These claims are tagged [I]. The quoted passage supports them, but the claim goes beyond its exact words; the reason says how.
The attacker key findings box lists stressors, elicited concern, prior criminal charges, and domestic violence history as key findings.
KEY FINDINGS FOR ATTACKERS
Why inferred Key findings box is a summary judgement; its statistics are restated from the body text.
The Key Findings for Employees box lists grievances, stressors, elicited concern, concerning communications, and current employment.
KEY FINDINGS FOR EMPLOYEES
Why inferred Key findings box is a summary judgement; its statistics are restated from the body text.
Figure 4 depicts the U.S. Secret Service Threat Assessment Model as three sequential steps: Identify, Assess, and Manage.
IDENTIFY → ASSESS → MANAGE
Why inferred figure description: the three step labels are printed in the Figure 4 graphic; the arrow sequence is read from the figure, not from running text
cite page 30 Part 2: A Guide for Workplace Violence Prevention
Commitment from leaders may also ensure that all employees understand the importance of BTAM and collaborate during the BTAM process.
Commitment from leaders may also ensure that all employees of the organization understand the importance of BTAM and collaborate during the BTAM process.
Why inferred Hedged with 'may also ensure'.
Navigating complex professional interactions in a new partnership during a critical time can be challenging, which is why partnerships should be built early.
Navigating complex professional interactions in a new partnership during a critical time can be challenging.
Why inferred Hedged with 'can be challenging'; offered as the rationale for early partnership-building.
Conversations about violence prevention can be uncomfortable and challenging, even for experienced practitioners in the field.
Conversations about violence prevention can be uncomfortable and challenging, even for experienced practitioners in the field.
Why inferred Hedged 'can be' observation about difficulty, not a directive.
Some partnerships may experience information-sharing challenges, such as receiving partial or limited information even from a cooperative partner.
Some partnerships may experience challenges related to information sharing.
Why inferred Hedged with 'may'; describes possible rather than documented partnership problems.
Each agency often has policies, rules, regulations, and laws that may keep it from freely sharing information, which can explain apparent non-responsiveness.
which may preclude them from freely sharing information.
Why inferred Hedged with 'may preclude'; an explanation offered for apparent non-cooperation.
At other times, community partners may appear to be nonresponsive or uncooperative.
At other times, community partners may appear to be nonresponsive or uncooperative.
Why inferred Hedged with 'may appear'; describes how partners may seem rather than a verified finding.
Certain strategies may be effective in overcoming partner barriers, including formalizing written partnership agreements that describe when, how, and what information is shared.
Formalizing written partnership agreements.
Why inferred Recommendation hedged by 'may be effective'; quote is the strategy heading only.
While community partnerships can be highly rewarding and beneficial, differences between agencies can sometimes pose challenges.
While these partnerships can be highly rewarding and beneficial, differences between agencies can sometimes pose challenges.
Why inferred Typed conjecture for the hedge 'can sometimes pose challenges'; the first clause is a plain statement.
The policy should specify which departments, roles, and job functions are required to serve as core BTAM team members and which might support the team in an ad hoc capacity (see Step 3).
Specify which departments, roles, and job functions are required to serve as core BTAM team members, and which might support the team in an ad hoc capacity (see Step 3).
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
cite page 41 Step 2: Establish BTAM Program Policy and Procedures
Program scope may include current and former employees; frequent or notable customers, clients, patients, and visitors; or current or former romantic partners or relatives of individuals connected to the workplace.
This may include current and former employees; frequent or notable customers, clients, patients, and visitors; or current or former romantic partners or relatives of individuals connected to the workplace.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
cite page 41 Step 2: Establish BTAM Program Policy and Procedures
HR can access personnel records, offer insight on employee performance and conduct, utilize safe hiring and firing practices, share knowledge of policies, and assist with employee morale and office culture.
HR professionals can access employee personnel records
Why inferred The quote covers the personnel-records clause; the remaining items are paraphrased from the same HR sentence on the page.
Some of the described roles may have one or more representatives serving as permanent BTAM team members, while other roles may support the BTAM process in an ad hoc capacity.
While some of the roles described above may have one or more representatives that serve as permanent members of the BTAM team, other roles may support the BTAM process in an ad hoc capacity.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
The body text on p.47 says Figure 7 shows one example in which a manager, a security official, an HR professional, and personnel from the legal department and EAP serve directly on the BTAM team; the team has no permanent representatives from IT, cybersecurity and insider threat, or the offices of the chaplain, ombudsman, or labor relations, but should engage them as needed.
