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-14","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":121,"rects":[[0.16275,0.50191,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-15","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.21 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.21 Which Person(s) Are Regular Members of This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":121,"rects":[[0.43037,0.50191,0.42629,0.01044],[0.12645,0.51264,0.36477,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-16","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.22 LE provides public safety perspective: 57.8 (official + other teams); 57.5 (official o...","quote":"Law enforcement provides a public safety perspective about school dynamics and student behavior to help assess and manage behavioral concerns | 57.8 | 57.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.22 What Role Does Law Enforcement Play on This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.22 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 914 | 854 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[914,854],"base":"table_a_22_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12708,0.66518,0.42349,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-17","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.22 LE provides police/court records information: 17.5 (official + other teams); 17.5 (off...","quote":"Law enforcement provides information from police and court records so the team can understand past student behavior | 17.5 | 17.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.22 What Role Does Law Enforcement Play on This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.22 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 914 | 854 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[914,854],"base":"table_a_22_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12708,0.69954,0.52269,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-18","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.22 LE helps decide safety/security actions: 64.3 (official + other teams); 64.3 (official...","quote":"Law enforcement helps with decisions about when safety- and security-related actions are necessary (e.g., searching student belongings, implementing schoolwide lock down) | 64.3 | 64.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.22 What Role Does Law Enforcement Play on This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.22 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 914 | 854 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[914,854],"base":"table_a_22_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12708,0.74589,0.37501,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-19","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.22 LE consults on legal repercussions: 18.9 (official + other teams); 18.8 (official only)","quote":"Law enforcement consults on the potential legal repercussions of student behavior | 18.9 | 18.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.22 What Role Does Law Enforcement Play on This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.22 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 914 | 854 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[914,854],"base":"table_a_22_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12708,0.78025,0.52353,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-20","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.22 LE initiates public safety responses: 32.4 (official + other teams); 33.2 (official only)","quote":"Law enforcement participates to initiate public safety responses when necessary (e.g., arrest or other criminal justice intervention) | 32.4 | 33.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.22 What Role Does Law Enforcement Play on This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.22 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 914 | 854 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[914,854],"base":"table_a_22_columns","base_page":121,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12708,0.81461,0.52365,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-21","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.22 N: 914 (official + other teams); 854 (official only)","quote":"N | 914 | 854 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["law-enforcement","team-roles"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.22 What Role Does Law Enforcement Play on This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":121,"rects":[[0.12708,0.84892,0.67648,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-22","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.22 note: Respondents were instructed to select up to two responses that best capture law ...","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select up to two responses that best capture law enforcement’s most important roles on the team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.22 What Role Does Law Enforcement Play on This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":121,"rects":[[0.16338,0.86898,0.65824,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p121-23","page":121,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.22 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) and that this team includes school-based or non-school-based law enforcement saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.22 What Role Does Law Enforcement Play on This BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":121,"rects":[[0.828,0.86898,0.02278,0.01044],[0.12708,0.87971,0.722,0.01044],[0.12708,0.89044,0.45152,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 121). Claim p121-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p121-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p121-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-01","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.23 Very ineffective: 4.9 (official + other teams); 4.9 (official only)","quote":"Very ineffective | 4.9 | 4.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.23 How Effective Do You Believe This BTAM Team Is at Maintaining School Safety?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.23 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1644 | 1406 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1644,1406],"base":"table_a_23_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12743,0.18955,0.6738,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-02","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.23 Somewhat ineffective: 5.3 (official + other teams); 4.9 (official only)","quote":"Somewhat ineffective | 5.3 | 4.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.23 How Effective Do You Believe This BTAM Team Is at Maintaining School Safety?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.23 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1644 | 1406 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1644,1406],"base":"table_a_23_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12743,0.21191,0.6738,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-03","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.23 Somewhat effective: 38.8 (official + other teams); 37.3 (official only)","quote":"Somewhat effective | 38.8 | 37.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.23 How Effective Do You Believe This BTAM Team Is at Maintaining School Safety?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.23 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1644 | 1406 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1644,1406],"base":"table_a_23_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12743,0.23428,0.67672,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-04","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.23 Very effective: 48.3 (official + other teams); 50.7 (official only)","quote":"Very effective | 48.3 | 50.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.23 How Effective Do You Believe This BTAM Team Is at Maintaining School Safety?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.23 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1644 | 1406 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1644,1406],"base":"table_a_23_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12743,0.25664,0.67729,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-05","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.23 Don’t know: 2.7 (official + other teams); 2.2 (official only)","quote":"Don’t know | 2.7 | 2.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.23 How Effective Do You Believe This BTAM Team Is at Maintaining School Safety?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.23 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1644 | 1406 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1644,1406],"base":"table_a_23_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12743,0.27901,0.67386,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-06","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.23 N: 1,644 (official + other teams); 1,406 (official only)","quote":"N | 1,644 | 1,406 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-safety","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.23 How Effective Do You Believe This BTAM Team Is at Maintaining School Safety?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12743,0.30132,0.68097,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-07","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.23 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.23 How Effective Do You Believe This BTAM Team Is at Maintaining School Safety?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":122,"rects":[[0.16374,0.32138,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12743,0.33211,0.14005,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-08","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 Salem-Kaiser: 1.8 (official + other teams); 2.0 (official only)","quote":"Salem-Kaiser | 1.8 | 2.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.24 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1640 | 1404 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1640,1404],"base":"table_a_24_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12891,0.46203,0.67073,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-09","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 USSS NTAC (U.S. Secret Service/National Threat Assessment Center): 4.0 (official + oth...","quote":"USSS NTAC (U.S. Secret Service/National Threat Assessment Center) | 4.0 | 4.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.24 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1640 | 1404 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1640,1404],"base":"table_a_24_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12891,0.48439,0.67079,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-10","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 V/CSTAG (Virginia/Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines): 7.5 (official + ...","quote":"V/CSTAG (Virginia/Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines) | 7.5 | 8.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.24 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1640 | 1404 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1640,1404],"base":"table_a_24_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12891,0.50675,0.51582,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-11","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 VA DCJS (Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services): 1.2 (official + other team...","quote":"VA DCJS (Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services) | 1.2 | 1.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.24 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1640 | 1404 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1640,1404],"base":"table_a_24_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12891,0.54111,0.67047,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-12","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 VTRA (Violence Threat Risk Assessment): 3.2 (official + other teams); 3.6 (official only)","quote":"VTRA (Violence Threat Risk Assessment) | 3.2 | 3.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.24 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1640 | 1404 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1640,1404],"base":"table_a_24_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12891,0.56348,0.67084,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-13","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 Named program not listed (please specify): 10.2 (official + other teams); 10.6 (offici...","quote":"We use a named program not included here (please specify): | 10.2 | 10.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.24 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1640 | 1404 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1640,1404],"base":"table_a_24_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12891,0.58584,0.67421,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-14","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 Locally developed BTAM program: 27.4 (official + other teams); 30.1 (official only)","quote":"We use a BTAM program developed locally, drawing on other models and resources to craft a process for our specific school or school district | 27.4 | 30.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.24 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1640 | 1404 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1640,1404],"base":"table_a_24_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12891,0.6202,0.3927,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-15","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 No defined program used: 24.0 (official + other teams); 17.6 (official only)","quote":"We do not use a defined program as part of our BTAM process | 24.0 | 17.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.24 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1640 | 1404 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1640,1404],"base":"table_a_24_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12891,0.65456,0.67334,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-16","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 Don’t know: 20.7 (official + other teams); 21.6 (official only)","quote":"Don’t know | 20.7 | 21.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.24 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1640 | 1404 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1640,1404],"base":"table_a_24_columns","base_page":122,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12891,0.67692,0.67399,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-17","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 N: 1,640 (official + other teams); 1,404 (official only)","quote":"N | 1,640 | 1,404 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","named-models"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":122,"rects":[[0.12891,0.69923,0.67793,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p122-18","page":122,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.24 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.24 What Program Does This Team Currently Use to Structure Its Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":122,"rects":[[0.16374,0.32138,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12743,0.33211,0.14005,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 122). Claim p122-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p122-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p122-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-01","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.25 0 to 1 school year(s): 13.0 (official + other teams); 12.8 (official only)","quote":"0 to 1 school year(s) (newly implemented) | 13.0 | 12.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.25 How Long Has Your School Used [AUTOFILL] Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.25 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 919 | 867 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[919,867],"base":"table_a_25_columns","base_page":123,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12695,0.18955,0.67805,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-02","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.25 2 to 4 school years: 52.9 (official + other teams); 53.8 (official only)","quote":"2 to 4 school years | 52.9 | 53.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.25 How Long Has Your School Used [AUTOFILL] Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.25 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 919 | 867 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[919,867],"base":"table_a_25_columns","base_page":123,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12695,0.21191,0.67856,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-03","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.25 5 to 8 school years: 21.4 (official + other teams); 21.5 (official only)","quote":"5 to 8 school years | 21.4 | 21.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.25 How Long Has Your School Used [AUTOFILL] Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.25 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 919 | 867 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[919,867],"base":"table_a_25_columns","base_page":123,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12695,0.23428,0.67799,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-04","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.25 9 to 12 school years: 6.5 (official + other teams); 5.7 (official only)","quote":"9 to 12 school years | 6.5 | 5.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.25 How Long Has Your School Used [AUTOFILL] Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.25 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 919 | 867 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[919,867],"base":"table_a_25_columns","base_page":123,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12695,0.25664,0.67455,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-05","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.25 Don’t know: 6.2 (official + other teams); 6.2 (official only)","quote":"Don’t know | 6.2 | 6.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.25 How Long Has Your School Used [AUTOFILL] Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.25 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 919 | 867 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[919,867],"base":"table_a_25_columns","base_page":123,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12695,0.27901,0.67496,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-06","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.25 N: 919 (official + other teams); 867 (official only)","quote":"N | 919 | 867 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-timeline","btam-program"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.25 How Long Has Your School Used [AUTOFILL] Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12695,0.30137,0.6766,0.01182]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-07","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.25 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) and that their team was using (1) a named model that we listed, (2) an “Other” model, or (3) a locally developed model saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.25 How Long Has Your School Used [AUTOFILL] Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":123,"rects":[[0.16326,0.32138,0.70319,0.01044],[0.12695,0.33211,0.68034,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-08","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.25 note: The question stem was autofilled based on the respondent’s answer to the questio...","quote":"The question stem was autofilled based on the respondent’s answer to the question about what specific BTAM program they were using.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.25 How Long Has Your School Used [AUTOFILL] Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":123,"rects":[[0.71188,0.65848,0.1171,0.01044],[0.12867,0.66921,0.57139,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-09","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.26 Implemented as originally designed: 47.4 (official + other teams); 47.3 (official only)","quote":"We have implemented the program as it was originally designed and specified by the developers | 47.4 | 47.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.26 When Using [AUTOFILL] Program, Have You Had to Make Changes to the Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.26 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 468 | 445 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[468,445],"base":"table_a_26_columns","base_page":123,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12867,0.49031,0.5196,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-10","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.26 Changed form, kept core functions: 33.0 (official + other teams); 32.7 (official only)","quote":"We have made changes to the program’s form (e.g., related to materials, staffing, specification of protocols, etc.), while maintaining its core functions related to assessing and managing threats | 33.0 | 32.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.26 When Using [AUTOFILL] Program, Have You Had to Make Changes to the Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.26 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 468 | 445 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[468,445],"base":"table_a_26_columns","base_page":123,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12867,0.53666,0.42879,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-11","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.26 Changed core functions: 1.3 (official + other teams); 1.3 (official only)","quote":"We have made changes that directly modified the program’s core functions related to assessing and managing threats | 1.3 | 1.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.26 When Using [AUTOFILL] Program, Have You Had to Make Changes to the Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.26 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 468 | 445 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[468,445],"base":"table_a_26_columns","base_page":123,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12867,0.57102,0.51662,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-12","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.26 I don’t know if we have made changes: 18.3 (official + other teams); 18.7 (official only)","quote":"I don’t know if we have made changes | 18.3 | 18.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.26 When Using [AUTOFILL] Program, Have You Had to Make Changes to the Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.26 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 468 | 445 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[468,445],"base":"table_a_26_columns","base_page":123,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12867,0.60538,0.67452,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-13","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.26 N: 468 (official + other teams); 445 (official only)","quote":"N | 468 | 445 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["implementation-fidelity","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.26 When Using [AUTOFILL] Program, Have You Had to Make Changes to the Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12867,0.62769,0.6733,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-14","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.26 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) and that their team was using (1) a named model that we listed or (2) an “Other” model saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.26 When Using [AUTOFILL] Program, Have You Had to Make Changes to the Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":123,"rects":[[0.16498,0.64775,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12867,0.65848,0.57683,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-15","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.26 note: The question stem was auto-filled based on the respondent’s answer to the questi...","quote":"The question stem was auto-filled based on the respondent’s answer to the question about what specific BTAM program they were using.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.26 When Using [AUTOFILL] Program, Have You Had to Make Changes to the Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":123,"rects":[[0.71188,0.65848,0.1171,0.01044],[0.12867,0.66921,0.57139,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-16","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27 Reduced recommended personnel (resource/staff constraints): 39.5 (official + other tea...","quote":"We reduced the number of recommended personnel serving on the team due to resource or staff constraints | 39.5 | 40.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.27 What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12743,0.81884,0.52313,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-17","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27 Reduced recommended personnel (community concerns/context): 6.5 (official + other team...","quote":"We reduced the number of recommended personnel serving on the team due to community concerns or context | 6.5 | 5.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.27 What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12743,0.8532,0.51949,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p123-18","page":123,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27 Added personnel beyond recommended: 29.2 (official + other teams); 29.6 (official only)","quote":"We added personnel to our team beyond the recommended personnel | 29.2 | 29.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes","team-composition"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.27 What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":123,"rects":[[0.12743,0.88756,0.67739,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 123). Claim p123-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p123-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p123-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-01","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27: We changed the program’s recommended procedures for collecting informatio… - 10.7 / 10.7","quote":"We changed the program’s recommended procedures for collecting information to assess threats | 10.7 | 10.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12717,0.18328,0.52259,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-02","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27: We adjusted the types of data used to assess threats because we were unab… - 16.5 / 16.0","quote":"We adjusted the types of data used to assess threats because we were unable to access or use some types of data recommended by the program | 16.5 | 16.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12717,0.22964,0.42689,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-03","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27: We use additional data to assess threats and concerning student behavior… - 25.1 / 25.8","quote":"We use additional data to assess threats and concerning student behavior beyond what the program recommends, in addition to using the data recommended by the program | 25.1 | 25.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12717,0.27599,0.41517,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-04","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27: We modified (or don’t use) worksheets, checklists or other tools that com… - 34.4 / 35.1","quote":"We modified (or don’t use) worksheets, checklists or other tools that come with the program | 34.4 | 35.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12717,0.31035,0.52308,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-05","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27: We created worksheets, checklists or other tools that didn’t originally c… - 25.2 / 23.3","quote":"We created worksheets, checklists or other tools that didn’t originally come with the program | 25.2 | 23.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12717,0.34471,0.52313,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-06","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27: We changed the way the program recommends assessing whether a student poses… - 3.1 / 3.3","quote":"We changed the way the program recommends assessing whether a student poses a threat to themselves or others | 3.1 | 3.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12717,0.37906,0.51885,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-07","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27: We don’t use some of the intervention options recommended by the program… - 17.4 / 17.4","quote":"We don’t use some of the intervention options recommended by the program because of access issues or resource constraints | 17.4 | 17.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12717,0.41342,0.5219,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-08","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27: We added intervention options beyond those recommended by the program to… - 21.1 / 20.8","quote":"We added intervention options beyond those recommended by the program to meet our local needs | 21.1 | 20.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12717,0.44778,0.522,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-09","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27: Other changes (please specify): - 3.5 / 3.2","quote":"Other changes (please specify): | 3.5 | 3.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.27 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p124, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 162 | 153 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[162,153],"base":"table_a_27_columns","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12717,0.48214,0.67399,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-10","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27: N - 162 / 153","quote":"N | 162 | 153\n\nNOTE: Respondent","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["named-models","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12717,0.50445,0.67539,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-11","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":124,"rects":[[0.16348,0.52451,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-12","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions), that their team was using (1) a named model that we listed or (2) an “Other” model saw this question, and that said their school has made changes to the model saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":124,"rects":[[0.43109,0.52451,0.41027,0.01044],[0.12717,0.53524,0.70714,0.01044],[0.12717,0.54597,0.47871,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-13","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.27 note: The question stem was autofilled based on the respondent’s answer to the qu","quote":"The question stem was autofilled based on the respondent’s answer to the question about what specific BTAM program they were using.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.27—Continued (continues from previous page: What Changes Have You Made to [AUTOFILL] Program to Support Its Implementation in Your School or Community Context?)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":124,"rects":[[0.61225,0.54597,0.23499,0.01044],[0.12717,0.55671,0.44914,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-14","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.28: No - 49.5 / 49.0","quote":"No | 49.5 | 49.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.28 Were You Involved in the Initial Implementation of This Program in Your School or District?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.28 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 918 | 866 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[918,866],"base":"table_a_28_columns_918_866","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12792,0.68663,0.67644,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-15","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.28: Yes - 50.5 / 51.0","quote":"Yes | 50.5 | 51.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.28 Were You Involved in the Initial Implementation of This Program in Your School or District?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.28 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 918 | 866 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[918,866],"base":"table_a_28_columns_918_866","base_page":124,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12792,0.70899,0.67583,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-16","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.28: N - 918 / 866","quote":"N | 918 | 866\n\nNOTE: Only respo","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","initial-decisionmaker"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.28 Were You Involved in the Initial Implementation of This Program in Your School or District?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":124,"rects":[[0.12792,0.7313,0.67487,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p124-17","page":124,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.28 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) and that their team was using (1) a named model that we listed, (2) an “Other” model, or (3) a locally developed model saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.28 Were You Involved in the Initial Implementation of This Program in Your School or District?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":124,"rects":[[0.16423,0.75136,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12792,0.76209,0.73253,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 124). Claim p124-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p124-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p124-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-01","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: N/A; None of these were main drivers - 2.7 / 2.0","quote":"N/A; None of these were main drivers | 2.7 | 2.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.29 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_29_columns_475_452","base_page":125,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.18955,0.67271,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-02","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: We had a violent incident in our school or district and we implemented the… - 5.3 / 5.4","quote":"We had a violent incident in our school or district and we implemented the program as part of our response | 5.3 | 5.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.29 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_29_columns_475_452","base_page":125,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.21191,0.51846,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-03","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: We were required to by state or local law - 42.8 / 44.3","quote":"We were required to by state or local law | 42.8 | 44.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.29 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_29_columns_475_452","base_page":125,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.24627,0.67661,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-04","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: We were required to by school district policy - 41.7 / 42.7","quote":"We were required to by school district policy | 41.7 | 42.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.29 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_29_columns_475_452","base_page":125,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.27184,0.67615,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-05","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: We had concerns about being held liable in cases of school violence - 10.2 / 10.8","quote":"We had concerns about being held liable in cases of school violence | 10.2 | 10.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.29 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_29_columns_475_452","base_page":125,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.2942,0.67626,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-06","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: Behavioral assessment and management is a best practice for violence prev… - 58.2 / 59.1","quote":"Behavioral assessment and management is a best practice for violence prevention | 58.2 | 59.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.29 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_29_columns_475_452","base_page":125,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.31657,0.5223,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-07","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: Our school community wanted us to have a BTAM program - 5.2 / 5.2","quote":"Our school community wanted us to have a BTAM program | 5.2 | 5.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.29 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_29_columns_475_452","base_page":125,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.35092,0.67297,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-08","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: Other organizations we depend on (e.g., our local law enforcement departmen… - 8.3 / 8.2","quote":"Other organizations we depend on (e.g., our local law enforcement department) encouraged us to adopt a BTAM program | 8.3 | 8.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.29 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_29_columns_475_452","base_page":125,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.37329,0.51851,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-09","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: Other (please specify) - 7.6 / 7.0","quote":"Other (please specify) | 7.6 | 7.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.29 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_29_columns_475_452","base_page":125,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.40765,0.67214,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-10","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: Don’t know - 2.8 / 3.0","quote":"Don’t know | 2.8 | 3.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.29 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_29_columns_475_452","base_page":125,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.43001,0.67283,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-11","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29: N - 475 / 452","quote":"N | 475 | 452\n\nNOTE: Respondent","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12792,0.45232,0.67467,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-12","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29 note: Respondents were instructed to select up to three responses.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select up to three responses.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":125,"rects":[[0.16423,0.47238,0.30878,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-13","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.29 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions); that their team was using (1) a named model that we listed, (2) an “Other” model, or (3) a locally developed model; and that said they were around for the initial implementation of this model saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.29 What Were the Main Drivers for the Implementation of Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":125,"rects":[[0.47944,0.47238,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12792,0.48311,0.72864,0.01044],[0.12792,0.49384,0.626,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-14","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30: Our school or district administrators surveyed or met with school staff - 32.2 / 31.1","quote":"Our school or district administrators surveyed or met with school staff | 32.2 | 31.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.30 Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.30 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_30_columns_475_452","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12585,0.64359,0.6756,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-15","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30: Our school or district administrators surveyed or met with students, pare… - 17.5 / 17.1","quote":"Our school or district administrators surveyed or met with students, parents, and/or the larger school community | 17.5 | 17.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.30 Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.30 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_30_columns_475_452","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12585,0.66596,0.52121,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-16","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30: Our school or district administrators estimated funding and other resourc… - 18.5 / 17.5","quote":"Our school or district administrators estimated funding and other resource levels necessary to implement the program and ensured they were available | 18.5 | 17.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.30 Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.30 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_30_columns_475_452","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12585,0.71231,0.42366,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-17","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30: Our school or district administrators consulted with our local law enforc… - 41.0 / 42.5","quote":"Our school or district administrators consulted with our local law enforcement organization | 41.0 | 42.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.30 Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program? 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Claim p125-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-18","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30: Our school or district administrators inventoried what intervention progr… - 30.9 / 31.3","quote":"Our school or district administrators inventoried what intervention programs we had available | 30.9 | 31.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.30 Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.30 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_30_columns_475_452","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12585,0.78103,0.5224,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-19","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30: Our school or district administrators identified and discussed participat… - 33.8 / 34.3","quote":"Our school or district administrators identified and discussed participation in BTAM with relevant community and service provider organizations (e.g., mental health providers, social service agencies, non-governmental service providers) | 33.8 | 34.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.30 Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.30 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_30_columns_475_452","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":125,"rects":[[0.12585,0.81538,0.52243,0.04776]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p125-20","page":125,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30: I don’t know whether any of these actions were taken - 22.2 / 22.4","quote":"I don’t know whether any of these actions were taken | 22.2 | 22.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.30 Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program? 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Claim p125-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 125). Claim p125-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p125-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p125-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-01","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30: N/A; Our school or district administrators did not complete any of these ac… - 4.7 / 4.9","quote":"N/A; Our school or district administrators did not complete any of these actions | 4.7 | 4.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.30—Continued (continues from previous page: Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program?)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.30 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 475 | 452 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[475,452],"base":"table_a_30_columns_475_452","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12781,0.18328,0.51839,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-02","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30: N - 475 / 452","quote":"N | 475 | 452\n\nNOTE: Respondent","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["pre-implementation-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.30—Continued (continues from previous page: Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program?)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12781,0.21759,0.67489,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-03","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.30—Continued (continues from previous page: Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program?)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":126,"rects":[[0.16412,0.23765,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-04","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.30 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions); that their team was using (1) a named model that we listed, (2) an “other” model, or (3) a locally developed model; and that said they were around for the initial implementation of this model saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.30—Continued (continues from previous page: Which of the Following Actions Do You Know Your School Took Before Implementing Its BTAM Program?)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":126,"rects":[[0.43173,0.23765,0.42629,0.01044],[0.12781,0.24838,0.71919,0.01044],[0.12781,0.25911,0.58841,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-05","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.31: 1 school year - 36.8 / 37.5","quote":"1 school year | 36.8 | 37.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.31 How Long Did It Take from When Your School or District Initially Implemented Its BTAM Program to Believing Your Team Was “Working Well”?