Report page 8

This inconsistency suggests that many BTAM programs are not yet fully integrated or institutionalized, highlighting the need for clearer tools and resources to support systematic and effective team operations.

There is considerable variation in how BTAM teams deliver interventions and develop management plans for students.

Although most teams focus on individualized interventions, there are wide differences in decisionmaking processes, resource use, and application of decision support tools.

This lack of consistency can affect the quality and effectiveness of interventions, especially as many schools have only recently adopted BTAM.

Clearer guidance and best practices are needed to ensure that interventions are implemented effectively and fairly across schools.

Although most schools conduct some form of review or reflection process to understand the impact that BTAM is having on such student- and school-level outcomes as violence rates and the use of exclusionary discipline, many lack deep or systematic approaches to continuous improvement.

Few schools use systematic data analysis or validate interventions with trained staff.

Relying on a single method for review limits the ability to assess and improve BTAM effectiveness.

Multiple robust feedback mechanisms are needed to ensure that programs achieve intended outcomes and continue to improve.

Findings from this nationally representative survey of K–12 principals underscore the remarkable progress schools have made in adopting BTAM programs, with near-universal implementation and a clear focus on addressing the most serious safety concerns through individualized, supportive interventions.

However, the rapid expansion of BTAM has also introduced significant variability in terms of the models schools are using, operational practices, and training, which may undermine the consistency and effectiveness of these efforts across schools.

To fully realize the potential of BTAM as a cornerstone of school safety, schools and supporting agencies should prioritize the development and dissemination of evidence-based frameworks, standardized procedures, and robust training opportunities—while maintaining the flexibility needed to adapt to local contexts.

Strengthening continuous improvement processes and ensuring access to resources and training will be essential for institutionalizing best practices, enhancing program fidelity, and safeguarding the well-being of all students.