In this example, a manager, a security official, an HR professional, and personnel from the legal department and EAP have representatives that serve directly on the
Why inferred The p.47 body text and the Figure 7 graphic disagree. Text: legal serves directly on the team and the ombudsman is not a permanent member. Figure: Ombudsman is a Core Member and Legal is an Ad Hoc Participant. This claim follows the body text.
Figure 7 illustrates just one example of how an organization may staff a BTAM team and facilitate coordination across personnel and departments.
Figure 7 illustrates just one example of how an organization may staff a BTAM team and facilitate coordination across personnel and departments.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
During regular meetings, BTAM team members may share details of a particular case, discuss specific challenges or successes, or offer information about pertinent resources or organizational changes affecting their work.
During these regular meetings, BTAM team members may share details of a particular case, discuss specific challenges or successes encountered, or offer information about pertinent resources or organizational changes that impact their work.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
The scenario's behaviors may illustrate individual or environmental factors that, if unaddressed, could raise the possibility of harm to self or others.
may illustrate individual or environmental factors that, if unaddressed, could contribute to an increased possibility of harm to self or others
Why inferred Hedged with 'may illustrate' and 'could contribute', so typed as conjecture.
cite page 54 Step 4: Identify and Process Reports of Concerning Behavior
Some organizations partner with law enforcement or a third-party dispatch center with 24/7 availability to receive reports outside work hours.
partnerships with law enforcement agencies or a third-party dispatch center that has 24/7 availability
Why inferred Describes a practice some organizations use; typed as statement rather than fact.
cite page 55 Step 4: Identify and Process Reports of Concerning Behavior
In workplace settings, the assessment process may involve gathering information from individuals and systems inside and outside the organization and piecing together a comprehensive picture of the individual's behavior and life circumstances so an informed, reliable risk assessment can be made.
In workplace settings, this process may entail gathering information from individuals and systems both inside and outside of the organization, then piecing together a comprehensive picture of the individual's behavior and life circumstances so an informed and reliable assessment of risk can be made.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
NTAC's finding that the workplace was the most common formal setting for observed concerning behavior highlights the key role workplaces can play in early detection.
This finding highlights the key role workplaces can play in early detection.
Why inferred Typed conclusion: the sentence is the report's own judgement drawn from the finding just cited.
A preliminary inquiry may involve interviews with the reporting person(s), the individual of concern, and others familiar with the situation, such as supervisors or HR.
This process may involve conducting interviews with the reporting person(s), the individual of concern, and others who are directly familiar with the individual or situation
Why inferred 'may' describes an optional method; typed as process guidance rather than conjecture.
Information for a preliminary inquiry may also come from additional sources, such as a review of the individual's publicly available social media, as needed.
Information for a preliminary inquiry may also come from additional sources, for example, a review of the individual's publicly available social media, as needed.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
Figure 10 shows Supervisors & Coworkers as an internal system (orange circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Supervisors & Coworkers (orange)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
Figure 10 shows Human Resources as an internal system (orange circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Human Resources (orange)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
Figure 10 shows Physical Security as an internal system (orange circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Physical Security (orange)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
Figure 10 shows Legal as an internal system (orange circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Legal (orange)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
Figure 10 shows Information Technology as an internal system (orange circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Information Technology (orange)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
Figure 10 shows Cybersecurity & Insider Threat as an internal system (orange circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Cybersecurity & Insider Threat (orange)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
Figure 10 shows Law Enforcement as an external system (blue circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Law Enforcement (blue)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
Figure 10 shows Mental Health as an external system (blue circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Mental Health (blue)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
Figure 10 shows Judicial as an external system (blue circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Judicial (blue)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
Figure 10 shows Online & Social Media as an external system (blue circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Online & Social Media (blue)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
Figure 10 shows Family & Community as an external system (blue circle) surrounding the individual of concern.
Family & Community (blue)
Why inferred figure description: the label is printed in the Figure 10 graphic; the colour and the internal/external grouping are read from the figure legend, not from running text
An organization's assessment of a current employee may look different and may draw on different sources of information than the systems used when assessing a customer.