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.31 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 439 | 420 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[439,420],"base":"table_a_31_columns_439_420","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12898,0.4542,0.67362,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-06","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.31: 2 school years - 40.5 / 40.5","quote":"2 school years | 40.5 | 40.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.31 How Long Did It Take from When Your School or District Initially Implemented Its BTAM Program to Believing Your Team Was “Working Well”?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.31 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 439 | 420 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[439,420],"base":"table_a_31_columns_439_420","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12898,0.47656,0.67447,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-07","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.31: 3 to 4 school years - 11.0 / 10.5","quote":"3 to 4 school years | 11.0 | 10.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.31 How Long Did It Take from When Your School or District Initially Implemented Its BTAM Program to Believing Your Team Was “Working Well”?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.31 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 439 | 420 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[439,420],"base":"table_a_31_columns_439_420","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12898,0.49892,0.67416,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-08","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.31: 5+ school years - 1.2 / 0.9","quote":"5+ school years | 1.2 | 0.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.31 How Long Did It Take from When Your School or District Initially Implemented Its BTAM Program to Believing Your Team Was “Working Well”?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.31 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 439 | 420 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[439,420],"base":"table_a_31_columns_439_420","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12898,0.52129,0.67073,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-09","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.31: Don’t know - 10.5 / 10.6","quote":"Don’t know | 10.5 | 10.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.31 How Long Did It Take from When Your School or District Initially Implemented Its BTAM Program to Believing Your Team Was “Working Well”?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.31 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 439 | 420 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[439,420],"base":"table_a_31_columns_439_420","base_page":126,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12898,0.54365,0.67407,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-10","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.31: N - 439 / 420","quote":"N | 439 | 420\n\nNOTE: Only respo","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["time-to-full-implementation"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.31 How Long Did It Take from When Your School or District Initially Implemented Its BTAM Program to Believing Your Team Was “Working Well”?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12898,0.56596,0.67247,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-11","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.31 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions); that their team was using (1) a named model that we listed, (2) an “Other” model, or (3) a locally developed model; that they were around for the initial implementation of this model; and that their BTAM team is somewhat or very effective at maintaining school safety saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.31 How Long Did It Take from When Your School or District Initially Implemented Its BTAM Program to Believing Your Team Was “Working Well”?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":126,"rects":[[0.16529,0.58602,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12898,0.59675,0.6997,0.01044],[0.12898,0.60749,0.72119,0.01044],[0.12898,0.61822,0.0436,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-12","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: The financial costs of implementing BTAM… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 1.6 / 9.7 / 14.6 / 44.2 / 29.9","quote":"The financial costs of implementing BTAM did not create any issues. | 1.6 | 9.7 | 14.6 | 44.2 | 29.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.32 The Following Table Includes a Number of Positive Statements That Could Describe the Implementation of Behavioral Assessment and Management (BTAM) in a School. Indicate the Extent to Which You Agree or Disagree with Each Statement as a Descriptor of Your Experience Implementing BTAM in Your School. (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12712,0.79107,0.40566,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-13","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: It was clear BTAM was a better approach t… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 0.3 / 2.6 / 20.9 / 56.3 / 19.9","quote":"It was clear BTAM was a better approach to managing student behavior concerns relative to our previous approaches. | 0.3 | 2.6 | 20.9 | 56.3 | 19.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.32 The Following Table Includes a Number of Positive Statements That Could Describe the Implementation of Behavioral Assessment and Management (BTAM) in a School. Indicate the Extent to Which You Agree or Disagree with Each Statement as a Descriptor of Your Experience Implementing BTAM in Your School. (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12712,0.83742,0.30215,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p126-14","page":126,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: It was easy for us to pick the BTAM progr… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 2.7 / 7.5 / 39.5 / 37.9 / 12.4","quote":"It was easy for us to pick the BTAM program we wanted to use from the options available. | 2.7 | 7.5 | 39.5 | 37.9 | 12.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.32 The Following Table Includes a Number of Positive Statements That Could Describe the Implementation of Behavioral Assessment and Management (BTAM) in a School. Indicate the Extent to Which You Agree or Disagree with Each Statement as a Descriptor of Your Experience Implementing BTAM in Your School. (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals answering the implementation experience agreement statements","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"implementation_statements_450","base_page":35,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":126,"rects":[[0.12712,0.87178,0.40572,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 126). Claim p126-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p126-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p126-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-01","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: The BTAM program we chose was easy to ada… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 0.6 / 4.5 / 16.9 / 61.4 / 16.6","quote":"The BTAM program we chose was easy to adapt to our local needs. | 0.6 | 4.5 | 16.9 | 61.4 | 16.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.17318,0.40601,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-02","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: Our school community (e.g., parents, stud… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 0.2 / 1.6 / 35.1 / 45.7 / 17.5","quote":"Our school community (e.g., parents, students) were supportive of our school’s adoption of BTAM. | 0.2 | 1.6 | 35.1 | 45.7 | 17.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.20754,0.4062,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-03","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: It was easy to coordinate with relevant o… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 1.1 / 7.2 / 16.5 / 53.7 / 21.5","quote":"It was easy to coordinate with relevant outside partners while implementing BTAM (e.g., police, service providers). | 1.1 | 7.2 | 16.5 | 53.7 | 21.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.2419,0.40513,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-04","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: Our school and local service providers h… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 3.1 / 17.5 / 12.8 / 49.5 / 17.1","quote":"Our school and local service providers had enough capacity to support our BTAM efforts (e.g., counselors, mental health treatment providers). | 3.1 | 17.5 | 12.8 | 49.5 | 17.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.28825,0.33078,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-05","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: Our school staff was supportive of our sc… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 0.0 / 1.4 / 14.0 / 63.1 / 21.5","quote":"Our school staff was supportive of our school’s adoption of BTAM. | 0.0 | 1.4 | 14.0 | 63.1 | 21.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.32261,0.40602,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-06","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: BTAM was well-matched to our culture and… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 0.0 / 2.4 / 15.3 / 62.0 / 20.4","quote":"BTAM was well-matched to our culture and relationships between school leaders and staff. | 0.0 | 2.4 | 15.3 | 62.0 | 20.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.35697,0.40602,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-07","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: Our existing school records and other sys… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 0.9 / 7.7 / 17.2 / 57.9 / 16.2","quote":"Our existing school records and other systems were easy to use in support of BTAM. | 0.9 | 7.7 | 17.2 | 57.9 | 16.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.39133,0.40606,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-08","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: We had no issues sharing information amon… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 1.1 / 9.2 / 25.6 / 52.7 / 11.4","quote":"We had no issues sharing information among partners for BTAM purposes (e.g., FERPA or HIPAA did not hinder information sharing). | 1.1 | 9.2 | 25.6 | 52.7 | 11.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.43768,0.34022,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-09","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: We had enough staff time to implement BT… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 3.5 / 21.0 / 20.3 / 44.3 / 10.9","quote":"We had enough staff time to implement BTAM. | 3.5 | 21.0 | 20.3 | 44.3 | 10.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.47204,0.7146,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-10","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: Our instructional and other school staff… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 0.9 / 7.9 / 21.0 / 58.7 / 11.4","quote":"Our instructional and other school staff clearly understood the goals and reasons for implementing BTAM. | 0.9 | 7.9 | 21.0 | 58.7 | 11.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.4944,0.40606,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-11","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: Training opportunities for BTAM team mem… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 2.0 / 13.5 / 18.6 / 49.3 / 16.6","quote":"Training opportunities for BTAM team members were readily available. | 2.0 | 13.5 | 18.6 | 49.3 | 16.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.52876,0.40592,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-12","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: It was easy to adjust school procedures t… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 0.9 / 5.6 / 17.0 / 62.5 / 13.9","quote":"It was easy to adjust school procedures to integrate BTAM into the way we dealt with student behavior and discipline issues previously. | 0.9 | 5.6 | 17.0 | 62.5 | 13.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.57511,0.34689,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-13","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32: We were able to use a staged process to i… - SD/D/N/A/SA: 1.7 / 10.3 / 25.8 / 53.4 / 8.8","quote":"We were able to use a staged process to implement BTAM so that it integrated smoothly into school systems broadly speaking. | 1.7 | 10.3 | 25.8 | 53.4 | 8.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["early-implementation-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":450,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team who used a named, other or locally developed model and were present at initial implementation (Table A.32)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 450)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a32_n_450_p127","base_page":127,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.32 note on p127 gives n = 450"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.62147,0.34781,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-14","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32 note: n = 450.","quote":"NOTE: n = 450.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":127,"rects":[[0.12712,0.65347,0.07506,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-15","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions); that their team was using (1) a named model that we listed, (2) an “Other” model, or (3) a locally developed model; and that said they were around for the initial implementation of this model saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":127,"rects":[[0.20852,0.65347,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12712,0.6642,0.71839,0.01044],[0.12712,0.67493,0.36706,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-16","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32 note: Table only includes data from respondents who said their school has a schoo","quote":"Table only includes data from respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team, not respondents who said they have an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":127,"rects":[[0.50056,0.67493,0.34614,0.01044],[0.12712,0.68567,0.6492,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-17","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.32 note: Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":127,"rects":[[0.78276,0.68567,0.05258,0.01044],[0.12712,0.6964,0.22498,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p127-18","page":127,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"definition","title":"Table A.32 note: FERPA = Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act; HIPAA = Health Insurance","quote":"FERPA = Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act; HIPAA = Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.32—Continued (continues from previous page: positive statements about BTAM implementation)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":127,"rects":[[0.35847,0.6964,0.47354,0.01044],[0.12712,0.70713,0.09151,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 127). Claim p127-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p127-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p127-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-01","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.33 No: 29.5 (all teams incl. other school-based), 24.1 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"No | 29.5 | 24.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.33 Does Your School or District Have an Explicit Policy Document That Establishes and Defines Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.33 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1636 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1636,1401],"base":"table_a_33_columns","base_page":128,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12835,0.24763,0.67482,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-02","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.33 Yes: 47.8 (all teams incl. other school-based), 52.7 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Yes | 47.8 | 52.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.33 Does Your School or District Have an Explicit Policy Document That Establishes and Defines Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.33 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1636 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1636,1401],"base":"table_a_33_columns","base_page":128,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12835,0.27,0.67528,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-03","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.33 Don’t know: 22.7 (all teams incl. other school-based), 23.2 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Don’t know | 22.7 | 23.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.33 Does Your School or District Have an Explicit Policy Document That Establishes and Defines Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.33 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1636 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1636,1401],"base":"table_a_33_columns","base_page":128,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12835,0.29236,0.67579,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-04","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.33 N: all teams incl. other school-based: N=1,636; official BTAM teams only: N=1,401","quote":"N | 1,636 | 1,401","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.33 Does Your School or District Have an Explicit Policy Document That Establishes and Defines Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12835,0.31467,0.67885,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-05","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.33 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an a","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["policy"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.33 Does Your School or District Have an Explicit Policy Document That Establishes and Defines Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":128,"rects":[[0.16465,0.33473,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12835,0.34546,0.14005,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-06","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.34 No: 35.6 (all teams incl. other school-based), 31.0 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"No | 35.6 | 31.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.34 Has Your School or District Established Written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for How Your BTAM Team Functions on a Day-to-Day Basis?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.34 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1400 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1400],"base":"table_a_34_columns","base_page":128,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12835,0.509,0.67508,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-07","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.34 Yes: 44.3 (all teams incl. other school-based), 49.3 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Yes | 44.3 | 49.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.34 Has Your School or District Established Written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for How Your BTAM Team Functions on a Day-to-Day Basis?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.34 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1400 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1400],"base":"table_a_34_columns","base_page":128,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12835,0.53136,0.67566,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-08","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.34 Don’t know: 20.1 (all teams incl. other school-based), 19.7 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Don’t know | 20.1 | 19.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.34 Has Your School or District Established Written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for How Your BTAM Team Functions on a Day-to-Day Basis?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.34 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1400 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1400],"base":"table_a_34_columns","base_page":128,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12835,0.55372,0.67509,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-09","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.34 N: all teams incl. other school-based: N=1,635; official BTAM teams only: N=1,400","quote":"N | 1,635 | 1,400","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.34 Has Your School or District Established Written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for How Your BTAM Team Functions on a Day-to-Day Basis?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12835,0.57604,0.67914,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-10","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.34 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an a","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sops-protocols"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.34 Has Your School or District Established Written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for How Your BTAM Team Functions on a Day-to-Day Basis?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":128,"rects":[[0.16465,0.33473,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12835,0.34546,0.14005,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-11","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 Students whose be…: 33.8 (all teams incl. other school-based), 27.5 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Students whose behavior is regularly disruptive to instruction | 33.8 | 27.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.35 What Is the Scope of the Threatening or Concerning Behavior to Which Your School or District’s BTAM Team Responds? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.35 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p129, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_35_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12933,0.75502,0.67294,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-12","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 Students who are…: 25.2 (all teams incl. other school-based), 20.3 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Students who are disrespectful or argumentative with teachers or other school staff | 25.2 | 20.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.35 What Is the Scope of the Threatening or Concerning Behavior to Which Your School or District’s BTAM Team Responds? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.35 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p129, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_35_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12933,0.77738,0.51933,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-13","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 Students who may…: 81.3 (all teams incl. other school-based), 82.5 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Students who may be at risk of self-harm or suicide | 81.3 | 82.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.35 What Is the Scope of the Threatening or Concerning Behavior to Which Your School or District’s BTAM Team Responds? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.35 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p129, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_35_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12933,0.81174,0.67367,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p128-14","page":128,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 Students who are…: 70.5 (all teams incl. other school-based), 69.2 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Students who are regularly involved in aggressive behavior toward peers (e.g., frequent verbal or limited physical conflicts without concerns about weapon use, bullying or fighting) | 70.5 | 69.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.35 What Is the Scope of the Threatening or Concerning Behavior to Which Your School or District’s BTAM Team Responds? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.35 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p129, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"report","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_35_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":128,"rects":[[0.12933,0.8461,0.3767,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 128). Claim p128-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p128-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p128-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-01","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 Students with fix…: 76.7 (all teams incl. other school-based), 80.5 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Students with fixations on past school violence incidents, interest in violence or extremist movements (e.g., fixation on Columbine attacks, fixation on animal cruelty or abuse, viewing web sites with extremist or violent web content) | 76.7 | 80.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.35—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.35 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p129, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_35_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12933,0.18386,0.51894,0.04776]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-02","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 Students who have…: 89.2 (all teams incl. other school-based), 92.6 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Students who have directed threats at or may be violent toward other individual students | 89.2 | 92.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.35—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.35 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p129, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_35_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12933,0.24221,0.51945,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-03","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 Students who have…: 88.4 (all teams incl. other school-based), 91.9 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Students who have made threats or may be violent toward school staff (e.g., threats against teachers) | 88.4 | 91.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.35—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.35 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p129, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_35_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12933,0.27657,0.51936,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-04","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 Students who have…: 82.8 (all teams incl. other school-based), 87.5 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Students who have made threats of or may be intending to commit mass violence against the school or school community | 82.8 | 87.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.35—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.35 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only (N row printed on p129, continuation page)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_35_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12933,0.31093,0.51925,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-05","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 N: all teams incl. other school-based: N=1,635; official BTAM teams only: N=1,401","quote":"N | 1,635 | 1,401","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.35—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12745,0.61925,0.67885,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-06","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.35—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":129,"rects":[[0.16563,0.36529,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-07","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.35 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an a","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.35—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":129,"rects":[[0.16376,0.6393,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12745,0.65004,0.14005,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-08","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.36 Once per week: 9.7 (all teams incl. other school-based), 9.0 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Once per week | 9.7 | 9.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.36. How Often Does Your BTAM Team Meet?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.36 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_36_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12745,0.50748,0.67189,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-09","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.36 Once every two weeks: 9.2 (all teams incl. other school-based), 8.1 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Once every two weeks | 9.2 | 8.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.36. How Often Does Your BTAM Team Meet?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.36 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_36_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12745,0.52984,0.67144,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-10","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.36 Once per month: 19.9 (all teams incl. other school-based), 19.5 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Once per month | 19.9 | 19.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.36. How Often Does Your BTAM Team Meet?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.36 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_36_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12745,0.55221,0.67535,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-11","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.36 Every 2 to 3 months: 6.1 (all teams incl. other school-based), 6.2 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Every 2 to 3 months | 6.1 | 6.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.36. How Often Does Your BTAM Team Meet?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.36 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_36_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12745,0.57457,0.67216,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-12","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.36 Irregularly or on…: 55.2 (all teams incl. other school-based), 57.2 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Irregularly or on an as-needed basis depending on case load | 55.2 | 57.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.36. How Often Does Your BTAM Team Meet?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.36 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1635 | 1401 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1635,1401],"base":"table_a_36_columns","base_page":129,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12745,0.59693,0.67501,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-13","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.36 N: all teams incl. other school-based: N=1,635; official BTAM teams only: N=1,401","quote":"N | 1,635 | 1,401","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.36. How Often Does Your BTAM Team Meet?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12745,0.61925,0.67885,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-14","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.36 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an a","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["team-meetings"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.36. How Often Does Your BTAM Team Meet?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":129,"rects":[[0.16376,0.6393,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12745,0.65004,0.14005,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-15","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Interview w…: 0.6 (Never), 2.0 (Rarely), 7.8 (Sometimes), 16.1 (Frequently), 73.4 (Every time)","quote":"Interview with the student | 0.6 | 2.0 | 7.8 | 16.1 | 73.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37. When a Student Is Referred to Your BTAM Team for Concerning Behavior, How Often Does Your Team Use the Following Sources of Information to Assess the Level of Risk Posed by the Student? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12688,0.79258,0.70717,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-16","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Interview w…: 1.1 (Never), 1.6 (Rarely), 9.6 (Sometimes), 23.3 (Frequently), 64.5 (Every time)","quote":"Interview with witnesses (e.g., peers, staff who witnessed behavior) | 1.1 | 1.6 | 9.6 | 23.3 | 64.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37. When a Student Is Referred to Your BTAM Team for Concerning Behavior, How Often Does Your Team Use the Following Sources of Information to Assess the Level of Risk Posed by the Student? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12688,0.81494,0.31444,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-17","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Interview…: 1.9 (Never), 3.1 (Rarely), 16.1 (Sometimes), 25.8 (Frequently), 53.1 (Every time)","quote":"Interview with potential target of a threat | 1.9 | 3.1 | 16.1 | 25.8 | 53.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37. When a Student Is Referred to Your BTAM Team for Concerning Behavior, How Often Does Your Team Use the Following Sources of Information to Assess the Level of Risk Posed by the Student? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12688,0.8493,0.70677,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-18","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Interview…: 0.8 (Never), 2.3 (Rarely), 14.8 (Sometimes), 27.3 (Frequently), 54.7 (Every time)","quote":"Interview with parents or guardians | 0.8 | 2.3 | 14.8 | 27.3 | 54.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37. When a Student Is Referred to Your BTAM Team for Concerning Behavior, How Often Does Your Team Use the Following Sources of Information to Assess the Level of Risk Posed by the Student? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12688,0.87167,0.70709,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p129-19","page":129,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Interview w…: 0.4 (Never), 1.6 (Rarely), 9.1 (Sometimes), 32.5 (Frequently), 56.5 (Every time)","quote":"Interview with teacher or other school staff knowledgeable about the student | 0.4 | 1.6 | 9.1 | 32.5 | 56.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["information-gathering","interviews"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37. When a Student Is Referred to Your BTAM Team for Concerning Behavior, How Often Does Your Team Use the Following Sources of Information to Assess the Level of Risk Posed by the Student? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":129,"rects":[[0.12688,0.89403,0.31532,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 129). Claim p129-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p129-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p129-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-01","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Review st…: 8.1 (Never), 18.7 (Rarely), 34.1 (Sometimes), 23.9 (Frequently), 15.3 (Every time)","quote":"Review student’s publicly available social media or online footprint | 8.1 | 18.7 | 34.1 | 23.9 | 15.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.16088,0.31482,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-02","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Discipline…: 0.4 (Never), 1.7 (Rarely), 10.5 (Sometimes), 27.5 (Frequently), 59.8 (Every time)","quote":"Discipline records (including but not limited to history of prior threats) | 0.4 | 1.7 | 10.5 | 27.5 | 59.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.19524,0.31532,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-03","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Academic r…: 1.6 (Never), 5.8 (Rarely), 21.9 (Sometimes), 27.7 (Frequently), 43.1 (Every time)","quote":"Academic records | 1.6 | 5.8 | 21.9 | 27.7 | 43.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.2296,0.70679,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-04","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Special ed…: 0.8 (Never), 1.8 (Rarely), 14.9 (Sometimes), 24.1 (Frequently), 58.4 (Every time)","quote":"Special education records | 0.8 | 1.8 | 14.9 | 24.1 | 58.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.25196,0.70729,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-05","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Records fr…: 2.2 (Never), 6.0 (Rarely), 26.2 (Sometimes), 27.1 (Frequently), 38.4 (Every time)","quote":"Records from other schools a student attended previously inside your school district | 2.2 | 6.0 | 26.2 | 27.1 | 38.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.28632,0.23323,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-06","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Records f…: 3.1 (Never), 10.8 (Rarely), 30.5 (Sometimes), 26.6 (Frequently), 29.1 (Every time)","quote":"Records from other schools a student attended previously outside your school district | 3.1 | 10.8 | 30.5 | 26.6 | 29.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.33268,0.24214,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-07","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Records f…: 5.4 (Never), 14.7 (Rarely), 37.2 (Sometimes), 22.8 (Frequently), 19.9 (Every time)","quote":"Records from outside medical organizations (e.g., mental health service providers) | 5.4 | 14.7 | 37.2 | 22.8 | 19.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.37903,0.24679,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-08","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Records…: 10.9 (Never), 21.0 (Rarely), 34.0 (Sometimes), 18.6 (Frequently), 15.4 (Every time)","quote":"Records from outside governmental organizations (e.g., social services agencies; courts) | 10.9 | 21.0 | 34.0 | 18.6 | 15.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.42538,0.20788,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-09","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Law enfo…: 19.2 (Never), 20.9 (Rarely), 28.1 (Sometimes), 15.2 (Frequently), 16.6 (Every time)","quote":"Law enforcement records | 19.2 | 20.9 | 28.1 | 15.2 | 16.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.45974,0.70699,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-10","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 Other (ple…: 55.9 (Never), 9.9 (Rarely), 13.3 (Sometimes), 9.1 (Frequently), 11.8 (Every time)","quote":"Other (please specify) | 55.9 | 9.9 | 13.3 | 9.1 | 11.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records","information-gathering"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1395,"label":"Teams answering sources-of-information question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1395)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"sources_info_1395","base_page":60,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.37 note on p130 gives n = 1,395"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.4821,0.70638,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-11","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 note: NOTE: n = 1,395.","quote":"NOTE: n = 1,395.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":130,"rects":[[0.12688,0.50211,0.08407,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-12","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an a","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":130,"rects":[[0.16496,0.88487,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12866,0.8956,0.14006,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-13","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 note: Table only includes data from respondents who said their school has a school- or district","quote":"Table only includes data from respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team, not respondents who said they have an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":130,"rects":[[0.32778,0.51284,0.50664,0.01044],[0.12688,0.52358,0.4887,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-14","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.37 note: Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["data-and-records"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.37—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":130,"rects":[[0.62201,0.52358,0.23278,0.01044],[0.12688,0.53431,0.04477,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-15","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.38 All BTAM activiti…: 23.5 (all teams incl. other school-based), 20.8 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"All BTAM activities from meeting structure to assessment processes differ across individual cases. | 23.5 | 20.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.38. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes How Your BTAM Team Operates When It Is Assessing the Seriousness of a Particular Student’s Behavior or Potential Threat During a Team Meeting?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.38 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1626 | 1394 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1626,1394],"base":"table_a_38_columns","base_page":130,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12866,0.70344,0.52066,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-16","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.38 BTAM meetings fol…: 28.1 (all teams incl. other school-based), 28.0 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"BTAM meetings follow a common structure and process, though the data sought and deliberations vary significantly from case to case. | 28.1 | 28.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.38. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes How Your BTAM Team Operates When It Is Assessing the Seriousness of a Particular Student’s Behavior or Potential Threat During a Team Meeting?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.38 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1626 | 1394 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1626,1394],"base":"table_a_38_columns","base_page":130,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12866,0.7378,0.52,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-17","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.38 BTAM meetings fol…: 20.4 (all teams incl. other school-based), 20.3 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"BTAM meetings follow a common structure and process, and we collect similar data for each case considered by the team. | 20.4 | 20.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.38. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes How Your BTAM Team Operates When It Is Assessing the Seriousness of a Particular Student’s Behavior or Potential Threat During a Team Meeting?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.38 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1626 | 1394 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1626,1394],"base":"table_a_38_columns","base_page":130,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12866,0.77216,0.52055,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-18","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.38 BTAM meetings fol…: 28.0 (all teams incl. other school-based), 31.0 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"BTAM meetings follow a common structure and process, we collect similar data for each case considered by the team, and we have standardized processes that guide the application of structured tools for conducting our assessment. | 28.0 | 31.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.38. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes How Your BTAM Team Operates When It Is Assessing the Seriousness of a Particular Student’s Behavior or Potential Threat During a Team Meeting?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.38 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1626 | 1394 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1626,1394],"base":"table_a_38_columns","base_page":130,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12866,0.80652,0.52055,0.04776]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-19","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.38 N: all teams incl. other school-based: N=1,626; official BTAM teams only: N=1,394","quote":"N | 1,626 | 1,394","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types","standardization-gaps"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.38. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes How Your BTAM Team Operates When It Is Assessing the Seriousness of a Particular Student’s Behavior or Potential Threat During a Team Meeting?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":130,"rects":[[0.12866,0.86481,0.67854,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-20","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.38 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an a","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.38. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes How Your BTAM Team Operates When It Is Assessing the Seriousness of a Particular Student’s Behavior or Potential Threat During a Team Meeting?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":130,"rects":[[0.16496,0.88487,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12866,0.8956,0.14006,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p130-21","page":130,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.38 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["assessment-process-types"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.38. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes How Your BTAM Team Operates When It Is Assessing the Seriousness of a Particular Student’s Behavior or Potential Threat During a Team Meeting?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":130,"rects":[[0.27509,0.8956,0.2975,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 130). Claim p130-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p130-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p130-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-01","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.39 No, because our BTA…: 7.8 (all teams incl. other school-based), 7.4 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"No, because our BTAM files and deliberations are closed. We cannot share any information with parents, guardians, or other third-parties. | 7.8 | 7.