Report page 160

National Institute on Drug Abuse, “Residential Addiction Treatment for Adolescents Is Scarce and Expensive,”

National Threat Assessment Center, Enhancing School Safety Using a Threat Assessment Model: An Operational Guide for Prevention Targeted School Violence, U.S. Secret Service, 2018.

National Threat Assessment Center, Protecting America’s Schools: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of Targeted School Violence, U.S. Secret Service, 2019.

National Threat Assessment Center, Averting Targeted School Violence: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of Plots Against Schools, U.S. Secret Service, 2021.

National Threat Assessment Center, “What Is a Behavioral Threat Assessment in School?”

NCES—See National Center for Education Statistics.

Nekvasil, Erin K., and Dewey G. Cornell, “Student Threat Assessment Associated with Safety in Middle Schools,”

NIDA—See National Institute on Drug Abuse.

NTAC—See National Threat Assessment Center.

Peetz, Caitlynn, “Is Student Behavior Getting Any Better? What a New Survey Says,”

Perera, Rachel, and Melissa Kay Diliberti, “Survey: What Purpose to Suspensions Serve? Principals Don’t Seem Quite Sure,”

Ross, Dorie, Nathaniel von der Embse, Jessica L. Andrews, Mollie McCullough Headley, and Caroline Mierzwa, “A Systematic Review of Threat Assessment in K–12 Schools: Adult and Child Outcomes,”

State of South Carolina, Department of Education, School-Based Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management: Best Practices Guide for South Carolina K–12 Schools, 2nd ed., October 2023.

Texas School Safety Center, “School Behavioral Threat Assessment Toolkit: 2.0 Legal Requirements and Guidelines,”

Theriot, Matthew T., “School Resource Officers and the Criminalization of Student Behavior,”

Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, Threat Assessment and Management in Virginia Public Schools: Model Policies, Procedures, and Guidelines, 5th ed., Commonwealth of Virginia, July 2023.

Vossekuil, Bryan, Robert A. Fein, Marisa Reddy, Randy Borum, and William Modzelski, The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention of School Attacks in the United States, U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education, July 2004.

WFTS Webteam, “Florida Senate Passes Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act,”

Wisconsin Department of Justice Office of School Safety, Wisconsin School Threat Assessment and Management Protocol (WSTAMP-R 24): A Guide for Multidisciplinary Threat Assessment Teams, April 2025.