For instance, an organization's assessment of a current employee may look different and may leverage different sources of information compared to the systems used when assessing a customer.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
Employees who interact with the individual may offer observations about past interactions, perceived behavioral changes, and escalating stress or hostility.
Employees who interact with the individual of concern may offer observations and information about past interactions, perceived behavioral changes, and indicators of escalating stress or hostility
Why inferred Descriptive 'may' about information sources; typed as guidance.
Physical security personnel may offer behavioral observations, details of security incidents, witness statements, access logs, and security footage.
Physical security personnel may offer behavioral observations, details about security incidents, witness statements, building or facility access logs, and security footage
Why inferred Descriptive 'may' about information sources; typed as guidance.
IT may assist with access to system records, including login history, email communications, and internet usage.
IT may assist with access to system records, including login history, email communications, and internet usage
Why inferred Descriptive 'may' about information sources; typed as guidance.
Some employees of concern, particularly those engaging in highly concerning behaviors, may also warrant the use of external systems to gather information when assessing risk.
Some employees of concern, particularly those engaging in highly concerning behaviors, may also warrant the use of external systems to gather information when assessing risk.
Why inferred Typed statement: 'may also warrant the use of external systems' is guidance on when to use external systems, not a prediction.
BTAM teams may seek to gather and examine information from a variety of external systems, including law enforcement, judicial, mental health, and online and social media sources.
BTAM teams may seek to gather and examine information from a variety of external systems, including the following:
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
Community mental health professionals can assist in a consultative capacity, using their expertise to assess the risks posed by an individual or situation, particularly where individuals may be experiencing mental health crises.
These professionals can provide assistance in a consultative capacity, leveraging their professional expertise to assess the risks posed by an individual or situation, particularly in cases where individuals may be experiencing mental health crises.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
Members of the community, such as family and friends, may offer critical insight into an individual's behavior and circumstances, especially during crises.
Members of the community (e.g., family, friends) may offer critical insight into an individual's behavior and current circumstances
Why inferred Descriptive 'may' about information sources; typed as guidance.
For current or former employees, emergency contacts in personnel files may help identify family and community members with personal information about the individual.
emergency contacts listed in their personnel file may help BTAM teams identify family and community members who have personal information about the individual
Why inferred Descriptive 'may' about a practical route; typed as guidance.
Outside formal records, criminal behavior may be identified during the assessment through interviews with family, friends, coworkers, and others familiar with the individual.
Outside of formal records, criminal behavior may be identified during the assessment through interviews with family, friends, coworkers, classmates, and others familiar with the individual
Why inferred Hedged with 'may be identified'; typed as a process statement about sources.
A history of violence may reveal an escalation in aggression, such as moving from property crimes to crimes against persons.
A history of violence may reveal signs of an escalation in aggressive behavior, for example, moving from property crimes to crimes against persons
Why inferred Hedged with 'may reveal'; typed as conjecture.
An inability to perceive improvement may lead to extreme distress and the perception that violence is the only option to cope.
may lead to feelings of extreme distress, depression, frustration, and the perception that violence is the only option to cope with their circumstances
Why inferred Hedged with 'may lead to'; typed as conjecture.
When inconsistencies are found, they may indicate efforts to conceal violent intentions or behavior.
these may be indicative of efforts to conceal violent intentions or behavior
Why inferred Hedged with 'may be indicative'; typed as conjecture.
Individuals may also engage in final acts intended to make a statement or to prepare for their inevitable arrest or death.
Individuals may also engage in final acts intended to make a statement or to prepare for their inevitable arrest or death
Why inferred Hedged with 'may also engage'; typed as conjecture about motive.
Access to weapons may include weapons readily available at home, secured or unsecured, as well as weapons in the homes of relatives or friends.
Access to weapons may include those that are readily available to the individual in their home, whether secured or unsecured, as well as those accessible in the homes of relatives or friends
Why inferred Descriptive 'may include' scope statement; typed as guidance.
Figure 11 lists the behavioral themes: Concerning or Threatening Communications, Interest in Violent Topics, History of Violence, Stalking, Harassing, or Bullying, Extreme Beliefs, Fixations, Behavior Changes, Desperation or Despair, and Intense Anger or Aggression.
Intense Anger or Aggression
Why inferred Figure 11 omits Inconsistency and Planning and Final Acts, which pp.69-70 describe as behavioral themes (11 in total); the figure thus shows 18 themes against the 20 stated on p.67.