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.39. Would It Be Feasible for Your BTAM Team to Explain the Rationale Behind an Assessment Decision to a Parent, Guardian, or Other Concerned Individual (i.e., Why a Student Was Determined to Pose or Not Pose a Threat)?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.39 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1623 | 1392 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1623,1392],"base":"table_a_39_columns","base_page":131,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12745,0.22238,0.51791,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-02","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.39 Potentially, but…: 17.5 (all teams incl. other school-based), 16.1 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Potentially, but it would be difficult because of how much our process differs from case to case. | 17.5 | 16.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.39. Would It Be Feasible for Your BTAM Team to Explain the Rationale Behind an Assessment Decision to a Parent, Guardian, or Other Concerned Individual (i.e., Why a Student Was Determined to Pose or Not Pose a Threat)?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.39 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1623 | 1392 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1623,1392],"base":"table_a_39_columns","base_page":131,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12745,0.25674,0.52112,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-03","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.39 Potentially, but…: 16.9 (all teams incl. other school-based), 15.9 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Potentially, but could be difficult because assessments are the result of verbal deliberations among our BTAM team members. | 16.9 | 15.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.39. Would It Be Feasible for Your BTAM Team to Explain the Rationale Behind an Assessment Decision to a Parent, Guardian, or Other Concerned Individual (i.e., Why a Student Was Determined to Pose or Not Pose a Threat)?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.39 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1623 | 1392 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1623,1392],"base":"table_a_39_columns","base_page":131,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12745,0.2911,0.52199,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-04","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.39 Yes, because our…: 57.8 (all teams incl. other school-based), 60.6 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"Yes, because our BTAM process captures detailed information on both the rationale and data behind an assessment that would provide a basis for explanation. | 57.8 | 60.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.39. Would It Be Feasible for Your BTAM Team to Explain the Rationale Behind an Assessment Decision to a Parent, Guardian, or Other Concerned Individual (i.e., Why a Student Was Determined to Pose or Not Pose a Threat)?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.39 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1623 | 1392 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1623,1392],"base":"table_a_39_columns","base_page":131,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12745,0.33745,0.43158,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-05","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.39 N: all teams incl. other school-based: N=1,623; official BTAM teams only: N=1,392","quote":"N | 1,623 | 1,392","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["parents-families","threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.39. Would It Be Feasible for Your BTAM Team to Explain the Rationale Behind an Assessment Decision to a Parent, Guardian, or Other Concerned Individual (i.e., Why a Student Was Determined to Pose or Not Pose a Threat)?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12745,0.37176,0.68012,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-06","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.39 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an a","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.39. Would It Be Feasible for Your BTAM Team to Explain the Rationale Behind an Assessment Decision to a Parent, Guardian, or Other Concerned Individual (i.e., Why a Student Was Determined to Pose or Not Pose a Threat)?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":131,"rects":[[0.16376,0.39181,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12745,0.40255,0.14006,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-07","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.39 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["threat-assessment-transparency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.39. Would It Be Feasible for Your BTAM Team to Explain the Rationale Behind an Assessment Decision to a Parent, Guardian, or Other Concerned Individual (i.e., Why a Student Was Determined to Pose or Not Pose a Threat)?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":131,"rects":[[0.27389,0.40255,0.2975,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-08","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Behav…: 1.7 (N/A; no option), 2.3 (never use), 7.3 (rarely use), 42.2 (sometimes use), 46.5 (of","quote":"Behavioral corrections or discipline (for example, detention, removal of privileges) | 1.7 | 2.3 | 7.3 | 42.2 | 46.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40. When Your BTAM Team Intervenes with a Student Who Is Assessed as Being at Some Risk of Causing Harm to Themselves or Others, How Commonly Are the Following Options Part of the Resulting Intervention or Safety Plan? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384; no N row on p131"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12696,0.59845,0.33016,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-09","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Suppo…: 0.7 (N/A; no option), 0.6 (never use), 4.6 (rarely use), 39.3 (sometimes use), 54.9 (of","quote":"Supports and safety interventions for the targets or victims of threats (for example, class changes, other protective measures) | 0.7 | 0.6 | 4.6 | 39.3 | 54.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40. When Your BTAM Team Intervenes with a Student Who Is Assessed as Being at Some Risk of Causing Harm to Themselves or Others, How Commonly Are the Following Options Part of the Resulting Intervention or Safety Plan? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384; no N row on p131"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12696,0.64481,0.2479,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-10","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Behav…: 2.2 (N/A; no option), 1.9 (never use), 13.9 (rarely use), 51.4 (sometimes use), 30.7 (o","quote":"Behavioral or movement controls in school (for example, changes to arrival or passing times) | 2.2 | 1.9 | 13.9 | 51.4 | 30.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40. When Your BTAM Team Intervenes with a Student Who Is Assessed as Being at Some Risk of Causing Harm to Themselves or Others, How Commonly Are the Following Options Part of the Resulting Intervention or Safety Plan? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384; no N row on p131"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12696,0.69116,0.2563,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-11","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Progr…: 0.5 (N/A; no option), 0.8 (never use), 3.9 (rarely use), 41.8 (sometimes use), 52.9 (of","quote":"Programming to build relationships with trusted adults (for example, regular check-ins, adult mentoring) | 0.5 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 41.8 | 52.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40. When Your BTAM Team Intervenes with a Student Who Is Assessed as Being at Some Risk of Causing Harm to Themselves or Others, How Commonly Are the Following Options Part of the Resulting Intervention or Safety Plan? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384; no N row on p131"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12696,0.73751,0.24009,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-12","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Skill…: 2.5 (N/A; no option), 1.6 (never use), 12.8 (rarely use), 49.4 (sometimes use), 33.7 (o","quote":"Skill-building services or programs (for example, social skills or life-skills programming, leadership development) | 2.5 | 1.6 | 12.8 | 49.4 | 33.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40. When Your BTAM Team Intervenes with a Student Who Is Assessed as Being at Some Risk of Causing Harm to Themselves or Others, How Commonly Are the Following Options Part of the Resulting Intervention or Safety Plan? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384; no N row on p131"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12696,0.78387,0.22362,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-13","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Progr…: 3.2 (N/A; no option), 2.9 (never use), 18.1 (rarely use), 49.1 (sometimes use), 26.7 (o","quote":"Programming to build peer relationships and engagement (for example, peer mentor groups) | 3.2 | 2.9 | 18.1 | 49.1 | 26.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40. When Your BTAM Team Intervenes with a Student Who Is Assessed as Being at Some Risk of Causing Harm to Themselves or Others, How Commonly Are the Following Options Part of the Resulting Intervention or Safety Plan? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384; no N row on p131"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12696,0.83022,0.21571,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-14","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Acade…: 15.2 (N/A; no option), 6.2 (never use), 30.0 (rarely use), 39.6 (sometimes use), 8.9 (o","quote":"Academic or vocational programming | 15.2 | 6.2 | 30.0 | 39.6 | 8.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40. When Your BTAM Team Intervenes with a Student Who Is Assessed as Being at Some Risk of Causing Harm to Themselves or Others, How Commonly Are the Following Options Part of the Resulting Intervention or Safety Plan? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384; no N row on p131"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12696,0.86458,0.71885,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p131-15","page":131,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Speci…: 1.2 (N/A; no option), 2.9 (never use), 16.5 (rarely use), 62.9 (sometimes use), 16.6 (o","quote":"Special education or disability supports | 1.2 | 2.9 | 16.5 | 62.9 | 16.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","intervention-planning"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40. When Your BTAM Team Intervenes with a Student Who Is Assessed as Being at Some Risk of Causing Harm to Themselves or Others, How Commonly Are the Following Options Part of the Resulting Intervention or Safety Plan? (continues on next page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Teams answering intervention/safety plan components question","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"intervention_plan_1384","base_page":65,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384; no N row on p131"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":131,"rects":[[0.12696,0.88694,0.71874,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 131). Claim p131-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p131-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p131-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-01","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Mental health counseling or care: 1.9 / 1.0 / 3.5 / 46.5 / 47.1","quote":"Mental health counseling or care | 1.9 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 46.5 | 47.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","mental-health"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team answering Table A.40 (intervention/safety plan components)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a40_n_1384_p132","base_page":132,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12696,0.20727,0.71766,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-02","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Substance use treatment: 21.3 / 18.0 / 29.8 / 25.4 / 5.5","quote":"Substance use treatment | 21.3 | 18.0 | 29.8 | 25.4 | 5.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team answering Table A.40 (intervention/safety plan components)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a40_n_1384_p132","base_page":132,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12696,0.22964,0.71891,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-03","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Family support and intervention programming: 8.2 / 4.2 / 21.5 / 49.5 / 16.7","quote":"Family support and intervention programming | 8.2 | 4.2 | 21.5 | 49.5 | 16.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team answering Table A.40 (intervention/safety plan components)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a40_n_1384_p132","base_page":132,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12696,0.252,0.33088,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-04","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Temporary removal from school (suspension): 1.8 / 3.3 / 20.2 / 55.0 / 19.6","quote":"Temporary removal from school (suspension) | 1.8 | 3.3 | 20.2 | 55.0 | 19.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team answering Table A.40 (intervention/safety plan components)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a40_n_1384_p132","base_page":132,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12696,0.28636,0.33065,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-05","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Law enforcement action (for example, arrest) or criminal jus...: 3.7 / 16.6 / 36.8 / 36.0 / 6.8","quote":"Law enforcement action (for example, arrest) or criminal justice action | 3.7 | 16.6 | 36.8 | 36.0 | 6.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team answering Table A.40 (intervention/safety plan components)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a40_n_1384_p132","base_page":132,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12696,0.32072,0.33016,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-06","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.40 Permanent removal from school (expulsion or relocation): 9.5 / 29.7 / 38.4 / 19.2 / 3.2","quote":"Permanent removal from school (expulsion or relocation) | 9.5 | 29.7 | 38.4 | 19.2 | 3.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1384,"label":"Principals at schools with a school- or district-level BTAM team answering Table A.40 (intervention/safety plan components)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1384)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"a40_n_1384_p132","base_page":132,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.40 note (p132) gives n = 1,384"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12696,0.35507,0.33068,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-07","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.40 note: n = 1,384.","quote":"NOTE: n = 1,384.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":132,"rects":[[0.12696,0.38708,0.0841,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-08","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.40 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":132,"rects":[[0.43158,0.75206,0.42628,0.01044],[0.12766,0.76279,0.36477,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-09","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.40 note: Table only includes data from respondents who said their school has a school- or...","quote":"Table only includes data from respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team, not respondents who said they have an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":132,"rects":[[0.32786,0.39781,0.50664,0.01044],[0.12696,0.40854,0.4887,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-10","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.40 note: Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.40—Continued (continued from previous page)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":132,"rects":[[0.62209,0.40854,0.23278,0.01044],[0.12696,0.41927,0.04477,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-11","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.41 Skill-building services or programs (e.g., social skills or life-skills program...: 70.2 / 70.0","quote":"Skill-building services or programs (e.g., social skills or life-skills programming, leadership development) | 70.2 | 70.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.41. Of the Following Types of Supportive Services That Can Be Part of BTAM Interventions for Students Identified as Being at Risk of Causing Harm, Which of These Are Provided Free of Charge to Students’ Families Either Inside School or by Placement in an Outside Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.41 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1601 | 1374 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1601,1374],"base":"table_a_41_columns_1601_1374","base_page":132,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12766,0.58425,0.52266,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-12","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.41 Mental health counseling or care: 74.2 / 75.1","quote":"Mental health counseling or care | 74.2 | 75.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-menu","mental-health"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.41. Of the Following Types of Supportive Services That Can Be Part of BTAM Interventions for Students Identified as Being at Risk of Causing Harm, Which of These Are Provided Free of Charge to Students’ Families Either Inside School or by Placement in an Outside Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.41 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1601 | 1374 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1601,1374],"base":"table_a_41_columns_1601_1374","base_page":132,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12766,0.61861,0.67629,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-13","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.41 Substance use treatment: 34.9 / 36.6","quote":"Substance use treatment | 34.9 | 36.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.41. Of the Following Types of Supportive Services That Can Be Part of BTAM Interventions for Students Identified as Being at Risk of Causing Harm, Which of These Are Provided Free of Charge to Students’ Families Either Inside School or by Placement in an Outside Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.41 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1601 | 1374 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1601,1374],"base":"table_a_41_columns_1601_1374","base_page":132,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12766,0.64097,0.67711,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-14","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.41 Family support and intervention programming: 57.1 / 57.9","quote":"Family support and intervention programming | 57.1 | 57.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.41. Of the Following Types of Supportive Services That Can Be Part of BTAM Interventions for Students Identified as Being at Risk of Causing Harm, Which of These Are Provided Free of Charge to Students’ Families Either Inside School or by Placement in an Outside Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.41 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1601 | 1374 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1601,1374],"base":"table_a_41_columns_1601_1374","base_page":132,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12766,0.66333,0.67626,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-15","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.41 N/A; When these services are recommended by the BTAM team, the student’s family...: 13.2 / 13.1","quote":"N/A; When these services are recommended by the BTAM team, the student’s family must pay the costs or be reimbursed through their own insurance coverage | 13.2 | 13.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.41. Of the Following Types of Supportive Services That Can Be Part of BTAM Interventions for Students Identified as Being at Risk of Causing Harm, Which of These Are Provided Free of Charge to Students’ Families Either Inside School or by Placement in an Outside Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.41 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1601 | 1374 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1601,1374],"base":"table_a_41_columns_1601_1374","base_page":132,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12766,0.69769,0.4284,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-16","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.41 N: 1,601 / 1,374","quote":"N | 1,601 | 1,374","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.41. Of the Following Types of Supportive Services That Can Be Part of BTAM Interventions for Students Identified as Being at Risk of Causing Harm, Which of These Are Provided Free of Charge to Students’ Families Either Inside School or by Placement in an Outside Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":132,"rects":[[0.12766,0.732,0.67975,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-17","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.41 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.41. Of the Following Types of Supportive Services That Can Be Part of BTAM Interventions for Students Identified as Being at Risk of Causing Harm, Which of These Are Provided Free of Charge to Students’ Families Either Inside School or by Placement in an Outside Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":132,"rects":[[0.16396,0.75206,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-18","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.41 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.41. Of the Following Types of Supportive Services That Can Be Part of BTAM Interventions for Students Identified as Being at Risk of Causing Harm, Which of These Are Provided Free of Charge to Students’ Families Either Inside School or by Placement in an Outside Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":132,"rects":[[0.43158,0.75206,0.42628,0.01044],[0.12766,0.76279,0.36477,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p132-19","page":132,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.41 note: Respondents only saw a response option if they indicated previously that this re...","quote":"Respondents only saw a response option if they indicated previously that this response option was used rarely, sometimes, or often.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["free-mental-health-services","support-focused-interventions"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.41. Of the Following Types of Supportive Services That Can Be Part of BTAM Interventions for Students Identified as Being at Risk of Causing Harm, Which of These Are Provided Free of Charge to Students’ Families Either Inside School or by Placement in an Outside Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":132,"rects":[[0.4988,0.76279,0.34533,0.01044],[0.12766,0.77352,0.31398,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 132). Claim p132-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p132-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p132-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-01","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.42 Our BTAM team has a standard set of actions that it takes for every student ass...: 15.7 / 15.9","quote":"Our BTAM team has a standard set of actions that it takes for every student assessed as a potential school safety concern | 15.7 | 15.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.42. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes the Process Your BTAM Team Uses to Build an Intervention or Safety Plan for a Student?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.42 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1609 | 1380 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1609,1380],"base":"table_a_42_columns_1609_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":133,"rects":[[0.12737,0.20597,0.52267,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-02","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.42 Our BTAM team members recommend elements to add to each intervention plan based...: 34.4 / 33.1","quote":"Our BTAM team members recommend elements to add to each intervention plan based on their professional expertise and services from their discipline (e.g., a counselor identifies the types of counseling that should be included in the plan) | 34.4 | 33.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.42. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes the Process Your BTAM Team Uses to Build an Intervention or Safety Plan for a Student?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.42 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1609 | 1380 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1609,1380],"base":"table_a_42_columns_1609_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":133,"rects":[[0.12737,0.24032,0.52321,0.04776]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-03","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.42 Our BTAM team draws on an inventory of resources available across the school an...: 27.7 / 27.9","quote":"Our BTAM team draws on an inventory of resources available across the school and community to collaboratively choose interventions for an intervention or safety plan | 27.7 | 27.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.42. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes the Process Your BTAM Team Uses to Build an Intervention or Safety Plan for a Student?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.42 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1609 | 1380 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1609,1380],"base":"table_a_42_columns_1609_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":133,"rects":[[0.12737,0.31067,0.43255,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-04","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.42 Our BTAM team draws on an inventory of resources and decision support tools tha...: 22.1 / 23.1","quote":"Our BTAM team draws on an inventory of resources and decision support tools that help guide choices among intervention options and match interventions to individual student needs | 22.1 | 23.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.42. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes the Process Your BTAM Team Uses to Build an Intervention or Safety Plan for a Student?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.42 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1609 | 1380 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1609,1380],"base":"table_a_42_columns_1609_1380","base_page":133,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":133,"rects":[[0.12737,0.35702,0.41829,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-05","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.42 N: 1,609 / 1,380","quote":"N | 1,609 | 1,380","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.42. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes the Process Your BTAM Team Uses to Build an Intervention or Safety Plan for a Student?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":133,"rects":[[0.12737,0.39133,0.68115,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-06","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.42 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.42. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes the Process Your BTAM Team Uses to Build an Intervention or Safety Plan for a Student?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":133,"rects":[[0.16367,0.41139,0.2975,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-07","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.42 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","intervention-tools"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.42. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes the Process Your BTAM Team Uses to Build an Intervention or Safety Plan for a Student?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":133,"rects":[[0.46755,0.41139,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12737,0.42212,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-08","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.43 Parents/guardians of the student being assessed: 9.3 / 18.9 / 71.8","quote":"Parents/guardians of the student being assessed | 9.3 | 18.9 | 71.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.43. To What Extent Does Your School or District’s BTAM Team Typically Involve Parents/Guardians or the Student at Risk of Violent Behavior in the Intervention/Safety Planning Process?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1379","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.43 note (p133) gives n = 1,379"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":133,"rects":[[0.12717,0.62036,0.7139,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-09","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.43 Student being assessed: 16.0 / 17.7 / 66.2","quote":"Student being assessed | 16.0 | 17.7 | 66.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.43. To What Extent Does Your School or District’s BTAM Team Typically Involve Parents/Guardians or the Student at Risk of Violent Behavior in the Intervention/Safety Planning Process?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1379,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1379)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1379","base_page":133,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.43 note (p133) gives n = 1,379"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":133,"rects":[[0.12717,0.64381,0.71414,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-10","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.43 note: n = 1,379.","quote":"NOTE: n = 1,379.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.43. To What Extent Does Your School or District’s BTAM Team Typically Involve Parents/Guardians or the Student at Risk of Violent Behavior in the Intervention/Safety Planning Process?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":133,"rects":[[0.12717,0.66366,0.0836,0.01169]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-11","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.43 note: Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.43. To What Extent Does Your School or District’s BTAM Team Typically Involve Parents/Guardians or the Student at Risk of Violent Behavior in the Intervention/Safety Planning Process?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":133,"rects":[[0.21704,0.66394,0.28073,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-12","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.43 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.43. To What Extent Does Your School or District’s BTAM Team Typically Involve Parents/Guardians or the Student at Risk of Violent Behavior in the Intervention/Safety Planning Process?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":133,"rects":[[0.46755,0.41139,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12737,0.42212,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p133-13","page":133,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.43 note: Table only includes data from respondents who said their school has a school- or...","quote":"Table only includes data from respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team, not respondents who said they have an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["intervention-planning","parents-families"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.43. To What Extent Does Your School or District’s BTAM Team Typically Involve Parents/Guardians or the Student at Risk of Violent Behavior in the Intervention/Safety Planning Process?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":133,"rects":[[0.57638,0.67467,0.28824,0.01044],[0.12717,0.6854,0.70711,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 133). Claim p133-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p133-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p133-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-01","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.44 We do not monitor the progress of intervention/safety plans after they are implem...: 1.8 / 2.0","quote":"We do not monitor the progress of intervention/safety plans after they are implemented. | 1.8 | 2.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.44. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes What Your BTAM Team Does After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.44 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1608 | 1379 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1608,1379],"base":"table_a_44_columns_1608_1379","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.12781,0.20597,0.51834,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-02","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.44 We rely on teachers, counselors, and others to monitor progress and make adjust...: 25.1 / 24.6","quote":"We rely on teachers, counselors, and others to monitor progress and make adjustments to interventions without directly involving the BTAM team. | 25.1 | 24.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.44. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes What Your BTAM Team Does After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.44 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1608 | 1379 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1608,1379],"base":"table_a_44_columns_1608_1379","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.12781,0.25232,0.4212,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-03","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.44 We actively manage and monitor the progress of some students’ progress and make...: 22.7 / 22.7","quote":"We actively manage and monitor the progress of some students’ progress and make adjustments as needed. | 22.7 | 22.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.44. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes What Your BTAM Team Does After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.44 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1608 | 1379 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1608,1379],"base":"table_a_44_columns_1608_1379","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.12781,0.28668,0.52201,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-04","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.44 We actively manage and monitor the progress of all students’ progress and make ...: 48.1 / 48.9","quote":"We actively manage and monitor the progress of all students’ progress and make adjustments as needed. | 48.1 | 48.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.44. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes What Your BTAM Team Does After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.44 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1608 | 1379 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1608,1379],"base":"table_a_44_columns_1608_1379","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.12781,0.32104,0.52183,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-05","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.44 I don’t know if we monitor intervention progress.: 2.3 / 1.8","quote":"I don’t know if we monitor intervention progress. | 2.3 | 1.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.44. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes What Your BTAM Team Does After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.44 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1608 | 1379 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1608,1379],"base":"table_a_44_columns_1608_1379","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.12781,0.35539,0.67275,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-06","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.44 N: 1,608 / 1,379","quote":"N | 1,608 | 1,379","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.44. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes What Your BTAM Team Does After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.12781,0.37771,0.67992,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-07","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.44 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.44. Which of the Following Statements Best Describes What Your BTAM Team Does After a Student’s Behavioral Intervention or Safety Plan Has Been Implemented?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":134,"rects":[[0.16411,0.39776,0.65099,0.01044],[0.12781,0.4085,0.14005,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-08","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.45 We receive periodic reports on progress from teachers who have direct contact w...: 66.5 / 65.0","quote":"We receive periodic reports on progress from teachers who have direct contact with the student | 66.5 | 65.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. How Does Your School or District BTAM Team Monitor Progress Against a Student Intervention/Safety Plan?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.45 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1132 | 984 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1132,984],"base":"table_a_45_columns_1132_984","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.1308,0.55546,0.51653,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-09","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.45 We receive periodic reports from staff designated to speak with the student reg...: 65.3 / 64.8","quote":"We receive periodic reports from staff designated to speak with the student regularly as part of the plan (e.g., check in, check out programs) | 65.3 | 64.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. How Does Your School or District BTAM Team Monitor Progress Against a Student Intervention/Safety Plan?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.45 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1132 | 984 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1132,984],"base":"table_a_45_columns_1132_984","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.1308,0.60181,0.38966,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-10","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.45 We receive periodic reports from other school staff (e.g., counselors): 60.6 / 58.7","quote":"We receive periodic reports from other school staff (e.g., counselors) | 60.6 | 58.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. How Does Your School or District BTAM Team Monitor Progress Against a Student Intervention/Safety Plan?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.45 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1132 | 984 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1132,984],"base":"table_a_45_columns_1132_984","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.1308,0.63617,0.67059,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-11","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.45 We receive periodic reports on treatment delivery and student progress from out...: 32.3 / 32.3","quote":"We receive periodic reports on treatment delivery and student progress from outside providers | 32.3 | 32.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. How Does Your School or District BTAM Team Monitor Progress Against a Student Intervention/Safety Plan?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.45 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1132 | 984 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1132,984],"base":"table_a_45_columns_1132_984","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.1308,0.65853,0.51629,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-12","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.45 We revisit cases during our regular BTAM team meetings when specific events occ...: 40.4 / 39.4","quote":"We revisit cases during our regular BTAM team meetings when specific events occur (e.g., when a student returns to school after an absence) | 40.4 | 39.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. How Does Your School or District BTAM Team Monitor Progress Against a Student Intervention/Safety Plan?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.45 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1132 | 984 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1132,984],"base":"table_a_45_columns_1132_984","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.1308,0.69289,0.51633,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-13","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.45 We revisit cases during our regular BTAM team meetings at regular time intervals: 38.1 / 37.7","quote":"We revisit cases during our regular BTAM team meetings at regular time intervals | 38.1 | 37.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. 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Claim p134-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-14","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.45 We manually analyze data and track progress (e.g., use behavioral graphs to vis...: 30.4 / 30.6","quote":"We manually analyze data and track progress (e.g., use behavioral graphs to visualize improvements in student behavior) | 30.4 | 30.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. How Does Your School or District BTAM Team Monitor Progress Against a Student Intervention/Safety Plan?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.45 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1132 | 984 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1132,984],"base":"table_a_45_columns_1132_984","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.1308,0.76161,0.51637,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). 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Claim p134-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-15","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.45 We have a specific information/case management system that tracks data on the c...: 14.5 / 15.4","quote":"We have a specific information/case management system that tracks data on the cases we are monitoring | 14.5 | 15.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. How Does Your School or District BTAM Team Monitor Progress Against a Student Intervention/Safety Plan?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.45 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1132 | 984 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1132,984],"base":"table_a_45_columns_1132_984","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.1308,0.79597,0.51595,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-16","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.45 Other (please specify):: 1.5 / 1.5","quote":"Other (please specify): | 1.5 | 1.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. How Does Your School or District BTAM Team Monitor Progress Against a Student Intervention/Safety Plan?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.45 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1132 | 984 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1132,984],"base":"table_a_45_columns_1132_984","base_page":134,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.1308,0.83033,0.66678,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). 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Claim p134-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-17","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.45 N: 1,132 / 984","quote":"N | 1,132 | 984 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. How Does Your School or District BTAM Team Monitor Progress Against a Student Intervention/Safety Plan?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":134,"rects":[[0.1308,0.85264,0.66907,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-18","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.45 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. How Does Your School or District BTAM Team Monitor Progress Against a Student Intervention/Safety Plan?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":134,"rects":[[0.16711,0.8727,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p134-19","page":134,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.45 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) and one that monitors some or all students’ progress after a behavioral intervention or safety plan has been implemented saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["case-management-systems","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.45. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 134). Claim p134-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p134-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p134-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-01","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.46 No: 38.5 / 39.0","quote":"No | 38.5 | 39.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["measurable-goals","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.46. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-02","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.46 Yes: 61.5 / 61.0","quote":"Yes | 61.5 | 61.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["measurable-goals","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.46. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-03","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.46 N: 1,132 / 984","quote":"N | 1,132 | 984 |","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["measurable-goals","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.46. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-04","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.46 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) and one that monitors some or all students’ progress after a behavioral intervention or safety plan has been implemented saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["measurable-goals","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.46. Do the Intervention or Safety Plans That Your BTAM Team Develops Include Measurable Goals or Thresholds for Student Behavior and Progress That Inform Monitoring and Decisions About Changes to the Intervention Plan?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":135,"rects":[[0.1651,0.30226,0.65099,0.01044],[0.1288,0.313,0.70588,0.01044],[0.1288,0.32373,0.0436,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-05","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.47 Never: 42.4 / 39.8","quote":"Never | 42.4 | 39.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.47. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Arrested or Prosecuted for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.47 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1607 | 1378 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1607,1378],"base":"table_a_47_columns_1607_1378","base_page":135,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":135,"rects":[[0.12769,0.47061,0.67701,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-06","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.47 Rarely: 38.6 / 40.0","quote":"Rarely | 38.6 | 40.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.47. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Arrested or Prosecuted for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.47 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1607 | 1378 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1607,1378],"base":"table_a_47_columns_1607_1378","base_page":135,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":135,"rects":[[0.12769,0.49298,0.67698,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-07","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.47 Sometimes: 14.7 / 15.6","quote":"Sometimes | 14.7 | 15.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.47. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Arrested or Prosecuted for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.47 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1607 | 1378 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1607,1378],"base":"table_a_47_columns_1607_1378","base_page":135,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":135,"rects":[[0.12769,0.51534,0.67662,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-08","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.47 Frequently: 3.7 / 3.9","quote":"Frequently | 3.7 | 3.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.47. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Arrested or Prosecuted for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.47 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1607 | 1378 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1607,1378],"base":"table_a_47_columns_1607_1378","base_page":135,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":135,"rects":[[0.12769,0.5377,0.67334,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-09","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.47 Every time: 0.7 / 0.8","quote":"Every time | 0.7 | 0.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.47. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Arrested or Prosecuted for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.47 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1607 | 1378 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1607,1378],"base":"table_a_47_columns_1607_1378","base_page":135,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":135,"rects":[[0.12769,0.56007,0.67334,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-10","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"A.47 N: 1,607 / 1,378","quote":"N | 1,607 | 1,378","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.47. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Arrested or Prosecuted for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":135,"rects":[[0.12769,0.58238,0.68012,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-11","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.47 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.47. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Arrested or Prosecuted for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":135,"rects":[[0.16399,0.60244,0.2975,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p135-12","page":135,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.47 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team...","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["arrest-prosecution","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.47. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Arrested or Prosecuted for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":135,"rects":[[0.46786,0.60244,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12769,0.61317,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 135). Claim p135-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p135-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p135-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-01","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.48, Never: 31.0 / 29.7","quote":"Never | 31.0 | 29.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.48. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Expelled, Placed in a Different School, or Suspended for One Month or More for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.48 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,608); official teams only (1,379)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1608 | 1379 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1608,1379],"base":"table_a_48_columns_1608_1379","base_page":136,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12714,0.22238,0.67779,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-02","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.48, Rarely: 46.2 / 46.0","quote":"Rarely | 46.2 | 46.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.48. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Expelled, Placed in a Different School, or Suspended for One Month or More for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.48 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,608); official teams only (1,379)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1608 | 1379 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1608,1379],"base":"table_a_48_columns_1608_1379","base_page":136,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12714,0.24474,0.67812,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-03","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.48, Sometimes: 19.3 / 20.6","quote":"Sometimes | 19.3 | 20.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.48. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Expelled, Placed in a Different School, or Suspended for One Month or More for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.48 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,608); official teams only (1,379)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1608 | 1379 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1608,1379],"base":"table_a_48_columns_1608_1379","base_page":136,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12714,0.26711,0.67799,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-04","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.48, Frequently: 2.7 / 2.8","quote":"Frequently | 2.7 | 2.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.48. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Expelled, Placed in a Different School, or Suspended for One Month or More for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.48 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,608); official teams only (1,379)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1608 | 1379 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1608,1379],"base":"table_a_48_columns_1608_1379","base_page":136,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12714,0.28947,0.67432,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-05","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.48, Every time: 0.8 / 0.9","quote":"Every time | 0.8 | 0.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","exclusionary-discipline"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.48. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Expelled, Placed in a Different School, or Suspended for One Month or More for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.48 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,608); official teams only (1,379)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1608 | 1379 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1608,1379],"base":"table_a_48_columns_1608_1379","base_page":136,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12714,0.31183,0.67441,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-06","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.48 N: 1,608; 1,379","quote":"N | 1,608 | 1,379","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.48. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Expelled, Placed in a Different School, or Suspended for One Month or More for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12714,0.33415,0.68125,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-07","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.48 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["exclusionary-discipline","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.48. When Your BTAM Team Assesses Students, How Frequently Are Students Expelled, Placed in a Different School, or Suspended for One Month or More for Their Threatening or Concerning Behavior?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":136,"rects":[[0.16343,0.3542,0.70296,0.01044],[0.12714,0.36494,0.08787,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-08","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49, Violence rates: 10.5 / 49.1 / 38.6 / 1.4 / 0.4","quote":"Violence rates | 10.5 | 49.1 | 38.6 | 1.4 | 0.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1377","base_page":136,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.49 note gives n = 1,377"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12773,0.50041,0.69524,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-09","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49, Rates of suicidality or self-harm: 11.5 / 45.8 / 40.4 / 2.0 / 0.3","quote":"Rates of suicidality or self-harm | 11.5 | 45.8 | 40.4 | 2.0 | 0.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-violence-suicide","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1377","base_page":136,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.49 note gives n = 1,377"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12773,0.52277,0.69533,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-10","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49, Suspension and expulsion rates overall: 12.5 / 41.0 / 39.8 / 6.4 / 0.3","quote":"Suspension and expulsion rates overall | 12.5 | 41.0 | 39.8 | 6.4 | 0.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1377","base_page":136,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.49 note gives n = 1,377"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12773,0.54514,0.30151,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-11","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49, Racial disparities in suspension and expulsion rates: 8.5 / 31.6 / 58.3 / 1.5 / 0.0","quote":"Racial disparities in suspension and expulsion rates | 8.5 | 31.6 | 58.3 | 1.5 | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","equity-disparities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1377","base_page":136,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.49 note gives n = 1,377"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12773,0.57949,0.29831,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-12","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49, Gender disparities in suspension and expulsion rates: 7.9 / 27.1 / 63.5 / 1.5 / 0.0","quote":"Gender disparities in suspension and expulsion rates | 7.9 | 27.1 | 63.5 | 1.5 | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","equity-disparities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1377","base_page":136,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.49 note gives n = 1,377"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12773,0.61385,0.29757,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-13","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49, Special and general education disparities in suspension …: 7.5 / 35.8 / 53.9 / 2.7 / 0.0","quote":"Special and general education disparities in suspension and expulsion rates | 7.5 | 35.8 | 53.9 | 2.7 | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-exclusionary-discipline","equity-disparities"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1377","base_page":136,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.49 note gives n = 1,377"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12773,0.66021,0.17719,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-14","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49, Student feelings of safety at school: 2.6 / 7.5 / 24.2 / 58.4 / 7.3","quote":"Student feelings of safety at school | 2.6 | 7.5 | 24.2 | 58.4 | 7.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1377","base_page":136,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.49 note gives n = 1,377"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12773,0.69456,0.69466,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-15","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49, Staff (administrators, teachers, etc.) feelings of safet…: 2.8 / 7.3 / 20.2 / 62.0 / 7.8","quote":"Staff (administrators, teachers, etc.) feelings of safety school | 2.8 | 7.3 | 20.2 | 62.0 | 7.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-student-staff-safety-feelings","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1377,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1377)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_1377","base_page":136,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.49 note gives n = 1,377"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":136,"rects":[[0.12773,0.71693,0.29815,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-16","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49 note: n = 1,377. Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"n = 1,377. Rows may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":136,"rects":[[0.16403,0.74893,0.33307,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-17","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":136,"rects":[[0.16343,0.3542,0.70296,0.01044],[0.12714,0.36494,0.08787,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p136-18","page":136,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.49 note: Table only includes data from respondents who said their school has a school- or","quote":"Table only includes data from respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team, not respondents who said they have an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","perceived-effects"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table A.49. What Impact Do You Think Your BTAM Program Has Had on the Following Outcomes at Your School?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":136,"rects":[[0.57695,0.75966,0.28824,0.01044],[0.12773,0.77039,0.70711,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 136). Claim p136-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p136-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p136-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-01","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.50, Significantly worsened school climate: 0.2 / 0.1","quote":"Significantly worsened school climate | 0.2 | 0.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.50 What Impact Do You Think Your School or District’s BTAM Program Has Had on School Climate at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.50 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,604); official teams only (1,377)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1604 | 1377 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1604,1377],"base":"table_a_50_columns_1604_1377","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12928,0.20597,0.66953,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-02","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.50, Worsened school climate: 0.3 / 0.3","quote":"Worsened school climate | 0.3 | 0.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.50 What Impact Do You Think Your School or District’s BTAM Program Has Had on School Climate at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.50 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,604); official teams only (1,377)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1604 | 1377 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1604,1377],"base":"table_a_50_columns_1604_1377","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12928,0.22833,0.67016,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-03","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.50, Has had no impact on school climate: 23.2 / 23.9","quote":"Has had no impact on school climate | 23.2 | 23.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.50 What Impact Do You Think Your School or District’s BTAM Program Has Had on School Climate at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.50 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,604); official teams only (1,377)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1604 | 1377 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1604,1377],"base":"table_a_50_columns_1604_1377","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12928,0.25069,0.67379,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-04","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.50, Improved school climate: 59.7 / 59.3","quote":"Improved school climate | 59.7 | 59.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.50 What Impact Do You Think Your School or District’s BTAM Program Has Had on School Climate at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.50 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,604); official teams only (1,377)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1604 | 1377 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1604,1377],"base":"table_a_50_columns_1604_1377","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12928,0.27306,0.67376,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-05","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.50, Significantly improved school climate: 11.2 / 10.9","quote":"Significantly improved school climate | 11.2 | 10.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.50 What Impact Do You Think Your School or District’s BTAM Program Has Had on School Climate at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.50 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,604); official teams only (1,377)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1604 | 1377 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1604,1377],"base":"table_a_50_columns_1604_1377","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12928,0.29542,0.67352,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-06","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.50, Don’t know: 5.4 / 5.4","quote":"Don’t know | 5.4 | 5.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.50 What Impact Do You Think Your School or District’s BTAM Program Has Had on School Climate at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.50 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,604); official teams only (1,377)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1604 | 1377 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1604,1377],"base":"table_a_50_columns_1604_1377","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12928,0.31778,0.67007,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-07","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.50 N: 1,604; 1,377","quote":"N | 1,604 | 1,377","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.50 What Impact Do You Think Your School or District’s BTAM Program Has Had on School Climate at Your School?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12928,0.3401,0.67702,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-08","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.50 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.50 What Impact Do You Think Your School or District’s BTAM Program Has Had on School Climate at Your School?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":137,"rects":[[0.16559,0.36015,0.2975,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-09","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.50 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["effect-school-climate","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.50 What Impact Do You Think Your School or District’s BTAM Program Has Had on School Climate at Your School?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":137,"rects":[[0.46946,0.36015,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12928,0.37089,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-10","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.51, N/A; The process has been generally stable, using established approaches f…: 37.8 / 38.6","quote":"N/A; The process has been generally stable, using established approaches for assessing cases and planning interventions | 37.8 | 38.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.51 Which of the Following Statement(s) Accurately Describe How Your BTAM Program Has Changed over the Last Few School Years?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.51 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_51_columns_1603_1376","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12818,0.57718,0.5208,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-11","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.51, The process has changed because we needed to make adjustments to better fi…: 25.7 / 24.2","quote":"The process has changed because we needed to make adjustments to better fit our school’s needs | 25.7 | 24.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.51 Which of the Following Statement(s) Accurately Describe How Your BTAM Program Has Changed over the Last Few School Years?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.51 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_51_columns_1603_1376","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12818,0.61154,0.52127,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-12","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.51, The process has changed because we changed the staff on the team and made …: 19.5 / 18.4","quote":"The process has changed because we changed the staff on the team and made changes to how the team functions | 19.5 | 18.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.51 Which of the Following Statement(s) Accurately Describe How Your BTAM Program Has Changed over the Last Few School Years?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.51 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_51_columns_1603_1376","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12818,0.64589,0.52129,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-13","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.51, The process has changed in response to resource or other constraints that …: 12.6 / 12.1","quote":"The process has changed in response to resource or other constraints that limited our capacity | 12.6 | 12.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.51 Which of the Following Statement(s) Accurately Describe How Your BTAM Program Has Changed over the Last Few School Years?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.51 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_51_columns_1603_1376","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12818,0.68025,0.52112,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-14","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.51, The process has changed because of concerns in the community about how BTAM …: 3.0 / 3.1","quote":"The process has changed because of concerns in the community about how BTAM affects students | 3.0 | 3.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.51 Which of the Following Statement(s) Accurately Describe How Your BTAM Program Has Changed over the Last Few School Years?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.51 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_51_columns_1603_1376","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12818,0.71461,0.51791,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-15","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.51, The process has changed because we aimed to make it more effective in prot…: 29.8 / 30.4","quote":"The process has changed because we aimed to make it more effective in protecting our school and students | 29.8 | 30.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.51 Which of the Following Statement(s) Accurately Describe How Your BTAM Program Has Changed over the Last Few School Years?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.51 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_51_columns_1603_1376","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12818,0.74897,0.52156,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-16","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.51, The process changed because of changes to state law or policy about BTAM: 13.1 / 14.3","quote":"The process changed because of changes to state law or policy about BTAM | 13.1 | 14.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.51 Which of the Following Statement(s) Accurately Describe How Your BTAM Program Has Changed over the Last Few School Years?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.51 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_51_columns_1603_1376","base_page":137,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12818,0.78333,0.52072,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-17","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.51 N: 1,603; 1,376","quote":"N | 1,603 | 1,376","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.51 Which of the Following Statement(s) Accurately Describe How Your BTAM Program Has Changed over the Last Few School Years?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":137,"rects":[[0.12818,0.81764,0.67908,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-18","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.51 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.51 Which of the Following Statement(s) Accurately Describe How Your BTAM Program Has Changed over the Last Few School Years?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":137,"rects":[[0.16448,0.83769,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p137-19","page":137,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.51 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","program-changes"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.51 Which of the Following Statement(s) Accurately Describe How Your BTAM Program Has Changed over the Last Few School Years?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":137,"rects":[[0.46946,0.36015,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12928,0.37089,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 137). Claim p137-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p137-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p137-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-01","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.52, Not supportive: 0.4 / 0.4","quote":"Not supportive | 0.4 | 0.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.52 How Supportive Is Your School Community of BTAM as a School Safety Approach?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.13002,0.18955,0.6686,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-02","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.52, Somewhat not supportive: 1.6 / 1.3","quote":"Somewhat not supportive | 1.6 | 1.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.52 How Supportive Is Your School Community of BTAM as a School Safety Approach?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.13002,0.21191,0.66834,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-03","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.52, Neutral: 28.2 / 27.8","quote":"Neutral | 28.2 | 27.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.52 How Supportive Is Your School Community of BTAM as a School Safety Approach?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.13002,0.23428,0.67155,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-04","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.52, Somewhat supportive: 28.0 / 27.2","quote":"Somewhat supportive | 28.0 | 27.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.52 How Supportive Is Your School Community of BTAM as a School Safety Approach?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.13002,0.25664,0.67167,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-05","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.52, Supportive: 41.8 / 43.4","quote":"Supportive | 41.8 | 43.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.52 How Supportive Is Your School Community of BTAM as a School Safety Approach?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.13002,0.27901,0.67237,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-06","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.52 N: 1,603; 1,376","quote":"N | 1,603 | 1,376","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.52 How Supportive Is Your School Community of BTAM as a School Safety Approach?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.12732,0.59411,0.68079,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-07","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.52 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.52 How Supportive Is Your School Community of BTAM as a School Safety Approach?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":138,"rects":[[0.16363,0.61416,0.2975,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-08","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.52 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","school-community-support"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.52 How Supportive Is Your School Community of BTAM as a School Safety Approach?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":138,"rects":[[0.4675,0.61416,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12732,0.6249,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-09","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.53, No, our BTAM program is implemented without dedicated staff or additional …: 58.2 / 56.6","quote":"No, our BTAM program is implemented without dedicated staff or additional funds for programs beyond what our school already had available. | 58.2 | 56.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.53 Does Your School or District Budget Include Dedicated Funding to Support Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.12732,0.49271,0.4003,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-10","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.53, No, we fund our activities in other ways (please describe):: 2.0 / 1.9","quote":"No, we fund our activities in other ways (please describe): | 2.0 | 1.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.53 Does Your School or District Budget Include Dedicated Funding to Support Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.12732,0.52707,0.6737,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-11","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.53, Yes, our program has dedicated funding in the school or district budget: 21.8 / 22.8","quote":"Yes, our program has dedicated funding in the school or district budget | 21.8 | 22.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.53 Does Your School or District Budget Include Dedicated Funding to Support Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.12732,0.54943,0.67764,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-12","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.53, Don’t know: 17.9 / 18.7","quote":"Don’t know | 17.9 | 18.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.53 Does Your School or District Budget Include Dedicated Funding to Support Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.12732,0.57179,0.67722,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-13","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.53 N: 1,603; 1,376","quote":"N | 1,603 | 1,376","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.53 Does Your School or District Budget Include Dedicated Funding to Support Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.12732,0.59411,0.68079,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-14","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.53 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.53 Does Your School or District Budget Include Dedicated Funding to Support Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":138,"rects":[[0.16363,0.61416,0.2975,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-15","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.53 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["funding","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.53 Does Your School or District Budget Include Dedicated Funding to Support Your BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":138,"rects":[[0.4675,0.61416,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12732,0.6249,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-16","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.54, N/A; Our team members do not receive BTAM-specific training: 16.1 / 12.6","quote":"N/A; Our team members do not receive BTAM-specific training | 16.1 | 12.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.54 How Often Do the Members of Your BTAM Team Receive Training and/or Professional Development Related to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.1294,0.77137,0.67308,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-17","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.54, Once at the beginning of their tenure on the team: 14.8 / 16.3","quote":"Once at the beginning of their tenure on the team | 14.8 | 16.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.54 How Often Do the Members of Your BTAM Team Receive Training and/or Professional Development Related to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.1294,0.79373,0.67335,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-18","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.54, Once per school year: 34.2 / 35.7","quote":"Once per school year | 34.2 | 35.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.54 How Often Do the Members of Your BTAM Team Receive Training and/or Professional Development Related to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.1294,0.8161,0.67337,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-19","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.54, At least twice per school year: 11.6 / 12.2","quote":"At least twice per school year | 11.6 | 12.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.54 How Often Do the Members of Your BTAM Team Receive Training and/or Professional Development Related to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.1294,0.83846,0.67326,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-20","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.54, On an as-needed basis: 23.3 / 23.3","quote":"On an as-needed basis | 23.3 | 23.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.54 How Often Do the Members of Your BTAM Team Receive Training and/or Professional Development Related to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.52-A.54 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_52_54_columns_1603_1376","base_page":138,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.1294,0.86082,0.67358,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-21","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.54 N: 1,603; 1,376","quote":"N | 1,603 | 1,376","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.54 How Often Do the Members of Your BTAM Team Receive Training and/or Professional Development Related to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":138,"rects":[[0.12732,0.59411,0.68079,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-22","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.54 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.54 How Often Do the Members of Your BTAM Team Receive Training and/or Professional Development Related to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":138,"rects":[[0.16363,0.61416,0.2975,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p138-23","page":138,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.54 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.54 How Often Do the Members of Your BTAM Team Receive Training and/or Professional Development Related to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":138,"rects":[[0.4675,0.61416,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12732,0.6249,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 138). Claim p138-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p138-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p138-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-01","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.55, No, very unlikely: 25.9 / 28.2","quote":"No, very unlikely | 25.9 | 28.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.55 Would a Leadership Change at Your School (e.g., Were You to Vacate Your Position) Result in Changes to Your School’s Use of or Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12867,0.20597,0.67512,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-02","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.55, No, unlikely: 32.5 / 34.4","quote":"No, unlikely | 32.5 | 34.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.55 Would a Leadership Change at Your School (e.g., Were You to Vacate Your Position) Result in Changes to Your School’s Use of or Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12867,0.22833,0.67502,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-03","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.55, Unsure; maybe or maybe not: 28.9 / 26.1","quote":"Unsure; maybe or maybe not | 28.9 | 26.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.55 Would a Leadership Change at Your School (e.g., Were You to Vacate Your Position) Result in Changes to Your School’s Use of or Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12867,0.25069,0.67443,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-04","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.55, Yes, likely: 9.0 / 8.1","quote":"Yes, likely | 9.0 | 8.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.55 Would a Leadership Change at Your School (e.g., Were You to Vacate Your Position) Result in Changes to Your School’s Use of or Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12867,0.27306,0.67081,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-05","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.55, Yes, very likely: 3.7 / 3.1","quote":"Yes, very likely | 3.7 | 3.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.55 Would a Leadership Change at Your School (e.g., Were You to Vacate Your Position) Result in Changes to Your School’s Use of or Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12867,0.29542,0.67079,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-06","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.55 N: 1,603; 1,376","quote":"N | 1,603 | 1,376","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.55 Would a Leadership Change at Your School (e.g., Were You to Vacate Your Position) Result in Changes to Your School’s Use of or Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12867,0.31773,0.6781,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-07","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.55 note: Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Columns may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.55 Would a Leadership Change at Your School (e.g., Were You to Vacate Your Position) Result in Changes to Your School’s Use of or Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":139,"rects":[[0.16497,0.33779,0.2975,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-08","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.55 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["leadership-turnover","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.55 Would a Leadership Change at Your School (e.g., Were You to Vacate Your Position) Result in Changes to Your School’s Use of or Approach to BTAM?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":139,"rects":[[0.46884,0.33779,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12867,0.34852,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-09","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, N/A; we have not experienced any challenges when it comes to BTAM operatio…: 43.6 / 44.1","quote":"N/A; we have not experienced any challenges when it comes to BTAM operations | 43.6 | 44.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.49738,0.52165,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-10","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Concerns about BTAM effectiveness in reducing school violence: 9.2 / 9.0","quote":"Concerns about BTAM effectiveness in reducing school violence | 9.2 | 9.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.53174,0.67224,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-11","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Difficulty funding continued BTAM operation: 7.0 / 6.6","quote":"Difficulty funding continued BTAM operation | 7.0 | 6.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","funding"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.5541,0.67233,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-12","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Staff or district leaders concerned that BTAM is too complex: 9.2 / 9.5","quote":"Staff or district leaders concerned that BTAM is too complex | 9.2 | 9.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.57646,0.67231,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-13","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Difficulties adapting BTAM to local needs: 4.7 / 4.6","quote":"Difficulties adapting BTAM to local needs | 4.7 | 4.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.59883,0.67226,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-14","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Reduction in community support for the BTAM program: 2.2 / 2.2","quote":"Reduction in community support for the BTAM program | 2.2 | 2.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.62119,0.67237,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-15","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Reduction in school staff support for the BTAM program: 6.9 / 6.6","quote":"Reduction in school staff support for the BTAM program | 6.9 | 6.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.64356,0.67233,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-16","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Problems maintaining connections to outside service providers for interven…: 16.6 / 16.2","quote":"Problems maintaining connections to outside service providers for intervention | 16.6 | 16.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","service-provider-capacity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.66592,0.5213,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-17","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Service provider capacity limits for how many students each can serve: 21.2 / 21.0","quote":"Service provider capacity limits for how many students each can serve | 21.2 | 21.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","service-provider-capacity"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.70028,0.67547,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-18","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Parents unable to support individual intervention efforts (e.g., due to co…: 14.7 / 14.9","quote":"Parents unable to support individual intervention efforts (e.g., due to costs) | 14.7 | 14.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","parent-unwillingness"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.72264,0.52094,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-19","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Parents unwilling to implement or participate in recommended interventions: 30.2 / 29.8","quote":"Parents unwilling to implement or participate in recommended interventions | 30.2 | 29.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","parent-unwillingness"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.757,0.52181,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-20","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Staffing constraints make BTAM difficult to maintain: 17.9 / 16.4","quote":"Staffing constraints make BTAM difficult to maintain | 17.9 | 16.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","staffing-constraints"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.79136,0.67572,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-21","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Can’t get needed training for BTAM team members: 8.3 / 7.3","quote":"Can’t get needed training for BTAM team members | 8.3 | 7.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","training-frequency"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.81372,0.6717,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-22","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Problems getting data from outside organizations (e.g., law enforcement, med…: 8.4 / 8.4","quote":"Problems getting data from outside organizations (e.g., law enforcement, medical providers) | 8.4 | 8.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","outside-data-sources"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.83608,0.51792,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-23","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56, Other (please specify):: 2.9 / 2.9","quote":"Other (please specify): | 2.9 | 2.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Tables A.55-A.56 columns: official+other school-based teams (1,603); official teams only (1,376)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1603 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1603,1376],"base":"table_a_55_56_columns_1603_1376","base_page":139,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12818,0.87044,0.67223,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-24","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56 N: 1,603; 1,376","quote":"N | 1,603 | 1,376","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":139,"rects":[[0.12867,0.31773,0.6781,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-25","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":139,"rects":[[0.16448,0.91281,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p139-26","page":139,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.56 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["current-challenges","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.56 Is Your School Experiencing or Has It Experienced Any of the Following Challenges When It Comes to Operating Its BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":139,"rects":[[0.46884,0.33779,0.38181,0.01044],[0.12867,0.34852,0.40925,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 139). Claim p139-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p139-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p139-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-01","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We conduct after-action reviews of individual cases: 46.4 / 48.1 (weighted pct)","quote":"We conduct after-action reviews of individual cases | 46.4 | 48.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.18955,0.67747,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-02","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We validate that specific intervention options are bein…: 36.4 / 36.2 (weighted pct)","quote":"We validate that specific intervention options are being delivered as designed, by appropriately trained staff, and for the recommended amount of time. | 36.4 | 36.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.22391,0.40033,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-03","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We collect and analyze data about how specific interven…: 39.7 / 39.9 (weighted pct)","quote":"We collect and analyze data about how specific intervention options are influencing student-level outcomes | 39.7 | 39.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.25827,0.52334,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-04","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We periodically assess and revise the menu of intervent…: 29.2 / 29.9 (weighted pct)","quote":"We periodically assess and revise the menu of interventions available to the BTAM team | 29.2 | 29.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.29263,0.52364,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-05","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We collect and analyze data on student outcomes across…: 27.3 / 28.0 (weighted pct)","quote":"We collect and analyze data on student outcomes across all students served by the program to monitor the overall effectiveness of our BTAM efforts | 27.3 | 28.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.33898,0.42857,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-06","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We collect and analyze data on student outcomes for dif…: 16.3 / 16.7 (weighted pct)","quote":"We collect and analyze data on student outcomes for different student populations (e.g., special education students, neurodiverse students, racial/ethnic minority students, gender and sexual minority students, socioeconomically disadvantaged students) to assess the fairness of our BTAM efforts | 16.3 | 16.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.39733,0.41191,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-07","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We collect feedback from students and/or parents/guardi…: 18.5 / 18.7 (weighted pct)","quote":"We collect feedback from students and/or parents/guardians of students once their BTAM intervention is complete | 18.5 | 18.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.44368,0.52333,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-08","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We collect feedback from students, parents/guardians, a…: 18.6 / 19.2 (weighted pct)","quote":"We collect feedback from students, parents/guardians, and/or staff who were the targets or victims of threatening behavior | 18.6 | 19.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.47804,0.52324,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-09","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We collect feedback from school staff who have been dir…: 32.2 / 31.8 (weighted pct)","quote":"We collect feedback from school staff who have been directly involved in implementing BTAM interventions | 32.2 | 31.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.5124,0.5236,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-10","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We carry out training and outreach for the school staff…: 21.9 / 22.8 (weighted pct)","quote":"We carry out training and outreach for the school staff and students to maintain knowledge of BTAM and how to refer individuals of concern | 21.9 | 22.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.54676,0.52306,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-11","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"None of these processes are part of how our BTAM progra…: 14.5 / 13.5 (weighted pct)","quote":"None of these processes are part of how our BTAM program operates | 14.5 | 13.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"Table A.57 columns: Official BTAM teams and other school-based teams | Official BTAM teams only","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1602 | 1376 by column)","N_basis":"page","Ns":[1602,1376],"base":"table_a_57_columns_1602_1376","base_page":140,"n_basis":"columns","n_note":null},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.58112,0.67771,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-12","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"N: 1,602 (all teams), 1,376 (official BTAM teams only)","quote":"N | 1,602 | 1,376","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.60343,0.68104,0.01183]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-13","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.57 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"NOTE: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":140,"rects":[[0.1272,0.62349,0.29808,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p140-14","page":140,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.57 note: Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM tea…","quote":"Only respondents who said their school has a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["continuous-improvement","monitoring"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.57 Which of the Following Processes Are Part of How Your BTAM Program Operates?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":140,"rects":[[0.43112,0.62349,0.42628,0.01044],[0.1272,0.63422,0.36477,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 140). Claim p140-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p140-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p140-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-01","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"The outside BTAM team we work with only becomes involved in a case when we seek…: 54.8 (weighted pc…","quote":"The outside BTAM team we work with only becomes involved in a case when we seek out their assistance | 54.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.58 How Does Your School/School District’s Engagement with the Outside BTAM Team Begin?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Tables A.58-A.60 notes give n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.19335,0.68588,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-02","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We work with our outside BTAM team when we seek out their help AND when they ap…: 32.9 (weighted pc…","quote":"We work with our outside BTAM team when we seek out their help AND when they approach us with information referred to them | 32.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.58 How Does Your School/School District’s Engagement with the Outside BTAM Team Begin?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Tables A.58-A.60 notes give n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.22771,0.68585,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-03","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"The only times we work with our outside BTAM team is when they approach us abou…: 8.2 (weighted pct)","quote":"The only times we work with our outside BTAM team is when they approach us about a threat or tip reported to them | 8.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.58 How Does Your School/School District’s Engagement with the Outside BTAM Team Begin?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Tables A.58-A.60 notes give n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.26207,0.68611,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-04","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Don’t know: 4.1 (weighted pct)","quote":"Don’t know | 4.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.58 How Does Your School/School District’s Engagement with the Outside BTAM Team Begin?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Tables A.58-A.60 notes give n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.29643,0.68466,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-05","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.58 note: n = 122.","quote":"NOTE: n = 122.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.58 How Does Your School/School District’s Engagement with the Outside BTAM Team Begin?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.31643,0.07422,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-06","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.58 note: Only respondents who said their school is served by a BTAM team external to the…","quote":"Only respondents who said their school is served by a BTAM team external to the school or district and that they were somewhat or extremely familiar with the operation and processes of this outside team saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.58 How Does Your School/School District’s Engagement with the Outside BTAM Team Begin?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":141,"rects":[[0.20901,0.31643,0.64959,0.01044],[0.12868,0.32717,0.46679,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-07","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Very rarely: 23.6 (weighted pct)","quote":"Very rarely | 23.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.59 When a BTAM Team Outside Your School or School District Is Involved in a Case, How Often Is Law Enforcement Intervention Part of the Response? 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Claim p141-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-08","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Rarely: 23.2 (weighted pct)","quote":"Rarely | 23.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.59 When a BTAM Team Outside Your School or School District Is Involved in a Case, How Often Is Law Enforcement Intervention Part of the Response? 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Claim p141-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-09","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Sometimes: 31.9 (weighted pct)","quote":"Sometimes | 31.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.59 When a BTAM Team Outside Your School or School District Is Involved in a Case, How Often Is Law Enforcement Intervention Part of the Response? 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Claim p141-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-10","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Frequently: 17.9 (weighted pct)","quote":"Frequently | 17.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.59 When a BTAM Team Outside Your School or School District Is Involved in a Case, How Often Is Law Enforcement Intervention Part of the Response? 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Claim p141-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-11","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Very frequently: 3.4 (weighted pct)","quote":"Very frequently | 3.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.59 When a BTAM Team Outside Your School or School District Is Involved in a Case, How Often Is Law Enforcement Intervention Part of the Response? (Law Enforcement Interventions Can Include Arrest, Police- or Court-Managed Diversion in Lieu of Arrest, or Prosecution)","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Tables A.58-A.60 notes give n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.53998,0.67131,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). 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Claim p141-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-12","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.59 note: n = 122.","quote":"NOTE: n = 122.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.59 When a BTAM Team Outside Your School or School District Is Involved in a Case, How Often Is Law Enforcement Intervention Part of the Response? 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-13","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.59 note: Only respondents who said their school is served by a BTAM team external to the…","quote":"Only respondents who said their school is served by a BTAM team external to the school or district and that they were somewhat or extremely familiar with the operation and processes of this outside team saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","law-enforcement"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.59 When a BTAM Team Outside Your School or School District Is Involved in a Case, How Often Is Law Enforcement Intervention Part of the Response? 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-14","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Outside BTAM teams have access to more or different information than our school…: 38.4 (weighted pc…","quote":"Outside BTAM teams have access to more or different information than our school or district does, including ready access to law enforcement data and other sources | 38.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.60 Which of the Following Statements Do You Agree with Based on Your Experience Working with an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Tables A.58-A.60 notes give n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.6783,0.67506,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-15","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Outside teams have access to a broader variety of service providers or provider…: 54.2 (weighted pc…","quote":"Outside teams have access to a broader variety of service providers or providers with greater capacity to deliver intervention programming than we do at the school- or district-level | 54.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.60 Which of the Following Statements Do You Agree with Based on Your Experience Working with an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Tables A.58-A.60 notes give n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.71266,0.67519,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-16","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Outside teams don’t know as much about school environments and/or youth populat…: 25.2 (weighted pc…","quote":"Outside teams don’t know as much about school environments and/or youth populations, which can be problematic when it comes to assessing the level of threat posed by student behavior | 25.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.60 Which of the Following Statements Do You Agree with Based on Your Experience Working with an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Tables A.58-A.60 notes give n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.74702,0.67505,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-17","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Outside teams don’t know as much about the community context of my school, whic…: 19.9 (weighted pc…","quote":"Outside teams don’t know as much about the community context of my school, which can be problematic in responding to student behavior in a practical way | 19.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.60 Which of the Following Statements Do You Agree with Based on Your Experience Working with an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":122,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 122)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_122","base_page":141,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Tables A.58-A.60 notes give n = 122"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.78137,0.67467,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-18","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.60 note: n = 122.","quote":"NOTE: n = 122.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.60 Which of the Following Statements Do You Agree with Based on Your Experience Working with an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":141,"rects":[[0.12868,0.31643,0.07422,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-19","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.60 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.60 Which of the Following Statements Do You Agree with Based on Your Experience Working with an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":141,"rects":[[0.20901,0.81338,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p141-20","page":141,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.60 note: Only respondents who said their school is served by a BTAM team external to the…","quote":"Only respondents who said their school is served by a BTAM team external to the school or district and that they were somewhat or extremely familiar with the operation and processes of this outside team saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.60 Which of the Following Statements Do You Agree with Based on Your Experience Working with an Outside BTAM Team?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":141,"rects":[[0.20901,0.31643,0.64959,0.01044],[0.12868,0.32717,0.46679,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 141). Claim p141-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p141-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p141-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-01","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We had a BTAM team previously, but it was discontinued.: 0.0 (weighted pct)","quote":"We had a BTAM team previously, but it was discontinued. | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.61 Which of the Following Best Describes Your School or District’s Situation with Respect to a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47","base_page":142,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.61 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12745,0.20608,0.67423,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-02","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We have considered starting a BTAM team but have not done so: 12.4 (weighted pct)","quote":"We have considered starting a BTAM team but have not done so | 12.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.61 Which of the Following Best Describes Your School or District’s Situation with Respect to a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47","base_page":142,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.61 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12745,0.22844,0.67747,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-03","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"We have not considered starting a BTAM team: 66.0 (weighted pct)","quote":"We have not considered starting a BTAM team | 66.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.61 Which of the Following Best Describes Your School or District’s Situation with Respect to a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47","base_page":142,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.61 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12745,0.2508,0.67806,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-04","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Don’t know: 21.5 (weighted pct)","quote":"Don’t know | 21.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.61 Which of the Following Best Describes Your School or District’s Situation with Respect to a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47","base_page":142,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.61 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12745,0.27317,0.67748,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-05","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.61 note: n = 47.","quote":"NOTE: n = 47.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.61 Which of the Following Best Describes Your School or District’s Situation with Respect to a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":142,"rects":[[0.12745,0.29317,0.06794,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-06","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.61 note: Column does not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","quote":"Column does not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.61 Which of the Following Best Describes Your School or District’s Situation with Respect to a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"rounding note (100 percent total), not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":142,"rects":[[0.20049,0.29317,0.29589,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-07","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.61 note: Only respondents who said their school does not have a school- or district-leve…","quote":"Only respondents who said their school does not have a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.61 Which of the Following Best Describes Your School or District’s Situation with Respect to a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":142,"rects":[[0.50275,0.29317,0.33809,0.01044],[0.12745,0.30391,0.50621,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-08","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"None of these reasons were important: X (weighted pct)","quote":"None of these reasons were important | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.41204,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-09","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Concerns about BTAM effectiveness in reducing school violence: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Concerns about BTAM effectiveness in reducing school violence | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.4344,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-10","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.62: Funding constraints: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Funding constraints | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.45677,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-11","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Staff or district leader concerns about BTAM being too complex: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Staff or district leader concerns about BTAM being too complex | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.47913,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-12","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Difficulties adapting BTAM to our local needs: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Difficulties adapting BTAM to our local needs | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.50149,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-13","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Our local community did not support our use of BTAM: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Our local community did not support our use of BTAM | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.52386,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-14","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Problems maintaining connections to outside service providers for intervention: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Problems maintaining connections to outside service providers for intervention | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.54622,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-15","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Service provider capacity limits for how many students they could serve: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Service provider capacity limits for how many students they could serve | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.56858,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-16","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Parents unable to support individual intervention efforts (e.g., due to costs): X (weighted pct)","quote":"Parents unable to support individual intervention efforts (e.g., due to costs) | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.59095,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-17","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Parents unwilling to implement or participate in recommended interventions: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Parents unwilling to implement or participate in recommended interventions | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.61331,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-18","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Staffing constraints making BTAM difficult to maintain: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Staffing constraints making BTAM difficult to maintain | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.63567,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-19","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Reduction in school staff support for the program: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Reduction in school staff support for the program | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.65804,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-20","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Couldn’t get needed training for BTAM team members: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Couldn’t get needed training for BTAM team members | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.6804,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-21","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Problems getting data from outside organizations (e.g., law enforcement, medica…: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Problems getting data from outside organizations (e.g., law enforcement, medical providers) | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.70276,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-22","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.62: Other (please specify):: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Other (please specify): | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.72513,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-23","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"I don’t know why we discontinued the program: X (weighted pct)","quote":"I don’t know why we discontinued the program | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.74749,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-24","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.62 note: n = 0.","quote":"NOTE: n = 0.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":142,"rects":[[0.12868,0.7675,0.06203,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-25","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.62 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":142,"rects":[[0.19703,0.7675,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-26","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.62 note: Only respondents who said their school did have a school- or district-level BTA…","quote":"Only respondents who said their school did have a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) and that this was discontinued would have seen this question, but none did.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":142,"rects":[[0.46465,0.7675,0.37267,0.01044],[0.12868,0.77823,0.71585,0.01044],[0.12868,0.78896,0.01566,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-26","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-26","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-26, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-26","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-26, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-26\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-26</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-26","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p142-27","page":142,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.62 note: X = Response suppressed because of the small sample size.","quote":"X = Response suppressed because of the small sample size.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons","btam-adoption-prevalence"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.62 Select the Reasons That You Believe Were Important in Your School or District’s Decision to Discontinue Your BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":142,"rects":[[0.1507,0.78896,0.30367,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-27","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-27","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-27, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-27","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 142). Claim p142-27, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-27\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p142-27</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p142-27","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-01","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"I don’t know why we haven’t implemented a BTAM program: X (weighted pct)","quote":"I don’t know why we haven’t implemented a BTAM program | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.12868,0.16583,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-02","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Our school safety concerns don’t justify implementing BTAM: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Our school safety concerns don’t justify implementing BTAM | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.12868,0.18819,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-03","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.63: Funding constraints: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Funding constraints | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.12868,0.21055,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-04","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Staffing constraints: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Staffing constraints | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.12868,0.23292,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-05","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"BTAM is not mandated in our state: X (weighted pct)","quote":"BTAM is not mandated in our state | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.12868,0.25528,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-06","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"BTAM would not be accepted by our local community: X (weighted pct)","quote":"BTAM would not be accepted by our local community | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.12868,0.27764,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-07","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"BTAM would not work well in our school culture: X (weighted pct)","quote":"BTAM would not work well in our school culture | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.12868,0.30001,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-08","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Our school staff would not support BTAM: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Our school staff would not support BTAM | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.12868,0.32237,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-09","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.63: Other (please specify):: X (weighted pct)","quote":"Other (please specify): | X","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.12868,0.34473,0.66617,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-10","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.63 note: n = 6.","quote":"NOTE: n = 6.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":143,"rects":[[0.12868,0.36474,0.06203,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-11","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.63 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":143,"rects":[[0.19713,0.36474,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-12","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.63 note: Only respondents who said their school does not have a school- or district-leve…","quote":"Only respondents who said their school does not have a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) but that their school has considered starting one but has not yet done so saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":143,"rects":[[0.46474,0.36474,0.33809,0.01044],[0.12868,0.37547,0.72382,0.01044],[0.12868,0.38621,0.14997,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-13","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.63 note: X = Response suppressed because of the small sample size.","quote":"X = Response suppressed because of the small sample size.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.63 Select the Reasons That You Believe Inform Your School or District’s Decision to Not Implement a BTAM Program.","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":143,"rects":[[0.28502,0.38621,0.30367,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-14","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"I don’t know why we haven’t pursued implementing a BTAM program: 57.8 (weighted pct)","quote":"I don’t know why we haven’t pursued implementing a BTAM program | 57.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":32,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 32)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_32","base_page":143,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.64 note gives n = 32"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.1288,0.4835,0.68563,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-15","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Our school safety concerns don’t justify implementing BTAM: 5.9 (weighted pct)","quote":"Our school safety concerns don’t justify implementing BTAM | 5.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":32,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 32)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_32","base_page":143,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.64 note gives n = 32"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.1288,0.50587,0.68559,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-16","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Funding constraints: 20.8 (weighted pct)","quote":"Funding constraints | 20.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":32,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 32)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_32","base_page":143,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.64 note gives n = 32"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.1288,0.52823,0.68563,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-17","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Staffing constraints: 30.9 (weighted pct)","quote":"Staffing constraints | 30.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":32,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 32)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_32","base_page":143,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.64 note gives n = 32"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.1288,0.55059,0.6856,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-18","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"BTAM is not mandated in our state: 16.9 (weighted pct)","quote":"BTAM is not mandated in our state | 16.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":32,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 32)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_32","base_page":143,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.64 note gives n = 32"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.1288,0.57296,0.6856,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-19","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"BTAM would not be accepted by our local community: 1.8 (weighted pct)","quote":"BTAM would not be accepted by our local community | 1.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":32,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 32)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_32","base_page":143,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.64 note gives n = 32"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.1288,0.59532,0.68563,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-20","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"BTAM would not work well in our school culture: 0.0 (weighted pct)","quote":"BTAM would not work well in our school culture | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":32,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 32)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_32","base_page":143,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.64 note gives n = 32"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.1288,0.61768,0.68552,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-21","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Our school staff would not support BTAM: 0.0 (weighted pct)","quote":"Our school staff would not support BTAM | 0.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":32,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 32)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_32","base_page":143,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.64 note gives n = 32"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.1288,0.64005,0.68552,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-22","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Other (please specify): 5.0 (weighted pct)","quote":"Other (please specify) | 5.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":32,"label":"Appendix A table base (respondents answering the table question; see note for tables)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 32)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_32","base_page":143,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.64 note gives n = 32"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":143,"rects":[[0.1288,0.66241,0.68552,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-22","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-22","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-22, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-22","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-22, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-22\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-22</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-22","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-23","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.64 note: n = 32.","quote":"NOTE: n = 32.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":143,"rects":[[0.1288,0.68242,0.06843,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-23","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-23","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-23, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-23","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-23, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-23\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-23</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-23","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-24","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.64 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":143,"rects":[[0.19713,0.36474,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-24","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-24","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-24, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-24","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-24, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-24\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-24</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-24","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p143-25","page":143,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.64 note: Only respondents who said their school does not have a school- or district-leve…","quote":"Only respondents who said their school does not have a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) and has not considered starting one saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.64 Why Do You Think That Your School or District Hasn’t Pursued a BTAM Program?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":143,"rects":[[0.47097,0.68242,0.33809,0.01044],[0.1288,0.69315,0.69218,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-25","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-25","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-25, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-25","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 143). Claim p143-25, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-25\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p143-25</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p143-25","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-01","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"If we had a violent incident in our school or district and BTAM implementation…: 52.1 (weighted pct)","quote":"If we had a violent incident in our school or district and BTAM implementation became part of our response | 52.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Principals at schools with no school- or district-level BTAM team (or equivalent), Table A.65, n = 47","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47_p144","base_page":144,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.65 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":144,"rects":[[0.12868,0.16466,0.68466,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-02","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"If state or local law changed and required us to implement: 60.1 (weighted pct)","quote":"If state or local law changed and required us to implement | 60.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Principals at schools with no school- or district-level BTAM team (or equivalent), Table A.65, n = 47","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47_p144","base_page":144,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.65 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":144,"rects":[[0.12868,0.19902,0.68466,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-03","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"If school district policy changed and required our school to implement: 58.5 (weighted pct)","quote":"If school district policy changed and required our school to implement | 58.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Principals at schools with no school- or district-level BTAM team (or equivalent), Table A.65, n = 47","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47_p144","base_page":144,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.65 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":144,"rects":[[0.12868,0.22138,0.6859,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-04","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"If concerns about liability for school violence were to increase: 36.3 (weighted pct)","quote":"If concerns about liability for school violence were to increase | 36.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Principals at schools with no school- or district-level BTAM team (or equivalent), Table A.65, n = 47","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47_p144","base_page":144,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.65 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":144,"rects":[[0.12868,0.24375,0.68591,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-05","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"If our community wanted us to adopt a BTAM program: 40.3 (weighted pct)","quote":"If our community wanted us to adopt a BTAM program | 40.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Principals at schools with no school- or district-level BTAM team (or equivalent), Table A.65, n = 47","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47_p144","base_page":144,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.65 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":144,"rects":[[0.12868,0.26611,0.68592,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-06","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"If other organizations we depend on (e.g., our local law enforcement department…: 34.1 (weighted pc…","quote":"If other organizations we depend on (e.g., our local law enforcement department) encouraged us to adopt a BTAM program | 34.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Principals at schools with no school- or district-level BTAM team (or equivalent), Table A.65, n = 47","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47_p144","base_page":144,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.65 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":144,"rects":[[0.12868,0.28848,0.68466,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-07","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Other (please specify): 3.7 (weighted pct)","quote":"Other (please specify) | 3.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Principals at schools with no school- or district-level BTAM team (or equivalent), Table A.65, n = 47","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47_p144","base_page":144,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.65 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":144,"rects":[[0.12868,0.32283,0.68539,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-08","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"I do not think any factors would prompt my school or district to implement a BT…: 12.9 (weighted pc…","quote":"I do not think any factors would prompt my school or district to implement a BTAM team | 12.9","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":47,"label":"Principals at schools with no school- or district-level BTAM team (or equivalent), Table A.65, n = 47","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 47)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"appendix_a_n_47_p144","base_page":144,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table A.65 note gives n = 47"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":144,"rects":[[0.12868,0.3452,0.68584,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-09","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.65 note: n = 47.","quote":"NOTE: n = 47.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":144,"rects":[[0.12868,0.3652,0.06794,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-10","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.65 note: Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","quote":"Respondents were instructed to select all that apply.