Some BTAM teams might prefer to classify their assessments into levels of risk, such as low, medium, and high risk, for case prioritization and management.
Some BTAM teams might prefer to classify their assessments into levels of risk (e.g., low risk, medium risk, and high risk) for case prioritization and management.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
Phases may occur in linear order, or some may occur concurrently, be revisited, or begin before a prior phase has ended.
the risk management process may be more dynamic whereby some phases occur concurrently, some phases are revisited, and/or some are initiated before a prior phase is ended
Why inferred Process description hedged with 'may'; classified as a guidance principle about how the model applies, not as conjecture.
In some cases, the four risk management phases may occur in a linear order.
In some cases, these phases may occur in a linear order.
Why inferred Typed conjecture: 'may occur in a linear order' describes a possibility about how the phases unfold, not guidance.
The Phases of Risk Management diagram shows a repeating cycle from Plan to Implement to Evaluate and back to Plan.
PHASES OF RISK MANAGEMENT
Why inferred figure description: only the heading is printed as text; the Plan, Implement, Evaluate cycle is read from the diagram
In the diagram, a dashed arrow labeled "off-ramp when appropriate" leads from the Evaluate phase to Case Closure.
OFF-RAMP WHEN APPROPRIATE
Why inferred figure description: the arrow label is printed in the diagram; its origin (Evaluate) and destination (Case Closure) are read from the diagram
Closure occurs when the BTAM team determines that an individual of concern no longer poses a risk of harm to themselves or others.
Closure occurs when the BTAM team determines that an individual of concern no longer poses a risk of harm to themselves or others.
Why inferred Defines the closure phase in running text rather than in a Key Terms section; classified as a definition by judgement.
This creates a situation that can lead to positive outcomes for the individual as well as the workplace.
This creates a situation that can lead to positive outcomes for the individual as well as the workplace.
Why inferred Hedged with 'can lead to'; classified as conjecture.
The resource guide should include common needs and risk factors, types of strategies to address them, and internal and external resources.
types of risk management strategies to address these needs
Why inferred Combines three bulleted items of the resource-guide list into one statement; the quote covers the middle item.
It may be appropriate or necessary to offer some employees options to return materials via mail or scheduled pickup.
It may be appropriate or necessary to offer options for some employees to return materials via mail or scheduled pickup.
Why inferred Conditional recommendation hedged with 'may'; classified as a statement (guidance), not conjecture.
In some cases it may be appropriate to use added safety precautions, such as an offsite or video meeting or a security or law enforcement presence.
In some cases, it may be appropriate to utilize additional safety precautions.
Why inferred Conditional recommendation hedged with 'may be appropriate'; classified as a statement.
When deemed necessary, coordinated outreach through appropriate channels may be used to evaluate, assess, and intervene with former employees to reduce the risk of violence.
When deemed necessary, coordinated outreach through appropriate channels may be used to evaluate, assess, and intervene with former employees to reduce the risk of violence.
Why inferred Conditional recommendation hedged with 'may be used'; classified as a statement.
Terminating an employee does not eliminate the risk the employee poses.
Terminating an employee does not eliminate the risk an employee poses.
Why inferred Summary judgement drawn from the separation guidance; classified as a conclusion.
For high-risk cases, other strategies might include working with law enforcement to issue a stay-away order and telling reception or front-desk staff to contact security or law enforcement if the individual is seen on premises after separation.
Other strategies, particularly for high-risk cases, might include coordinating with law enforcement to issue a “stay away” order from the premises and notifying reception, front desk, or other personnel to contact security or law enforcement if the individual of concern is observed on premises following the separation.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
Zero-tolerance language also fails to account for early warning signs shown by concerning behaviors and communications before an incident.
Zero-tolerance language also fails to account for early warning signs exemplified by concerning behaviors and communications prior to an incident occurring
Why inferred Evaluative critique of the policy type; classified as a conclusion.
These policies can discourage some people from reporting concerns.
and these policies can discourage some from reporting concerns
Why inferred Hedged with 'can discourage'; classified as conjecture.
Limiting or revoking access for problematic customers and visitors, such as restricting online accounts or issuing no-trespass or barring notices, can help create a situation less prone to violence.
Limiting or revoking access to digital and physical spaces for problematic customers and visitors (e.g., restricting online accounts, issuing "no trespass" orders or barring notices) can help create a situation less prone to violence.
Why inferred Directive recommendation; the 'can help' hedge is read as guidance rather than conjecture.