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":144,"rects":[[0.20171,0.3652,0.26178,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p144-11","page":144,"section":"appendix-a-survey-frequencies","type":"fact","title":"Table A.65 note: Only respondents who said their school does not have a school- or district-leve…","quote":"Only respondents who said their school does not have a school- or district-level BTAM team (or an alternative team that performs BTAM-like functions) saw this question.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["adoption-reasons"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: TABLE A.65 Is There Anything You Think Would Prompt Your School or District to Implement a BTAM Team in the Future?","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":144,"rects":[[0.46933,0.3652,0.33809,0.01044],[0.12868,0.37594,0.50621,0.01044]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 144). Claim p144-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p144-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-a-survey-frequencies#p144-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-01","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Appendix B describes survey of nationally representative K-12 principals via ASLP","quote":"In this appendix, we describe our methods for administering a survey to a nationally representative sample of K–12 public school principals via RAND’s American School Leader Panel (ASLP) and for analyzing the results of that survey.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.12745,0.28234,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.30002,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.3177,0.14604,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-02","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Methodology consistent across ASLP surveys; methods updated from Jackson et al., 2023","quote":"As our methodology for collecting and analyzing survey data remains relatively consistent across ASLP surveys, the description of our methods below is updated from a previous publication analyzing results from another ASLP survey focused on school safety (Jackson et al., 2023).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Intro","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.28099,0.3177,0.59156,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33537,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35305,0.61904,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-03","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"The ASLP is a panel of K–12 public school principals","quote":"The ASLP is a panel of K–12 public school principals.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About the ASLP","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.12745,0.43638,0.3611,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-04","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"ASLP designed for national estimates and subgroup estimates by respondent and school characteristics","quote":"It was designed to produce national estimates from the perspective of public school principals, as well as subgroup estimates by respondent and school characteristics.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About the ASLP","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.49631,0.43638,0.37636,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45406,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47174,0.02384,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-05","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Principals are recruited into the ASLP using probability-based sampling methods","quote":"Principals are recruited into the ASLP using probability-based sampling methods.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About the ASLP","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.15944,0.47174,0.56431,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-06","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"ASLP sampling frame is a list of U.S. public school principals purchased from MDR","quote":"The sampling frame for the ASLP is a list of U.S. public school principals purchased from Market Data Retrieval (MDR), a market-research firm specializing in education.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About the ASLP","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.7319,0.47174,0.14065,0.01788],[0.12745,0.48941,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50709,0.26899,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-07","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"The ASLP currently includes about 8,000 principals","quote":"The ASLP currently includes about 8,000 principals.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About the ASLP","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.40422,0.50709,0.35685,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-08","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Panelists agreed to participate in surveys several times per year and receive incentives","quote":"Principals who have joined the panel have agreed to participate in surveys several times per year and receive incentives for completing surveys.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About the ASLP","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.76891,0.50709,0.10359,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52477,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54244,0.13456,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-09","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Panelists are invited to specific ASLP surveys using probability-based sampling","quote":"After being recruited into the ASLP, panelists are then invited to participate in specific ASLP surveys using probability-based sampling methods.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: About the ASLP","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.27029,0.54244,0.60228,0.01788],[0.12745,0.56012,0.39445,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-10","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Survey items designed in-house by RAND researchers, shaped by prior work on school safety","quote":"Survey items were designed in-house by RAND researchers and shaped by prior work on school safety and security.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Questionnaire 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.12745,0.64345,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66113,0.05547,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-11","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Sponsor gave feedback; RAND kept editorial control and handled IRB review","quote":"Although the survey sponsor provided feedback on survey items, RAND researchers maintained editorial control and were responsible for institutional review board review and approval of the final survey.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Questionnaire 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.19108,0.66113,0.68144,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67881,0.74206,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-12","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Survey designed for principals in schools with and without BTAM teams, with different pathways","quote":"The survey was intentionally designed to gather information from both principals in schools with and without BTAM teams. More specifically, the survey was designed to allow respondents to progress through different pathways depending on their specific school context, as shown in Figure B.1.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Questionnaire 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.15033,0.69648,0.7222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.71416,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.73184,0.60969,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-13","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Respondents were sorted onto pathways by initial screener items","quote":"Respondents were sorted onto one of the pathways depending on their responses to some initial screener items.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Questionnaire 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.7462,0.73184,0.12639,0.01788],[0.12745,0.74951,0.66524,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-14","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Main (longer) pathway for schools with BTAM teams, anticipated 20 minutes","quote":"The main (longer) pathway was designed to collect detailed information from respondents in schools with BTAM teams. It was anticipated that this pathway would take respondents 20 minutes to complete.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Questionnaire 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.80291,0.74951,0.06971,0.01788],[0.12745,0.76719,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.78487,0.63008,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p146-15","page":146,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Schools without BTAM teams (or only an external team) got a shorter survey, at most 15 minutes","quote":"Respondents in schools that did not have BTAM teams (or had only an external team) progressed through a shorter survey, designed to take at the most 15 minutes to complete. These participants received more scenarios about discipline incidents at their schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Questionnaire 2","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":146,"rects":[[0.76569,0.78487,0.10689,0.01788],[0.12745,0.80254,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.82022,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.8379,0.21053,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 146). Claim p146-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p146-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p146-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p147-01","page":147,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Module 1: Introduction, screening: official BTAM team or school-based BTAM-like team? 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Claim p147-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 147). Claim p147-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p147-02","page":147,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Module 2: Scenarios (n = 3 / n = 5 / n = 5) leads to Module 3; Module 8 or 7; Module 7 or END","quote":"2 | Scenarios (n = 3 / n = 5 / n = 5) | Module 3; Module 8 or Module 7; Module 7 or END","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.1. 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Claim p147-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p147-03","page":147,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Module 3: Inside BTAM; Module 4 if involved in initial implementation, else Module 5","quote":"3 | Inside BTAM | Module 4 if involved in initial implementation (Yes), else Module 5 (No)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-team","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.1. 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Claim p147-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p147-04","page":147,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Module 4: BTAM Implementation leads to Module 5","quote":"4 | BTAM Implementation | Module 5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.1. 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Claim p147-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p147-05","page":147,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Module 5: BTAM Operations leads to Module 6","quote":"5 | BTAM Operations | Module 6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.1. 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Claim p147-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p147-06","page":147,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Module 6: BTAM Sustainability; END if Outside BTAM = no; Module 7 if yes","quote":"6 | BTAM Sustainability | END if “Outside BTAM” = no; Module 7 if “Outside BTAM” = yes","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.1. 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Claim p147-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p147-07","page":147,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Module 7: Outside BTAM Teams leads to END","quote":"7 | Outside BTAM Teams | END","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["external-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.1. Modules Contained Within the Survey Instrument","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":147,"rects":[[0.12783,0.65762,0.40383,0.01705]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 147). Claim p147-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 147). Claim p147-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p147-08","page":147,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Module 8: No BTAM leads to END","quote":"8 | No BTAM | END","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.1. Modules Contained Within the Survey Instrument","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":147,"rects":[[0.49048,0.94487,0.01903,0.01037]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 147). Claim p147-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 147). Claim p147-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p147-09","page":147,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"In Module 2 respondents received scenarios describing a behavioral incident at school","quote":"In the second module of the survey, respondents received scenarios that described a behavioral incident that might occur at school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Scenario Module","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":147,"rects":[[0.12745,0.83999,0.74509,0.01788],[0.12745,0.85766,0.14944,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 147). Claim p147-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 147). Claim p147-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p147-10","page":147,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Respondents read the scenario and were asked questions about how their school would respond","quote":"Respondents were asked to read the scenario and then were asked the following questions about how their school would respond to such an incident:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Scenario Module","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":147,"rects":[[0.28475,0.85766,0.5878,0.01788],[0.12745,0.87534,0.4381,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 147). Claim p147-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 147). Claim p147-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p147-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p147-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-01","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scenario question 1: who is most likely to make the initial decision about responding","quote":"Which person or group is most likely to make the initial decision about how to respond to this student’s behavior?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Scenario questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.17974,0.08744,0.69281,0.01788],[0.17974,0.10511,0.10446,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-02","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scenario question 2: what actions would this person or group likely take or recommend","quote":"Below is a list containing a wide variety of options schools can use to respond to concerning student behaviors, depending on their seriousness. Most incidents would involve only a subset of these options. What action(s) would this person or group at your school likely take or recommend in response to this student’s behavior?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Scenario questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.17974,0.12279,0.69281,0.01788],[0.17974,0.14047,0.69278,0.01788],[0.17974,0.15814,0.69271,0.01788],[0.17974,0.17582,0.23799,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-03","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scenario question 3: would the BTAM team(s) serving your school be made aware","quote":"Would the BTAM team(s) serving your school be made aware of this student’s behavior?","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["referral-and-reporting","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Scenario questions list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.17974,0.1935,0.60215,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-04","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Follow-up questions were tailored to the school's situation","quote":"The follow-up questions were tailored depending on the school’s situation. For example, schools that reported not having a BTAM team did not receive the third question asking whether their BTAM team would be made aware of the incident.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Follow-up questions tailored","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.15033,0.22632,0.72218,0.01788],[0.12745,0.244,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.26168,0.21319,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-05","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Personnel shown as possible responders reflected only personnel respondents said they had","quote":"The personnel (e.g., nurses, social workers, school-based law enforcement) that respondents saw who might respond to an incident reflected only those personnel that respondents said they had at their school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Follow-up questions tailored","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.35003,0.26168,0.52262,0.01788],[0.12745,0.27935,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29703,0.16192,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-06","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Table B.1 lists the 16 scenarios; all were randomly assigned","quote":"Table B.1 lists the 16 scenarios used in the survey. All scenarios were randomly assigned.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Table B.1 scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.15033,0.31471,0.62445,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-07","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"BTAM-intensive pathway got three scenarios; shorter pathway got five","quote":"As shown in Figure B.1, the respondents on the BTAM-intensive survey pathway received three scenarios, while those on the shorter survey pathway received five scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Table B.1 scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.78417,0.31471,0.08846,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33239,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35006,0.34928,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-08","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Scenarios mixed severity (low, medium, high) and student populations affected","quote":"The scenarios were designed to include a mix of things, including severity of the incident (low, medium, or high) and student populations affected (e.g., special education student, general education student).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Table B.1 scenarios","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.48529,0.35006,0.38724,0.01788],[0.12745,0.36774,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38542,0.28449,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-09","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Low-severity scenarios: incidents in which BTAM teams likely should not be involved","quote":"Low-severity scenarios described incidents in which BTAM teams likely should not be involved (e.g., low-level discipline incidents, such as classroom misbehavior).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Severity levels","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.15033,0.40309,0.72216,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42077,0.42716,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-10","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"High-severity scenarios: BTAM teams definitely should be involved, e.g., direct threats","quote":"High-severity scenarios described incidents in which BTAM teams definitely should be involved, such as students making direct threats to themselves or others.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Severity levels","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.56813,0.42077,0.30446,0.01788],[0.12745,0.43845,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45612,0.06392,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-11","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Medium-severity scenarios: borderline cases with more school discretion over BTAM involvement","quote":"Medium-severity scenarios were designed to describe borderline cases, in which schools might have more discretion over whether BTAM teams can or should be involved.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Severity levels","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.20106,0.45612,0.67153,0.01788],[0.12745,0.4738,0.53219,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-12","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"All respondents got one low and one high scenario; most got one medium, some three","quote":"All respondents received one low-severity scenario and one high-severity scenario. Most respondents then received one medium-severity scenario, although some respondents received three.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Severity levels","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.66911,0.4738,0.20356,0.01788],[0.12745,0.49148,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.50915,0.36599,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-13","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Respondents saw scenarios and follow-up questions in random order","quote":"Respondents saw their scenarios (and the associated follow-up questions) in a random order.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Severity levels","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.5031,0.50915,0.36952,0.01788],[0.12745,0.52683,0.27124,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-14","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Scenarios were scaled to the grade level of students the school serves","quote":"The scenarios were scaled to the grade level of students in the schools that principals reported serving.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Grade-level scaling","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.15033,0.54451,0.71822,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-15","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Principals categorized into grade levels from reported grades served that school year","quote":"Principals were first categorized into school grade levels based on their reports of the grade levels of students their schools served in that school year.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Grade-level scaling","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.12745,0.56218,0.74522,0.01788],[0.12745,0.57986,0.27658,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-16","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Middle grades: school contained grades 7 or 8","quote":"Principals were categorized as primarily serving middle grades if their school contained grades 7 or 8.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Grade-level scaling","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.41257,0.57986,0.46004,0.01788],[0.12745,0.59754,0.25828,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-17","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Elementary: school contained any grades from kindergarten through 6","quote":"Principals were categorized as serving primarily elementary grades if their school contained any grades from kindergarten through 6.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Grade-level scaling","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.39558,0.59754,0.4769,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61521,0.46614,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-18","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"High school: school contained any grades from 9 through 12","quote":"Principals were categorized as serving primarily high school grades if their school contained any grades from 9 through 12.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Grade-level scaling","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.60311,0.61521,0.26935,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63289,0.5852,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-19","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Schools serving both elementary and high grades were randomly assigned elementary or high","quote":"If principals were in a school that served both elementary and high school grades, they were randomly assigned to be elementary or high.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Grade-level scaling","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.72113,0.63289,0.1514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65057,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.66824,0.03159,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-20","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Mostly elementary schools got elementary scenarios; mostly middle or high got secondary scenarios","quote":"Principals in schools serving mostly elementary grades were assigned the elementary scenarios, while principals in schools serving mostly middle or high school grades were assigned the secondary scenarios.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["grade-level-scope","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Grade-level scaling","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.16736,0.66824,0.70519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.68592,0.74096,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p148-21","page":148,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Grade scaling ensured scenarios felt plausible for incidents schools might encounter","quote":"This was to ensure that respondents received scenarios that felt more plausible for the type of incidents their schools might actually encounter in their jobs.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Grade-level scaling","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":148,"rects":[[0.12745,0.7036,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.72127,0.31621,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 148). Claim p148-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p148-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p148-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p149-01","page":149,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene A | Low | Elementary: a student repeatedly disruptive in class, wandering, interrupting, and s","quote":"A | Low | Elementary | A student is repeatedly disruptive in class, wandering the classroom, interrupting the lesson by talking to other students, and sometimes shouting loudly to get attention. The student does not respond to multiple teacher requests to stop their behavior.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1. Description of Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":149,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p149-02","page":149,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene B | Low | Elementary: a student who regularly disrupts class (not considered threatening by te","quote":"B | Low | Elementary | A student regularly engages in disruptive behavior during class, but their teachers do not consider their behavior threatening. Last school year, the family declined staff suggestions that the student might benefit from supports for neurodiverse learners. This school year, the student’s behavior has escalated, and the student is involved in a physical altercation with another student that does not result in injuries.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1. Description of Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":149,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p149-03","page":149,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene C | Medium | Elementary: a pushing altercation on the bus, the student saying they were trippe","quote":"C | Medium | Elementary | A student gets into a pushing altercation with another student on the bus. After the altercation is broken up by the bus driver, the student says they were responding to having been tripped while they were walking down the aisle. During the discussion with the student, the bus driver believes they smell alcohol on the student’s breath. The parents of the other student involved in the altercation call the school the next day concerned for their child’s safety on the bus.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1. Description of Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":149,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p149-04","page":149,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene D | Medium | Elementary: a student shouting “I am going to kill you for that” at another stude","quote":"D | Medium | Elementary | A student has an intense verbal confrontation with another student at school, shouting, “I am going to kill you for that.” The student has no history of fighting or disruptive behavior but has had academic problems. A teacher who spoke with the student does not believe the threat was serious but does note that the student started crying during their conversation and would not share why they were so upset.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1. Description of Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":149,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p149-05","page":149,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene E | Medium | Elementary: a student's drawing assignment depicting someone shooting at a group ","quote":"E | Medium | Elementary | In a drawing assignment that asked students to visualize different ways to solve problems, a student draws a graphic picture of someone shooting at a group of people, including details like bleeding and other physical injuries. The teacher mentions previous unsuccessful attempts to contact the student’s family about their academic progress, and that the student had recently appeared withdrawn and sad in class.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1. Description of Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":149,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p149-06","page":149,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene F | Medium | Elementary: a student with a history of emotional outbursts, non-compliance and d","quote":"F | Medium | Elementary | A student has a history of emotional outbursts and non-compliance with directions, including behaviors involving misuse of and damage to school property (e.g., pushing books off shelves, throwing objects). After a teacher attempts to redirect the behavior and takes their materials away, the student shouts, “You will be sorry tomorrow you did that.” The school established there were firearms in the home when responding to past behavioral incidents involving same student.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1. Description of Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":149,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p149-07","page":149,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene G | Medium | Elementary: a peer reporting a student repeatedly writing disturbing notes, incre","quote":"G | Medium | Elementary | A peer reports that a fellow student has been repeatedly writing them disturbing notes. The student continues to send the notes after having been asked to stop and does not seem concerned about the effects they have been having on the other student. The notes have become more concerning over time, including descriptions of inappropriate contact, but do not include any explicit threats. The student is known to come from an unstable home environment, and the school became aware last year that the student was making repeated comments to their peers about a recent school shooting.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1. Description of Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":149,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p149-08","page":149,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene H | High | Elementary: a student with a history of fights and disruption who complained of bei","quote":"H | High | Elementary | A student has a history of getting into fights with other students at school and being generally disruptive in the classroom. Earlier this year, the student complained about being singled out and bullied by many other members of the class. The student was later caught bringing a knife to school, explaining it was “for protection,” and an investigation determined that there were firearms in the family home. After a fight on the playground with a classmate, the student yells that “he’d be sorry” and warned another classmate that “they shouldn’t come to school tomorrow.”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1. Description of Scenarios","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":149,"rects":[[0.258,0.03657,0.48401,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 149). Claim p149-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p149-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p149-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p150-01","page":150,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene I | Low | Secondary: a student repeatedly disruptive in biology class, talking or playing on t","quote":"I | Low | Secondary | A student is repeatedly disruptive in their biology class, talking with other students or playing on their phone. Though in a course normally taken by students one grade below theirs, the student still appears to be struggling with the material. The teacher has made attempts to correct or redirect the behavior but has been unsuccessful and reached a point where frustration is affecting the entire class.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1—Continued","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":150,"rects":[[0.34268,0.03657,0.31465,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p150-02","page":150,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene J | Medium | Secondary: a student who regularly misses and is late to class, talks back aggres","quote":"J | Medium | Secondary | A student regularly misses classes and is repeatedly late to class. The student talks back to teachers in an aggressive tone when they are confronted about their tardiness and absences. After hearing breaking glass in a school bathroom, a hall monitor checks in to find a broken beer bottle on the bathroom floor; the student had just been seen exiting the bathroom.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1—Continued","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":150,"rects":[[0.12319,0.90125,0.61411,0.0088]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p150-03","page":150,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene K | Medium | Secondary: two students pushing each other during a P.E. soccer activity who back","quote":"K | Medium | Secondary | During P.E., two students begin pushing each other during a soccer activity. When the P.E. teacher approaches and tells them to stop, both back off and apologize to varying degrees. The teacher notices and is concerned that one of the students still appears angry and agitated after the fight.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1—Continued","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":150,"rects":[[0.20901,0.44166,0.55933,0.0108]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p150-04","page":150,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene L | Medium | Secondary: a student showing a pocketknife to other students in the hallway, sayi","quote":"L | Medium | Secondary | A teacher observes a student in the hallway between classes showing off a pocketknife to a group of other students. When questioned, the student replies they only wanted to show their new knife to their friends. No other students present at the time report that the student made threats or engaged in other concerning behavior. The student voluntary relinquishes the knife to the teacher when asked.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1—Continued","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":150,"rects":[[0.34268,0.03657,0.31465,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p150-05","page":150,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene M | Medium | Secondary: a student with a 504 plan who distracts peers and rarely completes ass","quote":"M | Medium | Secondary | A student regularly distracts peers with side conversations during class and rarely completes assignments despite having a 504 plan for additional academic support. After sustained disruptive behavior, the teacher moves the student to another seat in the classroom, which causes the student to complain they were treated unfairly. The teacher is asked to come to the office to discuss the situation with the student and school staff, at which point the student begins yelling profanities at the teacher. Last year, the student needed to be restrained after becoming violent with a teacher during a school field trip.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1—Continued","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":150,"rects":[[0.34268,0.03657,0.31465,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p150-06","page":150,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene N | Medium | Secondary: a student noticing another student especially interested in the Columb","quote":"N | Medium | Secondary | A student notices that another student in class is especially interested in the details of the Columbine High School shooting and the personal history of the students involved. The student repeatedly brings up the attackers by name during discussions with peers and has been searching for information about the incident on their school laptop. The teacher has also noticed that the student has become increasingly withdrawn in class.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1—Continued","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":150,"rects":[[0.34268,0.03657,0.31465,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p150-07","page":150,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene O | Medium | Secondary: a classmate reporting that a student is connected to a social media ac","quote":"O | Medium | Secondary | A classmate reports that another student at school is connected to a social media account that has posted threats targeting the school. A review of the account finds posts with pictures of weapons, discussions of grievances justifying violence, and indicators the author may be suicidal. The posts do not include specific details of planned violence but do carry an increasingly urgent and desperate tone. The student has also become increasingly isolated at school, and their grades have dropped. No information other than the classmate’s word connects the student to the account.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1—Continued","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":150,"rects":[[0.34268,0.03657,0.31465,0.01104]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p150-08","page":150,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"statement","title":"Scene P | High | Secondary: a hallway fight where an aggressor shouted “see you tomorrow for another","quote":"P | High | Secondary | A fight breaks out in the hallway during passing time, and student witnesses reported hearing one of the aggressors shout, “see you tomorrow for another round,” and the bullied student replying, “Fine. This ends tomorrow.” The incident involves a student who has a history of being bullied and was caught brandishing a knife (which they said they needed “to try to get all of them to stop”) last school year. An investigation determined that there were unsecured firearms in the family home.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["scope-severity-focus","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.1—Continued","case":true,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"table row","page":150,"rects":[[0.20901,0.64239,0.57486,0.01123]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 150). Claim p150-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p150-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p150-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-01","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Principal survey administered online in English Feb 5 to Feb 24, 2025","quote":"Our principal survey was administered online in English between February 5, 2025, and February 24, 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Administration","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":151,"rects":[[0.12745,0.12072,0.74135,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-02","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Invited principals received multiple reminder emails","quote":"Invited principals received multiple reminder emails to participate.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Administration","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":151,"rects":[[0.12745,0.1384,0.46211,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-03","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Incentive scaled to survey length ($1 per minute)","quote":"Participants received an incentive upon completion of the survey, which was scaled to correspond to the length of the survey ($1 per minute).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Administration","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":151,"rects":[[0.59787,0.1384,0.27468,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15607,0.69926,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-04","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Longer survey received a $20 incentive; shorter version $15","quote":"That is, those who received the longer survey received a $20 incentive, while those who received the shorter version received $15.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Administration","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":151,"rects":[[0.83984,0.15607,0.03273,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17375,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.19143,0.11638,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-05","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Respondents not told their pathway or which items triggered each pathway","quote":"To minimize the likelihood that respondents would change their survey answers to receive the higher incentive, respondents were not told which pathway they were on or which survey items triggered each pathway.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Administration","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":151,"rects":[[0.25111,0.19143,0.62148,0.01788],[0.12745,0.20911,0.74512,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22678,0.09331,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-06","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Two analysis goals set before fielding; first: national estimates for principals and schools","quote":"Before going into the field, researchers identified two main goals for analysis. The first goal was to produce estimates that generalize to the national population of U.S. public school principals and the schools in which they serve.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Sampling","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":151,"rects":[[0.12745,0.31012,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.32779,0.74499,0.01788],[0.12745,0.34547,0.07043,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-07","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Second goal: compare BTAM operationalization across three state policy contexts","quote":"The second goal was to facilitate comparisons in how schools operationalized their BTAM programs across three state policy contexts: (1) states that had early legislation (as of 2019), (2) states that encouraged BTAM use, and (3) other states.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Survey Sampling","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":151,"rects":[[0.2065,0.34547,0.66605,0.01788],[0.12745,0.36315,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38082,0.25085,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-08","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Early legislation states: WA, OR, NV, TX, MS, GA, FL, IL, MI, OH, PA, NY, CT, NH, KY, VA, MD, RI","quote":"Early legislation states (light blue) | WA, OR, NV, TX, MS, GA, FL, IL, MI, OH, PA, NY, CT, NH, KY, VA, MD, RI","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":["p151-07"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.2. BTAM State Policy Context in 2019","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-09","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"States that encouraged BTAM use: MT, ID, ND, UT, CO, NE, KS, OK, NM, MO, AR, TN, IN, WV, NC, SC, VT,","quote":"States that encouraged BTAM use (purple) | MT, ID, ND, UT, CO, NE, KS, OK, NM, MO, AR, TN, IN, WV, NC, SC, VT, MA, NJ, DE","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":["p151-07"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.2. BTAM State Policy Context in 2019","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-10","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Other states: CA, AZ, WY, SD, MN, IA, WI, LA, AL, AK, HI, ME, DC","quote":"Other states (orange) | CA, AZ, WY, SD, MN, IA, WI, LA, AL, AK, HI, ME, DC","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["state-policy-mandates"],"supports":["p151-07"],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.2. BTAM State Policy Context in 2019","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":null,"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p151-11","page":151,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"evidence","title":"Figure B.2 source: features data compiled in 2019 by Child Trends and NASBE (2021)","quote":"SOURCE: Features data compiled in 2019 by Child Trends and NASBE (2021).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"figure: Figure B.2. BTAM State Policy Context in 2019","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":151,"rects":[[0.13043,0.89623,0.41433,0.01118]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 151). Claim p151-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p151-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p151-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-01","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Sample designed to support the two goals while considering other factors","quote":"Our sample was designed to support these two main goals while considering several other factors.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sample design","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.15033,0.08744,0.6858,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-02","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"First consideration: enough sample given uncertainty about how many schools had BTAM programs as of ","quote":"The first consideration was researchers needed to ensure sufficient sample to unpack differences in schools’ BTAM programs with some uncertainty about how many schools nationally had BTAM programs as of January 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sample design","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.84543,0.08744,0.02708,0.01788],[0.12745,0.10511,0.74504,0.01788],[0.12745,0.12279,0.74146,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-03","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Using April 2024 School Pulse Panel data, estimated about eight in ten sampled schools would have a ","quote":"Using data collected from the Department of Education’s School Pulse Panel in April 2024, we estimated that about eight in ten sampled schools would have a BTAM team (NCES, 2025).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-adoption-prevalence","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sample design","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.12745,0.14047,0.74519,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15814,0.54234,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-04","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Second consideration: sample size to estimate means and proportions across three state policy contex","quote":"A second consideration was ensuring sufficient sample size to estimate means and proportions across the three state policy contexts of interest without substantially increasing the survey design effect.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sample design","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.68235,0.15814,0.19019,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17582,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1935,0.43966,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-05","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Final consideration: availability of panelists across state policy contexts; about 6,000 active pane","quote":"A final consideration was the availability of panelists across state policy contexts within the ASLP to be sampled. There were about 6,000 active panelists in the ASLP at the time of sampling.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sample design","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.57507,0.1935,0.29758,0.01788],[0.12745,0.21117,0.74503,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22885,0.24392,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-06","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Target of 1,650 completed surveys across three state policy contexts","quote":"The final sample was chosen to target 1,650 completed surveys distributed across the three state policy contexts.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Target sample","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.15033,0.24653,0.72218,0.01788],[0.12745,0.2642,0.05788,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-07","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Initial goal: 50 percent early legislation, 25 percent other states, 25 percent encouraged-only","quote":"The initial goal was to sample 50 percent from the early legislation states (as it was anticipated that BTAM programs would be most common in these states), 25 percent from each of the other states, and 25 percent from the encouraged BTAM use only states.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Target sample","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"sampling design allocation by state group, not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.19515,0.2642,0.6773,0.01788],[0.12745,0.28188,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29956,0.41346,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-08","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"At a 30 percent response rate, sample 1,375 in other and encouraged states and 2,750 in early legisl","quote":"As shown in Table B.2, assuming a 30 percent response rate (which is in line with historical ASLP surveys), this would require sampling 1,375 principals in both the other states and encouraged BTAM use only states and 2,750 principals in early legislation states.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-rates","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Target sample","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"assumed response rate used for sampling plan"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.54979,0.29956,0.32268,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31723,0.74502,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33491,0.74109,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-09","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Too few panelists in other states; extra principals sampled from encouraged-only states","quote":"There were not enough panelists in the other states in the ASLP at the time of sampling to meet the desired sample. Therefore, we sampled some additional principals from the encouraged BTAM use only states to maintain the 50 percent/50 percent distribution with principals from early legislation states.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Target sample","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"sampling design allocation by state group, not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.12745,0.35259,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.37026,0.74511,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38794,0.63095,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-10","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"5,500 ASLP members invited using probability-based sampling","quote":"RAND researchers used probability-based sampling to invite 5,500 ASLP members to complete the survey using the ASLP as the sampling frame.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-rates","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sampling and completion","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.15033,0.40562,0.72225,0.01788],[0.12745,0.42329,0.26544,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-11","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Of 5,500 sampled, 1,665 fully completed and 181 partially completed","quote":"Of the 5,500 members sampled, 1,665 principals fully completed the survey, and 181 principals partially completed the survey.","tag":"V","reason":"1,665 + 181 = 1,846 respondents, but the text says 1,746 cases received a weight (partial completers who did not complete a significant portion were excluded).","concepts":["response-rates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sampling and completion","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.40157,0.42329,0.47098,0.01788],[0.12745,0.44097,0.38702,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-12","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"38 sampled principals were ineligible","quote":"Meanwhile, 38 sampled principals were determined ineligible for the survey.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-rates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sampling and completion","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.52129,0.44097,0.35126,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45865,0.16315,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-13","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"1,746 cases received a weight, a 32.0 percent completion rate (AAPOR RR6)","quote":"Excluding these 38 principals and the cases in which respondents did not complete a significant portion of the survey, a total of 1,746 cases received a weight. This corresponds to a 32.0 percent completion rate using the American Association for Public Opinion Research’s Response Rate 6 definition (American Association for Public Opinion Research, 2023).","tag":"V","reason":"Text gives a 32.0 percent completion rate; Table B.2 'All' row gives a completion rate of 31.7.","concepts":["response-rates","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Sampling and completion","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"completion rate (AAPOR RR6), explained in Appendix B"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.29835,0.45865,0.57427,0.01788],[0.12745,0.47632,0.74513,0.01788],[0.12745,0.494,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.51168,0.384,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-14","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Anticipated about 80 percent of 1,650 completes (n = 1,320) on full survey, 20 percent (n = 330) on ","quote":"We anticipated that about 80 percent of the 1,650 completes would receive the full survey and be asked detailed questions about their BTAM program (n = 1,320) and 20 percent would receive the shorter survey (n = 330).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Pathway counts","case":false,"sample":{"n":1320,"N":1650,"label":"Targeted number of completed surveys (design target)","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 1320 of 1650)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"target_completes","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Design target share: 80 percent of the 1,650 completes (n = 1,320); N printed on p152"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.15033,0.52935,0.72226,0.01788],[0.12745,0.54686,0.74511,0.01806],[0.12745,0.56454,0.05826,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-15","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Underestimated principals reporting another school-based team that is not called a BTAM team","quote":"However, we underestimated the number of principals who would indicate that their school had another “school-based team that makes decisions regarding serious student behavioral concerns that is not referred to as a behavioral assessment and management (BTAM) team” and receive the longer survey pathway.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Pathway counts","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.19928,0.56471,0.67319,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58238,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60006,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.61774,0.02703,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-16","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"About 250 schools reported a school-based team not referred to as a BTAM team","quote":"About 250 schools told us that they have a school-based team that makes decisions regarding serious student behavioral concerns that is not referred to as a BTAM team.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["alternative-teams"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Pathway counts","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.16249,0.61774,0.71004,0.01788],[0.12745,0.63542,0.47795,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-17","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Virtually all schools got the longer survey; only about 50 got the shorter pathway","quote":"This means that virtually all schools received the longer survey, and only about 50 schools received the shorter pathway intended to accommodate schools that were not doing BTAM.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Pathway counts","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":152,"rects":[[0.61459,0.63542,0.25804,0.01788],[0.12745,0.65309,0.74522,0.01788],[0.12745,0.67077,0.24076,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-18","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Other states: desired completes 412, desired sample 1,375, panelists 1,307, final sample 1,307, fina","quote":"Other states | 412 | 1,375 | 1,307 | 1,307 | 423 | 32.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-rates","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.2. Survey Sample","case":false,"sample":{"n":423,"N":1307,"label":"Table B.2 final sample, other states","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 423 of 1307)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"b2_final_sample_other_states","base_page":152,"n_basis":"quote","n_note":"Table B.2 prints final completes n = 423 and final sample N = 1,307"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":152,"rects":[[0.12657,0.79334,0.70267,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-19","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Encouraged BTAM use only: desired completes 412, desired sample 1,375, panelists 1,794, final sample","quote":"Encouraged BTAM use only | 412 | 1,375 | 1,794 | 1,443 | 481 | 33.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-rates","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.2. Survey Sample","case":false,"sample":{"n":481,"N":1443,"label":"Table B.2 final sample, encouraged BTAM use only states","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 481 of 1443)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"b2_final_sample_encouraged_states","base_page":152,"n_basis":"quote","n_note":"Table B.2 prints final completes n = 481 and final sample N = 1,443"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":152,"rects":[[0.12657,0.8157,0.22733,0.02377]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-20","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Early legislation states: desired completes 826, desired sample 2,750, panelists 3,219, final sample","quote":"Early legislation states | 826 | 2,750 | 3,219 | 2,750 | 842 | 30.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-rates","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.2. Survey Sample","case":false,"sample":{"n":842,"N":2750,"label":"Table B.2 final sample, early legislation states","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 842 of 2750)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"b2_final_sample_early_states","base_page":152,"n_basis":"quote","n_note":"Table B.2 prints final completes n = 842 and final sample N = 2,750"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":152,"rects":[[0.12657,0.85701,0.70284,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p152-21","page":152,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"All: desired completes 1,650, desired sample 5,500, panelists 6,320, final sample 5,500, final compl","quote":"All | 1,650 | 5,500 | 6,320 | 5,500 | 1,746 | 31.7","tag":"V","reason":"Completion rate 31.7 in table differs from the 32.0 percent stated in the text.","concepts":["response-rates","sample"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.2. Survey Sample","case":false,"sample":{"n":1746,"N":5500,"label":"Table B.2 final sample, all states","basis":"stated","display":"(n = 1746 of 5500)","N_basis":"page","Ns":null,"base":"b2_final_sample_all","base_page":152,"n_basis":"quote","n_note":"Table B.2 prints final completes n = 1,746 and final sample N = 5,500"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":152,"rects":[[0.12657,0.87937,0.70205,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 152). Claim p152-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p152-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p152-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-01","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Responses weighted to represent the national population of public school principals","quote":"Principals’ survey responses have been weighted to be representative of the national population of public school principals at the time the survey was administered.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals' survey responses have been weighted","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.12745,0.12072,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.1384,0.3939,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-02","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Sampling weights created so the weighted sample resembles K–12 public school principals","quote":"To provide a weighted sample similar to the population of K–12 public school principals in the United States, we created sampling weights.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals' survey responses have been weighted","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.529,0.1384,0.34355,0.01788],[0.12745,0.15607,0.63367,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-03","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Weighting accounts for selection probability and response likelihood, then calibrates to the populat","quote":"The weighting process accounts for the probability of selection into the survey from the panel and the likelihood an invited principal completes the survey (the response weight), and these likelihoods are combined and calibrated to reproduce the population distribution of K–12 educators.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals' survey responses have been weighted","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.77096,0.15607,0.10163,0.01788],[0.12745,0.17375,0.74508,0.01788],[0.12745,0.19143,0.74505,0.01788],[0.12745,0.20911,0.38687,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-04","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Final analysis weights are the product of three interim weights","quote":"More specifically, the final analysis weights used in our analyses are the product of the following three interim weights:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Principals' survey responses have been weighted","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.52186,0.20911,0.35059,0.01788],[0.12745,0.22678,0.4612,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-05","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Interim weight 1: calibrated weight of the sampling frame, matched to NTPS national characteristics","quote":"calibrated weight of the sampling frame (a calibration weight that assigns a weight for each panelist based on individual- and school-level characteristics so that the sum of the weights along the calibration factors closely match the national characteristics of the national population of public school principals based on the NCES’s National Teacher and Principal Survey)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Three interim weights list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.17974,0.25961,0.69287,0.01788],[0.17974,0.27729,0.69281,0.01788],[0.17974,0.29496,0.69275,0.01788],[0.17974,0.31264,0.48709,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-06","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Interim weight 2: sample selection weight, inverse of probability of selection from the panel","quote":"sample selection weight (the inverse of the probability of selection into the survey sample using the panel as the frame)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["american-school-leader-panel","survey-methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Three interim weights list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.17974,0.33032,0.69284,0.01788],[0.17974,0.34799,0.12686,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-07","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Interim weight 3: survey response weight, inverse of modeled probability of completing the survey","quote":"survey response weight (the inverse of modeled probability of a principal completing the survey. The response adjustment is important to eliminate observed sources of response bias).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["response-rates","survey-methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Three interim weights list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.17974,0.36567,0.69287,0.01788],[0.17974,0.38335,0.5543,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-08","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Products of the weights were recalibrated and trimmed if necessary","quote":"The products of these weights were subsequently recalibrated and trimmed if necessary.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["survey-methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The products of these weights","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.12745,0.41618,0.60326,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-09","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Table B.3: respondents similar to the population before and after weighting","quote":"As shown in Table B.3, both before and after weighting, survey respondents look similar to the population of U.S. public school principals on a variety of person-level and school-level characteristics.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: The products of these weights","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.12745,0.43385,0.74514,0.01788],[0.12745,0.45153,0.60694,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-10","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Samplewide and subgroup-specific means and proportions reported, weighted","quote":"We report samplewide and subgroup-specific means and proportions of variables of interest, weighted using the survey weights we describe in the previous section.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We report samplewide and subgroup-specific means","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.12745,0.53486,0.74521,0.01788],[0.12745,0.55254,0.37522,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-11","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Principals' perceptions can vary by school context, so differences by school characteristics examine","quote":"Because principals’ perceptions and experiences can vary depending on their school context, we examined differences in educators’ responses by school characteristics (in addition to their state policy context).","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We report samplewide and subgroup-specific means","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.5108,0.55254,0.36175,0.01788],[0.12745,0.57022,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.58789,0.32838,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-12","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Differences examined by grade level, school and district enrollment, locale, poverty, racial/ethnic ","quote":"More specifically, we examined differences by school grade level, school and district enrollment size, locale, poverty status, and student racial/ethnic composition.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We report samplewide and subgroup-specific means","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.468,0.58789,0.40462,0.01788],[0.12745,0.60557,0.71334,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-13","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School and district demographics obtained by linking to CCD and EDGE poverty estimates","quote":"We obtained data on school and district demographics by linking survey data files to the Common Core of Data (CCD) and the Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (EDGE) School Neighborhood Poverty Estimates, both issued by NCES.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: We report samplewide and subgroup-specific means","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.84956,0.60557,0.02289,0.01788],[0.12745,0.62325,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.64092,0.7451,0.01788],[0.12745,0.6586,0.22088,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-14","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Category: school grade level (elementary, middle, and high)","quote":"school grade level (elementary, middle, and high)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Categories list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.16233,0.69126,0.32908,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-15","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Category: school locale (urban, suburban, and rural)","quote":"school locale (urban, suburban, and rural)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Categories list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.16233,0.70893,0.28393,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-16","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Majority students of color: more than half Black, Hispanic, Asian, PI, AI/AN or two or more races","quote":"school student racial/ethnic composition (schools in which more than half of students were Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, or of two or more races were categorized as having majority students of color, with the remaining schools categorized as having majority White students.)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Categories list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.16233,0.72678,0.71022,0.01788],[0.1634,0.74446,0.7091,0.01788],[0.1634,0.76196,0.70914,0.01806],[0.1634,0.77964,0.05676,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p153-17","page":153,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Locale aligns with NCES four-category definition, with towns collapsed into rural","quote":"Our definition of locale aligns with the four-category definition of locale used by NCES, with the exception that we collapsed those located in towns into the rural category.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"footnote: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":153,"rects":[[0.14379,0.88382,0.72876,0.01548],[0.12745,0.89785,0.31305,0.01533]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 153). Claim p153-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p153-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p153-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-01","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School locale, Urban: 25.8 [23.8, 27.9] | 27.7 [25.4, 30.1] | 27.7","quote":"Urban | 25.8 [23.8, 27.9] | 27.7 [25.4, 30.1] | 27.7","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.18703,0.65554,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-02","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School locale, Suburban: 32.3 [30.1, 34.5] | 30.9 [28.5, 33.2] | 31.0","quote":"Suburban | 32.3 [30.1, 34.5] | 30.9 [28.5, 33.2] | 31.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.20939,0.65598,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-03","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School locale, Town/rural: 41.9 [39.6, 44.2] | 41.4 [38.9, 43.9] | 41.3","quote":"Town/rural | 41.9 [39.6, 44.2] | 41.4 [38.9, 43.9] | 41.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.23175,0.65586,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-04","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School neighborhood poverty, Low (401 or more IPR): 25.1 [23.1, 27.1] | 23.4 [21.3, 25.5] | 23.3","quote":"Low (401 or more IPR) | 25.1 [23.1, 27.1] | 23.4 [21.3, 25.5] | 23.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.27648,0.65659,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-05","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School neighborhood poverty, Medium (201 to 400 IPR): 59.7 [57.4, 62.0] | 58.4 [55.9, 61.0] | 58.4","quote":"Medium (201 to 400 IPR) | 59.7 [57.4, 62.0] | 58.4 [55.9, 61.0] | 58.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.29884,0.65657,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-06","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School neighborhood poverty, High (0 to 200 IPR): 15.2 [13.5, 16.9] | 18.2 [16.1, 20.3] | 18.3","quote":"High (0 to 200 IPR) | 15.2 [13.5, 16.9] | 18.2 [16.1, 20.3] | 18.3","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.32121,0.65633,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-07","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School percentage, minority, 0%–50%: 55.8 [53.5, 58.1] | 51.0 [48.4, 53.6] | 50.8","quote":"0%–50% | 55.8 [53.5, 58.1] | 51.0 [48.4, 53.6] | 50.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.36593,0.6566,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-08","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School percentage, minority, 50%–100%: 44.2 [41.9, 46.5] | 49.0 [46.4, 51.6] | 49.2","quote":"50%–100% | 44.2 [41.9, 46.5] | 49.0 [46.4, 51.6] | 49.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.3883,0.65666,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-09","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School level, Elementary: 55.6 [53.3, 57.9] | 59.1 [56.6, 61.6] | 59.1","quote":"Elementary | 55.6 [53.3, 57.9] | 59.1 [56.6, 61.6] | 59.1","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.43302,0.65591,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-10","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School level, Middle: 22.3 [20.4, 24.3] | 17.9 [16.1, 19.8] | 17.8","quote":"Middle | 22.3 [20.4, 24.3] | 17.9 [16.1, 19.8] | 17.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.45539,0.65544,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-11","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School level, High: 22.1 [20.1, 24.0] | 22.9 [20.7, 25.1] | 23.0","quote":"High | 22.1 [20.1, 24.0] | 22.9 [20.7, 25.1] | 23.0","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.32121,0.65633,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-12","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School enrollment size, Small: 50.3 [48.0, 52.7] | 51.4 [48.8, 54.0] | 51.4","quote":"Small | 50.3 [48.0, 52.7] | 51.4 [48.8, 54.0] | 51.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.52248,0.65585,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-13","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"School enrollment size, Large: 49.7 [47.3, 52.0] | 48.6 [46.0, 51.2] | 48.6","quote":"Large | 49.7 [47.3, 52.0] | 48.6 [46.0, 51.2] | 48.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.54484,0.6566,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-14","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Educator race/ethnicity, White: 79.4 [77.5, 81.3] | 78.3 [76.2, 80.5] | 78.2","quote":"White | 79.4 [77.5, 81.3] | 78.3 [76.2, 80.5] | 78.2","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.58957,0.65664,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-15","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Educator race/ethnicity, Person of color: 20.6 [18.7, 22.5] | 21.7 [19.5, 23.8] | 21.8","quote":"Person of color | 20.6 [18.7, 22.5] | 21.7 [19.5, 23.8] | 21.8","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.61193,0.65608,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-16","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Educator gender, Female: 49.7 [47.4, 52.1] | 55.5 [52.9, 58.0] | 55.5","quote":"Female | 49.7 [47.4, 52.1] | 55.5 [52.9, 58.0] | 55.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.65666,0.65664,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-17","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Educator gender, Male: 50.3 [47.9, 52.6] | 44.5 [42.0, 47.1] | 44.5","quote":"Male | 50.3 [47.9, 52.6] | 44.5 [42.0, 47.1] | 44.5","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.65666,0.65664,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-18","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Educator educational attainment, Master’s or less: 47.8 [45.5, 50.2] | 63.4 [61.1, 65.7] | 63.6","quote":"Master’s or less | 47.8 [45.5, 50.2] | 63.4 [61.1, 65.7] | 63.6","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.72375,0.65662,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-19","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Educator educational attainment, Higher than master’s: 52.2 [49.8, 54.5] | 36.6 [34.3, 38.9] | 36.4","quote":"Higher than master’s | 52.2 [49.8, 54.5] | 36.6 [34.3, 38.9] | 36.4","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":["p153-09"],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":1746,"label":"All principals who completed the survey and received a weight (weighted to national K-12 public school principals/schools)","basis":"stated","display":"(N = 1746)","N_basis":"report","Ns":null,"base":"full_principal_sample","base_page":152,"n_basis":"report","n_note":"Table B.3 prints no N; sample columns are shares of the 1,746 weighted cases; last column is national population (NTPS/CCD)"},"proof":{"method":"table row","page":154,"rects":[[0.14772,0.74611,0.65662,0.01178]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-20","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Table B.3 note: population data sources (NTPS, CCD, EDGE)","quote":"Population data for educator-level characteristics come from the National Teacher and Principal Survey, and school-level characteristics are from the CCD and the EDGE School Neighborhood Poverty Estimates.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":154,"rects":[[0.16422,0.7659,0.6266,0.01176],[0.12566,0.77663,0.46372,0.01176]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p154-21","page":154,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Table B.3 note: numbers in brackets represent confidence intervals","quote":"Numbers in brackets represent confidence intervals.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["weighting"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"table: Table B.3. Sample Characteristics Before and After Weighting Compared with the National Population of K–12 Public School Principals","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":154,"rects":[[0.59588,0.77663,0.26818,0.01176]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-21","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-21","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-21, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-21","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 154). Claim p154-21, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-21\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p154-21</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p154-21","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-01","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"School neighborhood poverty: low, middle, or high based on neighborhood income-to-poverty ratio (IPR","quote":"school neighborhood poverty (low, middle, or high poverty based on the income-to-poverty ratio [IPR] for the neighborhood surrounding the school.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullets continued: school neighborhood poverty, school enrollment size, district enrollment size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.16233,0.08726,0.71024,0.01806],[0.1634,0.10511,0.31728,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-02","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"IPR is percentage of family income above or below the poverty threshold; ranges from 0 to 999","quote":"IPR is the percentage of family income that is above or below the federal poverty threshold set for the family’s size and structure and ranges from 0 to 999.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullets continued: school neighborhood poverty, school enrollment size, district enrollment size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.48937,0.10511,0.38309,0.01788],[0.1634,0.12279,0.70599,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-03","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Schools with an IPR of 200 or less categorized as high poverty","quote":"Schools with an IPR less than or equal to 200 were categorized as high poverty.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullets continued: school neighborhood poverty, school enrollment size, district enrollment size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.1634,0.14047,0.54433,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-04","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Schools with an IPR of 401 or more categorized as low poverty","quote":"Schools with an IPR of greater than or equal to 401 were categorized as low poverty.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullets continued: school neighborhood poverty, school enrollment size, district enrollment size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.71482,0.14047,0.15782,0.01788],[0.1634,0.15814,0.42672,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-05","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"Remaining schools categorized as middle poverty","quote":"Remaining schools were categorized as middle poverty.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullets continued: school neighborhood poverty, school enrollment size, district enrollment size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.5983,0.15814,0.2743,0.01788],[0.1634,0.17582,0.10592,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-06","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"School enrollment: fewer than 450 students small, the remainder large","quote":"school enrollment size (schools with fewer than 450 students were categorized as small, whereas the remainder were categorized as large.)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullets continued: school neighborhood poverty, school enrollment size, district enrollment size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.16233,0.19332,0.71022,0.01806],[0.1634,0.211,0.2471,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-07","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"definition","title":"District enrollment: fewer than 10,000 students small; 10,000 or more large","quote":"district enrollment size (districts serving fewer than 10,000 students were categorized as small, whereas districts serving 10,000 students or more were categorized as large.)","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Bullets continued: school neighborhood poverty, school enrollment size, district enrollment size","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.16233,0.22868,0.71022,0.01806],[0.1634,0.24635,0.45671,0.01806]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-08","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Each principal's school belongs to multiple of the subgroup categories","quote":"It is important to keep in mind that each principal who took our survey is in a school that belongs to multiple of these categories—for example, a principal in a small, rural elementary school in a small district that serves majority White students in a relatively lower-income neighborhood in a state that does not address BTAM in state policy.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: It is important to keep in mind","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.15033,0.27935,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.29703,0.74516,0.01788],[0.12745,0.31471,0.74517,0.01788],[0.12745,0.33239,0.14811,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-09","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"conjecture","title":"Patterns across school contexts might be driven by principals sharing multiple characteristics","quote":"Thus, any patterns observed across multiple school contexts might be driven by principals in the schools that share multiple of these characteristics.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: It is important to keep in mind","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.28261,0.33239,0.58994,0.01788],[0.12745,0.35006,0.4341,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-10","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"Only subgroup differences significant at the 5 percent level described, unless otherwise noted","quote":"In this report, we describe only those differences among principal subgroups that are statistically significant at the 5 percent level, unless otherwise noted.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","subgroup-differences"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In this report, we describe only those differences","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"statistical significance level (alpha), not a share"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.15033,0.36774,0.72222,0.01788],[0.12745,0.38542,0.33936,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p155-11","page":155,"section":"appendix-b-survey-methods","type":"fact","title":"No multiple hypothesis test corrections applied because the study is exploratory","quote":"Because of the exploratory nature of this study, we did not apply multiple hypothesis test corrections.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["limitations","methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: In this report, we describe only those differences","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":155,"rects":[[0.4746,0.38542,0.398,0.01788],[0.12745,0.40309,0.2878,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 155). Claim p155-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p155-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/appendix-b-survey-methods#p155-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-01","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"ASLP stands for American School Leader Panel","quote":"ASLP: American School Leader Panel","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.17617,0.03905,0.01788],[0.31781,0.17617,0.2131,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-02","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"BTAM stands for behavioral threat assessment and management","quote":"BTAM: behavioral threat assessment and management","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.19591,0.04752,0.01788],[0.31781,0.19591,0.32237,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-03","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"CCD stands for Common Core of Data","quote":"CCD: Common Core of Data","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.21565,0.03552,0.01788],[0.31781,0.21565,0.15866,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-04","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"EDGE stands for Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates","quote":"EDGE: Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.23539,0.04456,0.01788],[0.31781,0.23539,0.35587,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-05","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"HSOAC stands for Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center","quote":"HSOAC: Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.25513,0.0558,0.01788],[0.31781,0.25513,0.33619,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-06","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"IPR stands for income-to-poverty ratio","quote":"IPR: income-to-poverty ratio","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.27487,0.02601,0.01788],[0.31781,0.27487,0.16701,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-07","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"K–12 stands for kindergarten through grade 12","quote":"K–12: kindergarten through grade 12","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.29461,0.03496,0.01788],[0.31781,0.29461,0.2141,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-08","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"MCSS stands for Maryland Center for School Safety","quote":"MCSS: Maryland Center for School Safety","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.31435,0.04315,0.01788],[0.31781,0.31435,0.23968,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-09","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"MTSS stands for multi-tiered systems of support","quote":"MTSS: multi-tiered systems of support","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.33409,0.04266,0.01788],[0.31781,0.33409,0.21648,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-10","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"NABITA stands for National Association of Behavior Intervention and Threat Assessment","quote":"NABITA: National Association of Behavior Intervention and Threat Assessment","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.35382,0.06238,0.01788],[0.31781,0.35382,0.48456,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-11","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"NASBE stands for National Association of State Boards of Education","quote":"NASBE: National Association of State Boards of Education","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.37356,0.05205,0.01788],[0.31781,0.37356,0.34517,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-12","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"NCES stands for National Center for Education Statistics","quote":"NCES: National Center for Education Statistics","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.3933,0.04211,0.01788],[0.31781,0.3933,0.27489,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-13","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"NIDA stands for National Institute on Drug Abuse","quote":"NIDA: National Institute on Drug Abuse","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.41304,0.04268,0.01788],[0.31781,0.41304,0.23299,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-14","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"NTAC stands for National Threat Assessment Center","quote":"NTAC: National Threat Assessment Center","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.43278,0.04546,0.01788],[0.31781,0.43278,0.24608,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-15","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"PBIS stands for positive behavioral intervention system","quote":"PBIS: positive behavioral intervention system","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.45252,0.03313,0.01788],[0.31781,0.45252,0.27159,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-16","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"SOP stands for standard operating procedure","quote":"SOP: standard operating procedure","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.47226,0.03037,0.01788],[0.31781,0.47226,0.2065,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p156-17","page":156,"section":"abbreviations","type":"definition","title":"SRO stands for school resource officer","quote":"SRO: school resource officer","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Abbreviations list","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":156,"rects":[[0.13399,0.492,0.03105,0.01788],[0.31781,0.492,0.15654,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 156). Claim p156-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p156-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/abbreviations#p156-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-01","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"American Association for Public Opinion Research, Standard Definition: Final Dispositions of Case Co","quote":"American Association for Public Opinion Research, Standard Definition: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys, 2023.