Organizations may leverage community partners so that individuals of concern may receive services, resources, or support.
Community partners may be leveraged by organizations so that individuals of concern may receive services, resources, or support.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
Community partners may also assist with searches of an individual's property, monitoring their behavior, or filing criminal charges.
These community partners may also assist with searches of an individual’s property, monitoring their behavior, or filing criminal charges.
Why inferred Typed statement, not conjecture: the 'may'/'might'/'can' is permissive guidance (what a team may do), not speculation about what is the case.
When used appropriately, these strategies can be helpful in identifying patterns of hostile, concerning, inappropriate, criminal, or violent behaviors.
When used appropriately, these strategies can be helpful in identifying patterns of hostile, concerning, inappropriate, criminal, or violent behaviors.
Why inferred Hedged with 'can be helpful'; classified as conjecture.
cite page 87 Step 7: Promote a Safe and Supportive Organizational Climate
If unaddressed, these problems can escalate, causing further disruption or even violence.
If unaddressed, these problems can escalate, causing further disruption or even violence.
Why inferred Hedged with 'can escalate'; classified as conjecture.
cite page 87 Step 7: Promote a Safe and Supportive Organizational Climate
Bullying, harassment, and hostile or antagonistic behavior can result in interpersonal conflicts and grievances, a fearful atmosphere, humiliation, and perceptions of a hostile work environment.
Bullying, harassment, and hostile or antagonistic behavior and attitudes can result in interpersonal conflicts and grievances
Why inferred 'can result in' hedged causal claim; typed conjecture
cite page 87 Step 7: Promote a Safe and Supportive Organizational Climate
It may also be helpful to conduct climate assessments to gauge the overall environment and identify factors that may have allowed problematic behaviors to flourish.
It may also be helpful to conduct climate assessments to gauge the overall organizational environment and identify factors that may have allowed these problematic behaviors to flourish.
Why inferred Recommendation hedged with 'may also be helpful'; classified as a statement.
cite page 88 Step 7: Promote a Safe and Supportive Organizational Climate
These resources can be effective tools to enhance employees' coping skills, mental wellness, and sense of connection to work and colleagues.
These resources can be effective tools to enhance employees' coping skills, mental wellness, and sense of connection to their work, their colleagues, and their organization.
Why inferred Hedged with 'can be effective'; classified as conjecture.
cite page 88 Step 7: Promote a Safe and Supportive Organizational Climate
Educating all employees on the BTAM program can promote trust, buy-in, and the reporting of concerns by staff.
Educating all employees on the BTAM program can promote trust, buy-in, and the reporting of concerns by staff.
Why inferred Hedged with 'can promote'; a possible effect rather than a measured finding.
Training can also help support a positive workplace climate by fostering a shared understanding of BTAM and how programming supports employee safety through prevention.
Training can also help support a positive workplace climate by fostering a shared understanding of BTAM
Why inferred Hedged with 'can also help'.
Data Table 1 column headers give all attacks as n = 50 / 29%, current or former employees as n = 22 / 13%, customers, clients, patients, and visitors as n = 19 / 11%, and romantic partners and relatives as n = 9 / 5%.
Sample (n = 50 of 173) · mass attacks (2016-2020) in the NTAC 2023 population from which the 50 workplace incidents were drawn
| INCIDENT DATA | All Attacks<br>n = 50 / 29% | Current or Former Employees<br>n = 22 / 13% | Customers, Clients, Patients, and Visitors<br>n = 19 / 11% | Romantic Partners and Relatives<br>n = 9 / 5% |
Why inferred table header: the column headers are printed in the table; the <br> marks the line break inside each printed header cell and is not printed text
Data Table 2 column headers give all attackers as n = 51 / 28%, current or former employees as n = 22 / 12%, customers, clients, patients, and visitors as n = 20 / 11%, and romantic partners and relatives as n = 9 / 5%.
Sample (n = 51 of undeterminable) · attackers in the NTAC 2023 population of 173 mass attacks
| ATTACKER DATA | All Attackers<br>n = 51 / 28% | Current or Former Employees<br>n = 22 / 12% | Customers, Clients, Patients, and Visitors<br>n = 20 / 11% | Romantic Partners and Relatives<br>n = 9 / 5% |
Why inferred table header: the column headers are printed in the table; the <br> marks the line break inside each printed header cell and is not printed text
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