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 1","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.14048,0.72571,0.0172],[0.12745,0.15437,0.21263,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-02","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Blad, Evie, “A State Mandated School Threat Assessment. Here’s What It Meant for Students,” Educatio","quote":"Blad, Evie, “A State Mandated School Threat Assessment. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-03","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Bohanon, Hank, Lisa Caputo Love, and Kelly Morrissey, Implementing Systematic Interventions: A Guide","quote":"Bohanon, Hank, Lisa Caputo Love, and Kelly Morrissey, Implementing Systematic Interventions: A Guide for Secondary School Teams, Routledge, 2020.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 3","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.20992,0.71228,0.0172],[0.12745,0.22381,0.27295,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-04","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Burr, Riley, Jana Kemp, Ke Wang, and Deanne Swan, Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Pu","quote":"Burr, Riley, Jana Kemp, Ke Wang, and Deanne Swan, Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools: Findings from the School Survey on Crime and Safety: 2021–2022, U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, NCES 2024-043, January 2024.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 4","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.24465,0.69932,0.0172],[0.12745,0.25854,0.68845,0.0172],[0.12745,0.27259,0.47164,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-05","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Carver-Thomas, Desiree, and Linda Darling-Hammond, Teacher Turnover: Why It Matters and What We Can ","quote":"Carver-Thomas, Desiree, and Linda Darling-Hammond, Teacher Turnover: Why It Matters and What We Can Do About It, Learning Policy Institute, August 2017.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 5","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.29326,0.72674,0.0172],[0.12745,0.30715,0.3396,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-06","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports, Instructional and Restorative Alternatives t","quote":"Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports, Instructional and Restorative Alternatives to Exclusionary Discipline: A Guide to Implementing the Five Components of the Inclusive Skill-Building Learning Approach (ISLA), July 2023.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 6","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.32798,0.66394,0.0172],[0.12745,0.34187,0.72209,0.0172],[0.12745,0.35576,0.17844,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-07","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Child Trends and NASBE—See Child Trends and National Association of State Boards of Education.","quote":"Child Trends and NASBE—See Child Trends and National Association of State Boards of Education.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 7","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.37659,0.65935,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-08","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Child Trends and National Association of State Boards of Education, “State Policies That Support Hea","quote":"Child Trends and National Association of State Boards of Education, “State Policies That Support Healthy Schools,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 8","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.39759,0.69803,0.01703],[0.12745,0.41148,0.05054,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-09","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Cook, Clayton R., Aaron R. Lyon, Jill Locke, Thomas Waltz, and Byron J. Powell, “Adapting a Compilat","quote":"Cook, Clayton R., Aaron R. Lyon, Jill Locke, Thomas Waltz, and Byron J. 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(2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-10","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Cornell, Dewey G., “Threat Assessment as a School Violence Prevention Strategy,” Criminology & Publi","quote":"Cornell, Dewey G., “Threat Assessment as a School Violence Prevention Strategy,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 10","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.48092,0.53308,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-11","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Cornell, Dewey G., Korrie Allen, and Xitao Fan, “A Randomized Controlled Study of the Virginia Stude","quote":"Cornell, Dewey G., Korrie Allen, and Xitao Fan, “A Randomized Controlled Study of the Virginia Student Threat Assessment Guidelines in Kindergarten Through Grade 12,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 11","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.51564,0.69866,0.01703],[0.12745,0.52953,0.43781,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-12","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Cornell, Dewey, Jennifer L. Maeng, Anna Grace Burnette, Yuane Jia, Francis Huang, Timothy Konold, Po","quote":"Cornell, Dewey, Jennifer L. 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Claim p158-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-13","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Cornell, Dewey G., Jennifer Maeng, Sonja Winter, Francis Huang, Tim G. Konold, Jordan Kerere, Kelvin","quote":"Cornell, Dewey G., Jennifer Maeng, Sonja Winter, Francis Huang, Tim G. 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Claim p158-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-14","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Crepeau-Hobson, Franci, and Nancy Leech, “Disciplinary and Nondisciplinary Outcomes of School-Based ","quote":"Crepeau-Hobson, Franci, and Nancy Leech, “Disciplinary and Nondisciplinary Outcomes of School-Based Threat Assessment in Colorado Schools,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 14","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.66148,0.70313,0.01703],[0.12745,0.67537,0.26266,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-15","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Diliberti, Melissa, Michael Jackson, Jana Kemp, and Rachel Hansen, Crime, Violence, Discipline, and ","quote":"Diliberti, Melissa, Michael Jackson, Jana Kemp, and Rachel Hansen, Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools: Findings from the School Survey on Crime and Safety: 2015–16, National Center for Education Statistics, NCES 2017-122, July 2017.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 15","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.69604,0.72388,0.0172],[0.12745,0.70992,0.74426,0.0172],[0.12745,0.72398,0.23593,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-16","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Education Resource Strategies, “Examining School-Level Teacher Turnover Trends (2021–2024): A New An","quote":"Education Resource Strategies, “Examining School-Level Teacher Turnover Trends (2021–2024): A New Angle on a Pervasive Issue,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 16","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.74481,0.72604,0.01703],[0.12745,0.7587,0.13125,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-17","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Fein, Robert A., Bryan Vossekuil, William S. Pollack, Randy Borum, William Modzeleski, and Marisa Re","quote":"Fein, Robert A., Bryan Vossekuil, William S. Pollack, Randy Borum, William Modzeleski, and Marisa Reddy, Threat Assessment in Schools: A Guide to Managing Threatening Situations and to Creating Safe School Climates, U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education, May 2002.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 17","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.77953,0.72203,0.01703],[0.12745,0.79326,0.7386,0.0172],[0.12745,0.80731,0.42773,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-18","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Florida Department of Education, Florida Harm Prevention and Threat Management Manual, Florida Admin","quote":"Florida Department of Education, Florida Harm Prevention and Threat Management Manual, Florida Administrative Code 6A-1.0019, August 19, 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 18","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.82798,0.67223,0.0172],[0.12745,0.84203,0.32173,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-19","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Higgins, Lori, “Whitmer Signs School Safety Legislation into Law,” Chalkbeat, January 22, 2025.","quote":"Higgins, Lori, “Whitmer Signs School Safety Legislation into Law,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 19","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.86287,0.43298,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p158-20","page":158,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Huang, Francis L., and Dewey G. Cornell, “Teacher Support for Zero Tolerance Is Associated with High","quote":"Huang, Francis L., and Dewey G. Cornell, “Teacher Support for Zero Tolerance Is Associated with Higher Suspension Rates and Lower Feelings of Safety,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 20","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":158,"rects":[[0.12745,0.8837,0.69711,0.01703],[0.12745,0.89759,0.30658,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-20","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-20","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-20, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-20","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 158). Claim p158-20, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-20\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p158-20</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p158-20","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-01","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Jackson, Brian A., Melissa Kay Diliberti, Pauline Moore, and Heather L. Schwartz, Teachers’ Views on","quote":"Jackson, Brian A., Melissa Kay Diliberti, Pauline Moore, and Heather L. Schwartz, Teachers’ Views on School Safety: Consensus on Many Security Measures, but Stark Division About Arming Teachers, RAND Corporation, RR-A2641-1, 2023. As of August 10, 2025:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 21","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.08744,0.71545,0.0172],[0.12745,0.10133,0.7299,0.0172],[0.12745,0.11538,0.27071,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). 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Claim p159-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-02","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Jackson, Brian A., Pauline Moore, Jennifer T. Leschitz, Benjamin Boudreaux, Jo Caulkins, and Shoshan","quote":"Jackson, Brian A., Pauline Moore, Jennifer T. Leschitz, Benjamin Boudreaux, Jo Caulkins, and Shoshana R. Shelton, Strengthening School Violence Prevention: Expanding Intervention Options and Supporting K–12 School Efforts in Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center operated by the RAND Corporation, RR-A2966-1, 2025. As of August 10, 2025:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 22","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.1501,0.70732,0.01703],[0.12745,0.16383,0.73196,0.0172],[0.12745,0.17771,0.70811,0.0172],[0.12745,0.19177,0.5189,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-03","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Jackson, Jourdan R., and Jodi L. Viljoen, “Preventing School Violence A Review of School Threat Asse","quote":"Jackson, Jourdan R., and Jodi L. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-04","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Jackson, Jourdan R., and Jodi L. 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(2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-06","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Maeng, Jennifer L., Dewey Cornell, and Francis Huang, “Student Threat Assessment as an Alternative t","quote":"Maeng, Jennifer L., Dewey Cornell, and Francis Huang, “Student Threat Assessment as an Alternative to Exclusionary Discipline,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 26","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.33066,0.68974,0.01703],[0.12745,0.34455,0.15749,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-07","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Mahnken, Kevin, “COVID’s ‘Complicated Picture:’ Mental Health Worse, Staffing Tight, Enrollment Froz","quote":"Mahnken, Kevin, “COVID’s ‘Complicated Picture:’ Mental Health Worse, Staffing Tight, Enrollment Frozen at Nation’s Schools,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 27","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.36538,0.73207,0.01703],[0.12745,0.37927,0.10841,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-08","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Maryland Center for School Safety, “Behavioral Threat Assessment (BTA),” webpage, undated. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-09","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"McKenna, Joseph M., and Shawna R. White, “Examining the Use of Police in Schools: How Roles May Impa","quote":"McKenna, Joseph M., and Shawna R. White, “Examining the Use of Police in Schools: How Roles May Impact Responses to Student Misconduct,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 29","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.43482,0.72448,0.01703],[0.12745,0.44871,0.22273,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). 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Claim p159-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-10","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"MCSS—See Maryland Center for School Safety.","quote":"MCSS—See Maryland Center for School Safety.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 30","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.46938,0.31082,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-10","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-10","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-10, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-10","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-11","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Meiners, Erica R., “Ending the School-to-Prison Pipeline/Building Abolition Futures,” Urban Review, ","quote":"Meiners, Erica R., “Ending the School-to-Prison Pipeline/Building Abolition Futures,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 31","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.49038,0.56026,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-11","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-11","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). 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Claim p159-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-12","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Moore, Pauline, Brian A. Jackson, Jennifer T. Leschitz, Nazia Wolters, Thomas Goode, Melissa Kay Dil","quote":"Moore, Pauline, Brian A. Jackson, Jennifer T. Leschitz, Nazia Wolters, Thomas Goode, Melissa Kay Diliberti, and Phoebe Felicia Pham, Developing Practical Responses to Social Media Threats Against K–12 Schools: An Overview of Trends, Challenges, and Current Approaches, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center operated by the RAND Corporation, RR-A1077-5, 2024. As of August 10, 2025:","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 32","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.5251,0.7188,0.01703],[0.12745,0.53883,0.70343,0.0172],[0.12745,0.55271,0.70128,0.0172],[0.12745,0.56677,0.51774,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-12","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-12","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-13","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"NABITA—See National Association for Behavioral Intervention and Threat Assessment.","quote":"NABITA—See National Association for Behavioral Intervention and Threat Assessment.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 33","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.60133,0.58059,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-14","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Association for Behavioral Intervention and Threat Assessment, NABITA Standards for School-","quote":"National Association for Behavioral Intervention and Threat Assessment, NABITA Standards for School-Based Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Education, white paper, 2024.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 34","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.62216,0.72804,0.0172],[0.12745,0.63605,0.56243,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-15","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Center for Education Statistics, “More Than 80 Percent of U.S. Public Schools Report Pandem","quote":"National Center for Education Statistics, “More Than 80 Percent of U.S. Public Schools Report Pandemic Has Negatively Impacted Student Behavior and Socio-Emotional Development,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 35","case":false,"sample":{"n":null,"N":null,"label":"a percentage that is not a share of a sample (e.g. a percentage-point change or a weighted estimate of the population)","basis":"undeterminable","display":"(no n: a percentage change, not a share of a sample)","N_basis":"n/a","Ns":null,"base":"not_a_share","base_page":0,"n_basis":"not_a_share","n_note":"percentage inside a cited reference title, not a share of respondents"},"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.65705,0.72089,0.01703],[0.12745,0.67093,0.48955,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-16","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Center for Education Statistics, “Prevalence of Mental Health Services Provided by Public S","quote":"National Center for Education Statistics, “Prevalence of Mental Health Services Provided by Public Schools and Limitations in Schools’ Efforts to Provide Mental Health Services,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 36","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.70566,0.73518,0.01703],[0.12745,0.71955,0.43117,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-17","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Center for Education Statistics, “School Pulse Panel: Surveying High-Priority, Education-Re","quote":"National Center for Education Statistics, “School Pulse Panel: Surveying High-Priority, Education-Related Topics: Interactive Results,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 37","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.76816,0.70034,0.01703],[0.12745,0.78205,0.17293,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-17, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-17","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-18","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments, “Texas School Discipline Laws & Regulation","quote":"National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments, “Texas School Discipline Laws & Regulations: Threat Assessment Protocols,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 38","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.81677,0.70632,0.01703],[0.12745,0.83066,0.19156,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p159-19","page":159,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Institute on Drug Abuse, “Reported Drug Use Among Adolescents Continued to Hold Below Pre-P","quote":"National Institute on Drug Abuse, “Reported Drug Use Among Adolescents Continued to Hold Below Pre-Pandemic Levels in 2023,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 39","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":159,"rects":[[0.12745,0.87927,0.70628,0.01703],[0.12745,0.89316,0.16338,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 159). Claim p159-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p159-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p159-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-01","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Institute on Drug Abuse, “Residential Addiction Treatment for Adolescents Is Scarce and Exp","quote":"National Institute on Drug Abuse, “Residential Addiction Treatment for Adolescents Is Scarce and Expensive,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 40","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.0876,0.72028,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-02","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Threat Assessment Center, Enhancing School Safety Using a Threat Assessment Model: An Opera","quote":"National Threat Assessment Center, Enhancing School Safety Using a Threat Assessment Model: An Operational Guide for Prevention Targeted School Violence, U.S. Secret Service, 2018.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 41","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.12216,0.73333,0.0172],[0.12745,0.13605,0.46955,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-03","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Threat Assessment Center, Protecting America’s Schools: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of T","quote":"National Threat Assessment Center, Protecting America’s Schools: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of Targeted School Violence, U.S. Secret Service, 2019.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 42","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.15688,0.70319,0.0172],[0.12745,0.17077,0.27014,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-04","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Threat Assessment Center, Averting Targeted School Violence: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis","quote":"National Threat Assessment Center, Averting Targeted School Violence: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of Plots Against Schools, U.S. Secret Service, 2021.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 43","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.1916,0.71429,0.0172],[0.12745,0.20549,0.27031,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). 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Claim p160-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-05","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"National Threat Assessment Center, “What Is a Behavioral Threat Assessment in School?” fact sheet, U","quote":"National Threat Assessment Center, “What Is a Behavioral Threat Assessment in School?”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 44","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.22649,0.58134,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-06","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"NCES—See National Center for Education Statistics.","quote":"NCES—See National Center for Education Statistics.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 45","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.26105,0.34362,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-07","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Nekvasil, Erin K., and Dewey G. Cornell, “Student Threat Assessment Associated with Safety in Middle","quote":"Nekvasil, Erin K., and Dewey G. 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-08","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"NIDA—See National Institute on Drug Abuse.","quote":"NIDA—See National Institute on Drug Abuse.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 47","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.3166,0.30321,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-09","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"NTAC—See National Threat Assessment Center.","quote":"NTAC—See National Threat Assessment Center.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 48","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.33744,0.31909,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-10","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Peetz, Caitlynn, “Is Student Behavior Getting Any Better? What a New Survey Says,” Education Week, J","quote":"Peetz, Caitlynn, “Is Student Behavior Getting Any Better? 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The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-10, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-10\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-10</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-10","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-11","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Perera, Rachel, and Melissa Kay Diliberti, “Survey: What Purpose to Suspensions Serve? 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Claim p160-11, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-11","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-11, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-11\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-11</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-11","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-12","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Ross, Dorie, Nathaniel von der Embse, Jessica L. Andrews, Mollie McCullough Headley, and Caroline Mi","quote":"Ross, Dorie, Nathaniel von der Embse, Jessica L. 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Claim p160-12, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-12","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-12, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-12\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-12</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-12","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-13","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"State of South Carolina, Department of Education, School-Based Behavioral Threat Assessment and Mana","quote":"State of South Carolina, Department of Education, School-Based Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management: Best Practices Guide for South Carolina K–12 Schools, 2nd ed., October 2023.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 52","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.47633,0.65268,0.0172],[0.12745,0.49021,0.5922,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-13","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-13","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-13, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-13","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-13, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-13\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-13</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-13","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-14","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Texas School Safety Center, “School Behavioral Threat Assessment Toolkit: 2.0 Legal Requirements and","quote":"Texas School Safety Center, “School Behavioral Threat Assessment Toolkit: 2.0 Legal Requirements and Guidelines,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 53","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.51121,0.68283,0.01703],[0.12745,0.5251,0.07173,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-14","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-14","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-14, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-14","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-14, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-14\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-14</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-14","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-15","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Theriot, Matthew T., “School Resource Officers and the Criminalization of Student Behavior,” Journal","quote":"Theriot, Matthew T., “School Resource Officers and the Criminalization of Student Behavior,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 54","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.55982,0.61257,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-15","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-15","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-15, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-15","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-15, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-15\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-15</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-15","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-16","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, Threat Assessment and Management in Virginia Publi","quote":"Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, Threat Assessment and Management in Virginia Public Schools: Model Policies, Procedures, and Guidelines, 5th ed., Commonwealth of Virginia, July 2023.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 55","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.59438,0.69558,0.0172],[0.12745,0.60827,0.64696,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-16","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-16","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-16, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-16","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-16, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-16\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-16</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-16","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-17","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Vossekuil, Bryan, Robert A. Fein, Marisa Reddy, Randy Borum, and William Modzelski, The Final Report","quote":"Vossekuil, Bryan, Robert A. Fein, Marisa Reddy, Randy Borum, and William Modzelski, The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention of School Attacks in the United States, U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education, July 2004.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["ntac-guidance","prior-research"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 56","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.6291,0.72822,0.0172],[0.12745,0.64299,0.72359,0.0172],[0.12745,0.65705,0.39385,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-17","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-17","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). 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Claim p160-17, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-17\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-17</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-17","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-18","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"WFTS Webteam, “Florida Senate Passes Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act,” ABC Ac","quote":"WFTS Webteam, “Florida Senate Passes Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act,”","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 57","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.67788,0.65437,0.01703]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-18","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-18","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-18, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-18","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-18, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-18\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-18</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-18","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p160-19","page":160,"section":"references","type":"evidence","title":"Wisconsin Department of Justice Office of School Safety, Wisconsin School Threat Assessment and Mana","quote":"Wisconsin Department of Justice Office of School Safety, Wisconsin School Threat Assessment and Management Protocol (WSTAMP-R 24): A Guide for Multidisciplinary Threat Assessment Teams, April 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["prior-research","state-policy-mandates"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"reference: 58","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":160,"rects":[[0.12745,0.71244,0.73791,0.0172],[0.12745,0.72633,0.61864,0.0172]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-19","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-19","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-19, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-19","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 160). Claim p160-19, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-19\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p160-19</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/references#p160-19","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p162-01","page":162,"section":"about-the-authors","type":"fact","title":"Melissa Kay Diliberti: author biography","quote":"Melissa Kay Diliberti is an associate policy researcher at RAND. Diliberti has a Ph.D. in policy analysis, a master of public policy, and a B.A. in political science and international studies.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Melissa Kay Diliberti","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":162,"rects":[[0.12745,0.14334,0.74516,0.01835],[0.12745,0.16148,0.54552,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p162-02","page":162,"section":"about-the-authors","type":"fact","title":"Pauline Moore: author biography","quote":"Pauline Moore is a senior political scientist in the Defense and Political Sciences Department at RAND and a professor of policy analysis at Pardee RAND Pardee Graduate School. She has a Ph.D. in international relations.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Pauline Moore","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":162,"rects":[[0.12745,0.19637,0.74508,0.01835],[0.12745,0.21451,0.74518,0.01788],[0.12745,0.23219,0.05971,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p162-03","page":162,"section":"about-the-authors","type":"fact","title":"Brian A. Jackson: author biography","quote":"Brian A. Jackson is a senior physical scientist at RAND. He holds a Ph.D. in bioinorganic chemistry and an M.A. in science, technology, and public policy.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Brian A. Jackson","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":162,"rects":[[0.12745,0.26708,0.74503,0.01835],[0.12745,0.28522,0.31804,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p162-04","page":162,"section":"about-the-authors","type":"fact","title":"Kelsey Morris: author biography","quote":"Kelsey Morris is an education program specialist for the U.S. Secret Service’s NTAC. He has an Ed.D. in educational leadership and an EdSp in PK–12 educational leadership and administration.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Kelsey Morris","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":162,"rects":[[0.12745,0.32011,0.7451,0.01835],[0.12745,0.33825,0.58621,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p162-05","page":162,"section":"about-the-authors","type":"fact","title":"Wade Buckland: author biography","quote":"Wade Buckland is a researcher for the U.S. Secret Service’s NTAC. He holds a master of teaching in special education and a master’s degree in research methodology.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Wade Buckland","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":162,"rects":[[0.12745,0.37314,0.74501,0.01835],[0.12745,0.39128,0.3955,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p162-06","page":162,"section":"about-the-authors","type":"fact","title":"Lina Alathari: author biography","quote":"Lina Alathari is the chief of the U.S. Secret Service’s NTAC, where she oversees the center’s targeted violence behavioral research program. She has a Ph.D. in cognitive neuropsychology.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Lina Alathari","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":162,"rects":[[0.12745,0.42617,0.74522,0.01835],[0.12745,0.44431,0.52128,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p162-07","page":162,"section":"about-the-authors","type":"fact","title":"Steven Driscoll: author biography","quote":"Steven Driscoll is assistant chief (outreach) of the U.S. Secret Service’s NTAC. He has a master’s degree in education and a bachelor’s degree in criminology.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Steven Driscoll","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":162,"rects":[[0.12745,0.4792,0.74516,0.01835],[0.12745,0.49734,0.33913,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p162-08","page":162,"section":"about-the-authors","type":"fact","title":"Diana Drysdale: author biography","quote":"Diana Drysdale is assistant chief (research) of the U.S. Secret Service’s NTAC. She has a master’s degree in international policy studies.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Diana Drysdale","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":162,"rects":[[0.12745,0.53223,0.74519,0.01835],[0.12745,0.55037,0.18911,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-08","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-08","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-08, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-08","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-08, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-08\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-08</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-08","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p162-09","page":162,"section":"about-the-authors","type":"fact","title":"Jacquelyn Glidden: author biography","quote":"Jacquelyn Glidden is a social science research specialist at the U.S. Secret Service’s NTAC. She has a Ph.D. in human development and quantitative methodology.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Jacquelyn Glidden","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":162,"rects":[[0.12745,0.58526,0.74513,0.01835],[0.12745,0.6034,0.35539,0.01788]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-09","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-09","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-09, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-09","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 162). Claim p162-09, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-09\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p162-09</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/about-the-authors#p162-09","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p163-01","page":163,"section":"back-cover","type":"fact","title":"NTAC sponsored a multi-year HSOAC research effort on BTAM in K-12 schools","quote":"As part of a longstanding effort to improve and foster the adoption of behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) as a strategy to prevent targeted violence, the National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) has sponsored a multi-year research effort carried out by the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC) focused on BTAM practices and their implementation in K-12 schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","ntac-guidance"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Back cover statement","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":163,"rects":[[0.14318,0.17146,0.10466,0.16301],[0.2553,0.21076,0.43501,0.01342],[0.2553,0.2297,0.44453,0.01342],[0.2553,0.24864,0.44119,0.01342],[0.2553,0.26758,0.44115,0.01342],[0.2553,0.28652,0.44423,0.01342],[0.14318,0.30546,0.36825,0.01342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-01","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-01","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-01, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-01","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-01, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-01\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-01</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-01","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p163-02","page":163,"section":"back-cover","type":"fact","title":"Research effort included a nationally representative survey of principals","quote":"To provide a comprehensive picture of BTAM implementation, the practices that schools are using to identify and manage potential threats to schools, and develop solutions to strengthen BTAM across the country, the research effort included a nationally representative survey of principals across the country exploring BTAM practices at their schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Back cover statement","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":163,"rects":[[0.51999,0.30546,0.18194,0.01342],[0.14318,0.3244,0.54059,0.01342],[0.14318,0.34334,0.56024,0.01342],[0.14318,0.36228,0.55793,0.01342],[0.14318,0.38122,0.39287,0.01342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-02","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-02","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-02, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-02","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-02, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-02\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-02</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-02","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p163-03","page":163,"section":"back-cover","type":"conclusion","title":"Survey data are the first of their kind on how BTAM is operationalized","quote":"These novel data are the first of their kind to collect comprehensive data on how BTAM is being operationalized in schools across the country.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["sample","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Back cover statement","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":163,"rects":[[0.54461,0.38122,0.15916,0.01342],[0.14318,0.40016,0.55347,0.01342],[0.14318,0.41909,0.18981,0.01342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-03","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-03","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-03, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-03","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-03, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-03\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-03</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p163-04","page":163,"section":"back-cover","type":"fact","title":"Report examines survey results on state of BTAM in K–12 public schools in 2025","quote":"This report takes an in-depth look at the results of that survey, providing a picture of the state of behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) in K–12 public schools across the country in 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Back cover statement","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":163,"rects":[[0.34075,0.41909,0.35148,0.01342],[0.14318,0.43803,0.57321,0.01342],[0.14318,0.45697,0.37107,0.01342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-04","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-04","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-04, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-04","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-04, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-04\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-04</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-04","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p163-05","page":163,"section":"back-cover","type":"fact","title":"Back cover: survey was fielded in January 2025","quote":"The survey was fielded in January 2025.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["methodology","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Back cover statement","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":163,"rects":[[0.52266,0.45697,0.16264,0.01342],[0.14318,0.47591,0.08807,0.01342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-05","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-05","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-05, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-05","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-05, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-05\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-05</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-05","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p163-06","page":163,"section":"back-cover","type":"fact","title":"Survey sought to understand how BTAM is implemented and operationalized at K–12 schools","quote":"The survey sought to understand how BTAM is being implemented and operationalized at K–12 schools.","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["btam-program","survey-methodology"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"paragraph: Back cover statement","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":163,"rects":[[0.23966,0.47591,0.45944,0.01342],[0.14318,0.49485,0.20365,0.01342]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-06","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-06","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-06, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-06","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-06, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-06\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-06</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-06","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},{"id":"p163-07","page":163,"section":"back-cover","type":"evidence","title":"Cover adapted from images by monkeybusinessimages, Kristen Prahl (Getty) and Thomas (Adobe Stock)","quote":"Cover adapted from images by monkeybusinessimages/Getty Images, Kristen Prahl/Getty Images and Thomas/Adobe Stock","tag":"V","reason":null,"concepts":["key-terms"],"supports":[],"cites":[],"element":"other: Cover credit","case":false,"sample":null,"proof":{"method":"exact","page":163,"rects":[[0.14318,0.88032,0.2668,0.00736],[0.14318,0.88789,0.20381,0.00736]]},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-07","canonical":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-07","cite":{"apa":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-07, NCIER Claim Map. https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-07","html":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1). (2025). The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey (p. 163). Claim p163-07, NCIER Claim Map. <a href=\"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-07\">https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/claims/p163-07</a>"},"source":{"publisher":"NCIER","title":"The State of BTAM in K–12 Public Schools: Claim Map","report":{"publisher":"RAND Corporation, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (RR-A3658-1)","title":"The State of Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management in K–12 Public Schools: Findings from a 2025 American School Leader Panel Survey","year":2025},"url":"https://www.ncier.org/research/claim-maps/k12-btam-survey/sections/back-cover#p163-07","license":{"name":"CC BY 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